1、非谓语动词非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生不定式进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto have been done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeing done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生完成式having donehaving been done其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成考点一非谓语动词作状语
2、一、不定式作状语1作目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。例：During the MidAutumn Festival, family members often gather together to share a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.在中秋节期间，家人们通常会聚在一起吃饭、赏月、品尝月饼。2作结果状语，常用于下列结构中：only to do(表示意想不到的结果)；enough to do(足够做)；too.to do.(太而不能)；so/such
3、.as to.(如此以至于)等。例：Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。3 作原因状语，常用在“主语系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disa
4、ppointed 等。例：This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟，任何人都能学会使用它。注意：语法填空和短文改错中常考查 “主语be形容词不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。二、分词作状语分词作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可
5、与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。例：Around 13，500 new jobs were created during the period, exceeding the expected number of 12，000 held by market analysts.在这期间，大约创造13 500个新的工作，超过市场分析师持有的12 000的预期数量
6、。Ordinary soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.如果正确使用的话，普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。注意：某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且常用于一些系表结构中，此时这些过去分词只表示一种状态，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。常见的有located(坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦的), faced with(面对着)等，无论它们在句中作
7、何种成分都不用其ing形式。例：Absorbed in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。三、独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有：独立成分意义generally speaking(to be general)一般来说honestly/roughly/strictly speaking老实说/大体说/严格说frankly speaking/to be frank坦白说judging from/by根据来判断taking.into co
8、nsideration/account考虑到considering/seeing/given.考虑到to tell the truth/to be honest说实话compared with/by与相比to make things worse更糟糕的是例：To be honest, the pay isnt attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.说实话，尽管这份工作本身很有趣，但这个报酬不是很吸引人。四、独立主格结构作状语独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立
9、主格，用于修饰整个句子。该结构位置相当灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，常由逗号将其与句子主体分开，在句中通常作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等，还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有：1名词/代词形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动) 例：Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他
10、上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。2with/without名词/代词宾语补足语(现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语)例：With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newlyelected president is having a hard time. 有许多的难题要解决，这位新选的总统正度过一段艰难的日子。John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.约翰收到了一张宴会的请柬，由于工作做完了，他
11、很乐意地接受了。I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.在这么多噪音的环境下，我没法做作业。考点二非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语1不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。例：The play to be produced next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.下个月将上演的这部戏剧主要目的是反映当地文化。注意：不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。例：Suddenly a good idea occurr
12、ed to her, but she couldnt find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。2.序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。例：He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。3被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact
13、, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。例：And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。注意：不定式作定语时，当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。例：Have you got anything to buy?你有什么东西要买吗？(you是buy的执行者)I want to go to Beijing. Do you ha
14、ve anything to be bought?我想去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？(you不是buy的执行者)二、分词作定语1作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例：TsinghuaUniversity, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.清华大学建立于1911年，是许多杰出人
15、物的摇篮。Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。2作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。falling leaves正在落下的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves落叶(表完成)注意：非谓语动词作定语的解题思路表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用
16、to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.The bridge built in 2017 was designed by a local company.The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company.考点三非
17、谓语动词作宾语1只接不定式作宾语的动词：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish；refuse, manage，care, pretend主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮offer, promise, choose, plan；agree, ask/beg, help例：The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and comprehensive review of the case.警官们决定对这起案件进行一次周密而全面的审查。注意：动词learn, d
18、ecide, know, wonder, show, tell, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out等常接“疑问词动词不定式”作宾语。2只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon；admit, delay/put off, fancy避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice；deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险，不禁
19、介意准避免forbid/avoid, imagine, risk；cant help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape例：There is no doubt that the event will attract more visitors to enjoy visiting this wonderful city. 毫无疑问，这次活动将吸引更多的游客来参观这个美丽的城市。注意：allow, permit, forbid, advise后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用不定式作宾补，即allow/permit/forbid/advise(。3
20、接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：(1)try to do 尽力做；try doing 试着去做；(2)mean to do打算做；mean doing 意味着；(3)regret to do遗憾要去做；regret doing后悔做过；(4)remember to do 记得去做；remember doing记得做过；(5)forget to do忘记去做；forget doing 忘记做了例：I still remember being taken to the FamenTemple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里我所看到的一切。I
21、 remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。注意：动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。4动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词形式，不能用动词不定式。由“动词介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to(习惯于), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), ge
22、t down to(开始认真做某事), devote.to.(致力于), object to(反对), stick to(坚持), give up(放弃)等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.；have fun (in) doing sth.等句型中也用动名词作宾语。例：The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by describing various sounds.作者主要是通过描绘各种声音开始叙述自己的森林之旅的。注意：当非谓语动词位于but, excep
23、t后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词do，则不定式通常带to。例：We had no choice but to wait.我们除了等待之外别无选择。I could do nothing except agree.我除了同意，什么都做不了。考点四非谓语动词作宾补一、不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将来、主动。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, inv
24、ite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。例：If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。注意：有些动词，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等后常用to
25、be作宾补或主补。例：Chinese people are considered to be the most hardworking people in the world.中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。在sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thoughtto do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。例：He is thought to have acted foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.大家都认为他表现得
26、很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。二、分词作宾补1现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。例：Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？2过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch,
27、 observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。例：Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.珍妮希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。注意：使役动词have, get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：(1)have sth. doneget sth. done让别人做某事(2)h
28、ave sb./sth. doing让一直做某事；get sb./sth. doing 使开始做某事(3)have sb. do sth.get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事(4)have sb. doing用于否定句中，常与cant，wont等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。例：Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在开车进城之前，你需要找人洗洗车。考点五非谓语动词作主语和表语一、不定式作主语和表语1不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将
29、不定式后置。No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better to remain silent.不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。2不定式作表语时：(1)表示预定要发生的动作；(2)当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；(3)主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。例：His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。What I wa
30、nt to do most in senior high school is (to) improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(如果前面有实义动词do的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to)二、动名词作主语和表语1动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。例：Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣
31、又有益的经历。2常用于动名词作主语的句型：(1)Its a waste of time doing.(2)Its no use/good doing.(3)It is useless doing.(4)There is no doing.例：Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。注意：不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数，这是短文改错中经常出现的错误。.单句语法填空根据句意和结构，用括号内动词的正确形式填空。1.I like staying up late，_ (watch) TV， surfing the
32、Internet or doing something Im fond of.2. Finally I refused to attend classes，_ (shut)myself in my room for hours.3.As the researchers expected，30% of the chefs _(survey)said that their best meal as a kid was still what they liked the most as an adult.4.However, our discussions are more than just a
33、way_(practice) our debating skills.5.If you speak to a local about your stay in Chengdu, theyll probably ask if youve tried hotpot. Everyone _(live) here seems to love it, and trying it should be a fixed part of everyones culinary tour of Sichuan.6.Hongcun，_ (fill) with lakes and beautiful Anhui-sty
34、le buildings， is 900 years old. It was built to look like a big ox. Huangshan Mountain is the head; the town is the body and the bridges are legs.7. In my mind, they help us to become calm and consider_(win) and solving real problems as well.8. Next keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily
35、 mean_(accept) the action of the person who upsets you.9. SilkRoad trades traveled together in long caravans(旅行队) of camels.This mode of travel provided protection from robbers who might attempt_(rob)the valuable goods being transported.10.Today, you can find a statue of John Harvard _(stand)in fron
36、t of the University Hall in Harvard Yard, and it is perhaps the Universitys best_(know) landmark.11.To his surprise, Jack found his son_ (dress) as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.12.When you meet people from different cultures, it is important _(understand) what you can and can not do.13. During the Q
37、in dynasty，to keep the enemy out of his empire，Emperor Qin Shihuang had all the walls_ (join) up.14. But by 1955, paintings were beginning to become difficult_(see) .15.Along the SilkRoad route, Xian and Gansu are suitable to visit all year round.The best time _(visit) Xinjiang is from May to Octobe
38、r because the weather is mild.16. Nobody knows exactly how these birds find their way there and back over such vast distance， but it has something _(do) with winds and air currents.17.Because all the fa my members can speak fluent English and have outgoing personalities, Im sure you will have no tro
39、uble_ (communicate) with them.18. At the top of Haleakala._(look) down inside what is the most active part of the volcano，we can see that the volcano has left thousands of different shapes of lava(熔岩) stone ever since.19.Many of us ignore the problem as the day goes on，_ (forget) that it might have
40、a dangerous effect.20. One great site is Science News for Kids.This site reports science news_ (cover) a wide range of subjects.21.Antibiotic drugs can lose their effectiveness when people take more or less than the amount _(require) by doctors.22. While regularly eating out seems to _(become) commo
41、n for many young people in recent years, its not without a cost.23._ (realize) it was our last high-school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.24. Greatly_ (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.25.
42、 She first came across this phenomenon while_(research) North American children living in India.26._ (compare) with the western medicines high fees, TCM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.27. For many young people,_(go) to university is one of the most important stages of their l
43、ives.28.She failed this English examination again.This is because she sometimes has trouble_ (pay) attention to her study.29.The cooling windswept through our bedroom windows，_(make) air conditioning unnecessary.30.Another student, a 15-year-old girl from Guangdong, was afraid of exams. She would ge
44、t very upset with the exam paper _(lie) in front of her.31.Failing to _(turn) in your homework on time will directly affect your grade for a certain course.32. Long _(consider) a masterpiece of Chinese literature, the novel is generally acknowledged to be the peak of Chinese fiction.33.Once _(build)
45、 ，Xiongan New Area will reduce the burden of Beijing heavily.34.It is very difficult for parents to decide whether_(have) a second child or not.35.The Yangtze River, _(know) in China as the ChangJiang is the longest river in Asia and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country.36. Y
46、ou lose weight for a while, only_(gain) back more weight when you stop your weight loss program.37.There is a_ (grow) tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur. 38.The 15-year-old from Oakland has fascinated audiences in the U.S.and China with his ability _(si
47、ng) pitch-perfect Mandarin(普通话) and perform the ancient Chinese art form.单句改错下面每句各有一处错误，请在原句标出后把答案写在句子后面的横线上。1. I also noticed that they always seemed to dress well， and always had their hair and make-up do.2.As we all know，we can meet with various challenges in our life.Facing with challenges, what
48、 should we do?3.Thought that his solution might be wrong, I carefully analyzed the problem and tried to work it out in a different way.4.I am writing to keep you informing of something about the severe situation that they are faced with presently.5.As for me, I am looking forward to spend this preci
49、ous time with my family before I leave for my college.6.They send letters to businesses, going to job interviews，and ask their friends and relatives for help.7.Besides, there is along holiday waits for me after the Gaokao. And I can travel anywhere I like then.8.Were never going to have enough time
50、explore everything!9.So I would like to advise you not to hurt yourself to trying to make money.10.Later I became accustomed to talk with people from various cultures.11.Locating in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood， the house is big enough to enable you to have a room of your own.12. However，what
51、still makes me puzzling is how to make my dream to go to a top university come true.13.The visitors to Britain may find the most marvellous place enjoying the local culture is in a traditional pub.14.The Chinese restaurant naming New Panda Buffet provides genuine Chinese food，which many diners have
52、given 5-star reviews.15.Last Sunday was my birthday， sol invited some guys go out with me for a celebration.16.If there is no aim in our lives, we will get lose.17.After waiting for an hour, Kata went home, felt lonely and miserable.18.I, together with my two friends, was eating at a Chinese restaur
53、ant, locating in the center of New York.语篇填空(非谓语动词)用括号内动词的正确形式填空。 ADo you like 1._(travel) ? 2._(stay) healthy while 3._(travel) can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one. Here are the tips you need 4._(make) your trip much easier. Make sure you have got a 5._(sign) passport and visa
54、. Also, before you go, fill in the emergency information page of your passport! Make two copies of your passport identification page.This will help a lot if your passport is 6. _(steal) .Leave one copy at home with friends or relatives.Carry the other with you in a separate place from your passport.
55、 Read the public announcements or travel warnings for the countries you plan 7._(visit) .Get yourself 8._(inform) of local laws and customs of the countries to which you are travelling. Leave a copy of your itinerary(旅行日程) with family or friends at home so that you can be 9._(contact) in case of an
56、emergency.Do not accept packages 10._(give) from strangers.Do not carry too much money or unnecessary credit cards.If you make enough preparations, you will succeed. Have a good time! BGood afternoon, my dear friends.My name is Li Jin.Today Im very glad 1._(have) the chance 2._(run) for vice preside
57、nt of the English Club. Concerning the position, I feel qualified 3._(take) the job.First, I have gained a lot of experience in management and have won wide praise from my classmates for my job as monitor.Second, Im a warm-hearted boy and always ready to help others. Third， I am good at 4._(organize
58、) all kinds of activities and have successfully held a number of English corners. 5._(look) ahead，I will try my best 6._(assist) the president and serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough 7._(vote) vice president.On the one hand, I will organize some campus activities, and create a platform whe
59、re students can show their English skills and learn from each other.And I will also invite some famous professors 8._(give) lectures to us students so that we can acquire a lot of knowledge.On the other hand，I will organize more activities 9._(enhance) the communication between schools, We can compe
60、te with students from other universities in debate contests or speech contests.Moreover, I will open more channels for you 10._(voice) your opinions， I sincerely hope that you will give me a chance, and I promise you that I will be a good vice president. Thank you.单句语法填空1. watching 2.shutting 3.surv
61、eyed 4.to practice 5.living 6.filled 7.winning8. accepting 9.to rob 10.standing 11.dressed 12.to understand 13.joined14. to see 15.to visit 16.to do municating 18.looking 19.forgetting 20.covering21. required 22.have become 23.Realizing 24.encouraged 25.researching 26.Compared 27.going 28.paying 29.
62、making 30.lying 31.to turn32.considered 33.built 34.to have 35.known 36.to gain 37.growing 38.to sing.单句改错1. do done 2.FacingFaced或删掉Facing后的with 3.ThoughtThinking 4.informinginformed 5.spendspending 6.goinggo7. waitswaiting 8.time后加to 9.tryingtry10.talktalking 11.LocatingLocated 12.puzzlingpuzzled
63、13. enjoyingto enjoy 14.namingnamed 15.go前加to 16.loselost 17.feltfeeling 18.locatinglocated.语篇填空(非谓语动词)用括号内动词的正确形式填空。A答案1. Travelling 2.Staying 3.travelling 4.to make 5.signed6.stolen 7.to visit 8.informed 9.contacted 10.given B答案1. to have 2.to run 3.to take 4.organizing 5.Looking6.to assist 7.to be voted 8.to give 9.to enhance 10.to voice