1、Unit 4Scientists who changed the world.阅读理解A2022贵阳四校高三联考二NASA astronaut Bruce McCandless has died. You may not know his name, but youve probably seen him in one of the most famous pictures ever taken in space. In 1984, McCandless carried a jetpowered backpack and flew away from the shuttle, by himse
2、lf, untethered (不被绳索捆束的), with the Earth as a background. It was the first time that an astronaut had ever floated freely in space, and McCandless helped develop the technology. Bruce McCandless had been an astronaut for a long time before he first flew in space aboard the shuttle. He was one of the
3、 ones who communicated with the crew of Apollo 11. While he was waiting his turn to fly in space, he helped design what became to be known as the Manned Maneuvering Unit a backpack propulsion device that gave astronauts mobility for extravehicular (舱外的) activities outside the shuttle. McCandless fir
4、st went to space in 1984 aboard the shuttle Challenger and took these jetpowered backpacks along. During the mission, McCandless climbed into the 300pound contraption (奇特的装置) and slowly eased out of the shuttles cargo bay as controllers looked on. It was frightening seeing McCandless out in space by
5、 himself. Relative to the Earth, he was flying at almost 18,000 miles per hour. But relative to the shuttle, he was moving at one foot per second. He said he wasnt nervous. He found it easy. He had trained for that moment for years, ready for anything. By the end of that spacewalk, he had moved litt
6、le more than 300 feet away from the shuttle when the famous picture was taken. McCandless said he was most proud that children came up to him later in life to say theyd seen the picture. He hoped it would inspire the next generation of explorers. Bruce McCandless showed the way. He finished second i
7、n his class of 899 at the US. Naval Academy and used his engineering skills to make spaceflight safer. He once said the first untethered spacewalk was a mix of personal excitement and professional pride.1What can we learn about McCandless? AHe was the first man to fly out of the spacecraft. BHis spa
8、cewalk was not attached to the shuttle. CHis name was familiar to the public.DHe was fond of taking photos.2What did McCandless do before his space travel? AHe invented the shuttle Challenger. BHe helped design jetpowered backpacks. CHe worked as a crew member of Apollo 11. DHe trained astronauts at
9、 the US. Naval Academy.3How did McCandless feel during his spacewalk?ACalm. BStressed.CFortunate. DExhausted.4Whats McCandless most proud of?ABeing known by children.BBeing chosen as an astronaut. CHaving a good performance in school.DMaking a contribution to space technologies.B2022唐山市二模A 293millio
10、nmile journey of the NASA Perseverance rover (探测器) to Mars ended successfully on February 18, 2021, with a pictureperfect landing inside the Jezero Crater. The carsized, sixwheeled rover, nicknamed Percy, is the US space agencys biggest and most advanced explorer to date. Its primary mission is to s
11、earch for signs of ancient microbial (微生物的) life on Mars.Landing on Mars is extremely tricky. The Red Planets gravitational (引力的) pull causes approaching spacecraft to go faster to high speeds, while its thin atmosphere just 1 percent that of Earths does little to help slow it down as it approaches
12、the surface.The scientists had to reduce Percys 12,000 mph speed to a safe landing speed of less than five mph in just six and a half minutes. The target entry angle also had to be a precise 12 degrees any steeper, and the spacecraft would burn up; any flatter, and it would get lost in space. It is
13、no wonder that the final approach is often referred to as the “seven minutes of terror”Upon attaining a manageable speed, Percy briefly flew over the Martian surface to seek out the perfect landing spot. Its complex mapreading system rapidly scanned the area and matched it with maps in its database
14、to find the best location.The NASA scientists will spend the next two months testing Percys scientific instruments. Once ready, the rover will begin to carry out its mission.“Perseverance is the smartest robot ever made, but confirming that microbial life once existed carries an unusually large burd
15、en of proof，” said Lori Glaze, director of NASAs Planetary Science Division. “While well learn a lot with the great instruments we have aboard the rover, it may very well require the far more wellequipped laboratories and delicate instruments back here on Earth to tell us whether our samples (样本) ca
16、rry evidence that Mars once harbored life.”5What is the extraordinary challenge for the rover to land on Mars?AThe speed reduction.BThe atmosphere analysis.CThe location search.DThe time management.6What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?AWays to find the precise entry angle.BConsequences of wrong entry d
17、egree.CFactors to survive “the seven minutes”DReasons for the necessity of speed reducing.7What does “it” refer to in Paragraph 4?AThe spot. BThe area.CThe system. DThe surface.8What can be inferred from Lori Glazes words?AInstruments aboard the rover are not quite reliable.BPerseverance is able to
18、collect enough evidence needed.CMan still has a long way to go to prove life was on Mars.DSamples of Mars will be returned soon to our labs on the Earth.七选五2022海口市调研考试How to stop Life Getting You DownTheres a saying “If you and everyone else threw your problems onto the pile, youd take yours back im
19、mediately once you saw everyone elses.” _1_ Others are probably dealing with their own problems just like you. So when things start to get you down, how can you pick yourself back up? _2_ If youre struggling or feeling down, always remember that you dont have to be alone. You dont need to be on your
20、 own, either. _3_If you dont feel able to talk to friends or family, youll find support groups that can provide you with ideas or at least listen to you. Youll also find that online forums (论坛) and social media sites can provide opportunities to connect and ask for help. Try out a new hobby. Hobbies
21、 dont just fill time; they also help to give you a sense of purpose. Try out a new sport, learn to dance or perhaps join a chess club. Many hobbies also provide opportunities for social interaction. _4_ Try to appreciate the little things. Those that have bounced back from a serious illness often st
22、ate that theyve been given a new chance of life and that they wake up each morning feeling grateful for just being able to wake up. _5_ Go out for dinner and make efforts to truly appreciate your meal or lie back on your bed, surrounded by total silence, and simply focus on how it feels to breathe a
23、nd to relax. If you cant focus on the silence, you can instead choose background noise.AReach out.BTurn to your friends or family.CBad experiences are part of life for us all.DFriends will be happy to help and make you joyful.EEnjoy the beauty of a flower or a simple sunny day.FTalking and making ne
24、w friends will raise your spirits.GA new attitude to ordinary life can make you feel more positive.语法填空2022郑州市第二次质量检测 After traveling 1._ space for seven months, Chinas Tianwen1 probe (探测器) has reached Mars and 2._ (smooth) entered the orbit on February 10,2021, according to China National Space Adm
25、inistration. The administration also published a blackandwhite picture of Mars taken by Tianwen1 3._ the probe was about 2.2 million kilometers from Mars. The name “Tianwen”， 4._ (borrow) from an ancient Chinese poem by Qu Yuan of the state of Chu, 5._ (mean) “the quest for heavenly truth”. Tianwen1
26、, the countrys first 6._ (independence) Mars mission (任务), was launched by a Long March 5 heavylift carrier rocket, by far the 7._ (large) launch vehicle in China, from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan Province, on July 23, 2020. The mission 8._ (design) to study the composition of the Mar
27、tian atmosphere as well as contribute to the ongoing search for past and present life. 9._will be the first mission in space history to complete orbiting, landing and wandering at a time. The final goal is to softland a rover in May on the southern part of Mars Utopia Planitia 10._ (conduct) scienti
28、fic surveys.课时作业(十二).阅读理解A语篇类型：记叙文主题语境：人与自我人物故事美国宇航员布鲁斯麦克坎德雷斯二世【语篇解读】本文主要讲了美国宇航员布鲁斯麦克坎德雷斯二世使用MMU喷气式背包进行人类历史上第一次没有系绳子的太空行走任务的相关故事。1答案与解析：B考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第一段中的“In 1984, McCandless carried a jetpowered backpack and flew away form the shuttle, by himself, untethered (不被绳索捆束的), with the Earth as a backgro
29、und”可知，McCandless的太空行走是在没有系绳子的情况下进行的。故B项正确。2答案与解析：B考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第二段中的“While he was waiting his turn to fly in space, he helped design. a backpack propulsion device”可知，McCandless在进行太空旅行前帮忙设计了喷气式背包。故B项正确。3答案与解析：A考查推断的能力。根据第三段中的“He said he wasnt nervous. He found it easy. He had trained for that momen
30、t for years, ready for anything”可以推断出，McCandless在太空行走期间，心情十分平静。故A项正确。4答案与解析：A考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第五段中的“McCandless said he was most proud that children came up to him later in life to say theyd seen the picture”可知，McCandless最引以为豪的事情是被孩子们认识。故A项正确。B语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会科学与技术“毅力号”探测器成功登陆火星【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了“毅力号”探测器的主要
31、任务，以及其登陆火星过程中的情况。5答案与解析：A考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第二段可知，火星引力会使得接近火星的航天器更快速行进，并且火星稀薄的大气层对减缓航天器的速度几乎没有帮助，故减速是“毅力号”探测器登陆火星的特别挑战。6答案与解析：C考查理解段落主旨要义的能力。通读第三段内容可知，该段尾句“It is no wonder that the final approach is often referred to as the seven minutes of terror”为本段总结句，再结合该段上文可知，该段主要介绍了“七分钟内生存下来的因素”：降低速度，精确的切入角度。故C项正确。
32、7答案与解析：B考查理解词汇的能力。分析第四段尾句句子结构可知，it的指代对象为mapreading system或the area。再结合句意“其复杂的地图读取系统快速扫描该地区，并将其与数据库中的地图进行匹配，以找到最佳位置”可知，it指代该句中的“the area”。故B项正确。8答案与解析：C考查推理的能力。根据尾段可知，确认火星曾经存在过微生物需要大量的证据而携带这些证据的样本又需要装备齐全的实验室以及将精密仪器送回地球才能进行分析。据此可推知，人类要证明火星上曾有生命还有很长的路要走。故C项正确。.七选五语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与自我积极的生活态度如何防止生活让你沮丧【语篇解读
33、】人生不可能一帆风顺。当生活开始让你感到沮丧时，怎么才能找回自己的积极状态呢？本篇提供一些防止生活让你沮丧的建议。1答案与解析：C考查上下文衔接。根据空后的“Others are probably dealing with their own problems just like you.”可推知，此处是说每个人都会遇到问题，处理难题的方式或许跟你一样。故C项“糟糕的经历是我们所有人生活的一部分”符合语境。2答案与解析：A考查段落主旨句。根据本段中的“always remember that you dont have to be alone”及“youll find support grou
34、ps that can provide you with ideas”可知，本段是说如果有问题不要一个人扛着，要向别人求助。故A项符合语境。3答案与解析：B考查上下文衔接。根据空前“You dont need to be on your own, either”以及空后“If you dont feel able to talk to friends or family, youll find support groups”可知，此处是说遇到问题不要一个人扛着，要向朋友或者家人求助。故B项符合语境。4答案与解析：F考查上下文衔接。根据空前一句“Many hobbies also provide
35、 opportunities for social interaction”可知，此空可能会说明这样做的好处。故F项“交谈和结交新朋友会振奋你的精神”符合语境。5答案与解析：G考查上下文衔接。根据本段中的“theyve been given a new chance of life and that they wake up each morning feeling grateful for just being able to wake up”以及空后的内容可知，空后的内容是对此空的进一步举例说明。故答案为G。.语法填空语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会科学与技术“天问一号”成功发射【语篇解
36、读】本文主要介绍了“天问一号”的成功发射，还介绍了探测器的名称由来和发射目的等。1答案与解析：through/in考查介词。根据空后的“space”可知，该处指“在太空中旅行”。故用介词through或者in。2答案与解析：smoothly考查副词。副词修饰动词，空处修饰动词“entered”。故用smooth的副词形式。3答案与解析：when考查连词。根据语境“中国国家航天局还公布了一张由天问一号在距离火星约220万千米时拍摄的火星黑白照片”可知，空处引导时间状语从句，应用when作连接词，表示“在时候”。4答案与解析：borrowed考查过去分词。分析句子结构可知，句中谓语动词为5空，此空
37、为非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语之间为动宾关系。故用过去分词。5答案与解析：means考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为句子谓语，该句陈述的是客观情况，故用一般现在时；该句主语为The name “Tianwen”，为单数概念。故谓语动词用单数。6答案与解析：independent考查形容词。形容词修饰名词，空处修饰名词短语“Mars mission”。故用independence的形容词形式。7答案与解析：largest考查形容词的最高级。此处表示2020年7月23日，我国首个独立火星任务“天问一号”在海南省文昌航天发射中心由中国迄今为止最大的运载火箭长征五号重型运载火箭发射升空。根据空前的“by far the”可知，空处用最高级“largest”。8答案与解析：is designed/has been designed考查时态和语态。该句主语The mission和动词design之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；该句可以用一般现在时陈述当前客观事实，也可以用现在完成时强调设计此任务带来的影响或结果。9答案与解析：It考查代词。结合语境可知，空处指代上句的主语“The mission”。故用It。10答案与解析：to conduct考查动词不定式。该句意为：该任务的最终目标是在5月份在火星的乌托邦平原南部软着陆一辆火星车，以进行科学调查。应用动词不定式表示目的。