1、第二讲推理判断题整体感知明方向推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型，属于深层理解类试题，要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析，进行推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题通常占阅读理解总题数的20%35%，仅次于细节理解题。为更好地区分考生，这几年对推理判断题的考查，难度呈上升趋势。常见设问方式熟悉4种常考题型1细节推理判断题细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：It can be inferred fro
2、m the text that _.It can be concluded from the passage that _.The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that _.2观点、态度推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is _.The authors attitude towards.can be best described as _.The tone of this passage is best described
3、 as _.3写作意图推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：The main purpose of this text is _.Whats the authors purpose in writing this article?It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for _.The author writes this passage to _.The author in this passage intends to_.4文章出处推理判断题该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：This passage most
4、 likely comes from _.In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text?Where does the text most probably come from?From which is the text probably taken?正确选项特征1不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。2正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。干扰选项特征1夸大事实：对于原文中的细节或诊断的某方面进行了夸大处理。2无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作
5、为依据进行推理。3掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是基于文章。4推理过度：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。5以细节代替推断：只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。分类例析通技法逻辑关联得结论解题攻略1抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。2整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。3以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。典例(2019全国卷B片段)Whaley got t
6、he idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to
7、learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，” Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”26We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to_.Ahelp students see their own strengthsBassess students public
8、speaking skillsCprepare students for their future jobsDinspire students love for politics解题思路第一步确定题干中的关键信息infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to_.第二步定位到原文信息句，并标出进行推断的关键词Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast
9、(夸耀)about themselves可知，Whaley想帮助学生发现自己的长处。第三步进行合理推断得出答案A忠于措辞定态度解题攻略1注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。2牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；o
10、ptimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；not mentioned未提及的。(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。典例(2019北京卷C片段)The problem of robocalls has
11、gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they dont know.By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈)We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers fro
12、m getting through.Unfortunately，its too little，too late.By the time these“solutions”(解决方案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.In the near future，its not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt.Soon you will also question whether the v
13、oice youre hearing is actually real.38How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?APanicked.BConfused.CEmbarrassed.DDisappointed.解题思路第一步确定题干中的关键信息the solutions to the problem of robocalls第二步定位到原文信息句，并标出体现观点态度的关键词。By the time thesesolutions(解决方案)become widely available，sc
14、ammers will have moved onto cleverer means可知，等这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望。第三步进行合理推断得出答案D文体特点看意图解题攻略常见文体的写作特点1记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开。2广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。3说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。4议论文：提出论点进行论证得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。典例
15、(2019北京卷，D片段)By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton.Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phy
16、toplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.45
17、What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.BTo analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.CTo explain the effects of climate change on oceans.DTo introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.解题思路第一步确定题干中的关键信息the main purpose of the passage第二步定位到
18、原文信息句，并标出关键句By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.可推知气候变暖影响phytoplankton这一海洋微生物的生长，进而导致海洋颜色的变化。第三步归纳概括得出答案C语言特色推出处解题攻略1具备一定常识：考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。2了解语言特色：要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指
19、南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。典例(2019全国卷，C)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private espaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive,
20、though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of
21、security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether s
22、omeone gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart k
23、eyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes t
24、o make it to market in the near future. 31Where is this text most likely from?AA diary.BA guidebook.CA novel.DA magazine.解题思路第一步确定题干中的关键信息this text most likely from第二步定位到原文信息句，并标出关键词第一段：As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologieslike
25、 fingerprint scansto keep others out of private espaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.可推知讲的是科学技术方面的事。第二段：Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. 推知，讲的是智能键盘，也应是科技方面的事。第三段：It also d
26、oesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.又出现信息词technology.第三步进行合理推断得出答案D写作思路辨结构解题攻略1了解文章通常的写作方法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间的先后顺序；按地点或空间的变换；按内容的总分关系；按人物的活动内容。2准确把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论证观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理
27、、分析、判断、总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。典例(2019天津卷，D片段)Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heavenknowswhat motives
28、，he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote(堂吉诃德). And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end
29、of their days，while others go to seed long before?51The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_. Aloss of freedom stimulates ones creativityBage is not a barrier to achieving ones goalCmisery inspires a man to fight against his fateDdisability cannot stop a mans pursuit of success解题
30、思路第一步确定题干中的关键信息starts with the story.to show that _.第二步定位到原文信息句，并标出关键词And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?第三步归纳概括得出答案B小题夯基练1(全国卷，阅读C节选)“Jazz seems like its not really a part
31、of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan.“What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.Its actually color，and its actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems wi
32、th jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran.Q：What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz?AIt will disappear grad
33、ually.BIt remains black and white.CIt should keep up with the times.DIt changes every 50 years.解析：C根据节选第一段Moran说的“.jazz is not black and white anymore.Its actually color，and its actually digital.”及节选第二段中的“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move，bec
34、ause the way the world works is not the same”可知，他认为世界在变，爵士乐应该与时俱进。故选C。2(全国卷，阅读C节选)The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The US.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today，the debate continues over how wel
35、l the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.Q：What is t
36、he authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?ADoubtful.BPositive.CDisapproving.DUncaring.解析：B观察四个选项可以看出是四种不同的态度；A项怀疑；B项积极；C项不赞成；D项不关心(中立)。根据节选段最后一句中的“a valuable experiment”可知，作者认为这项工程很有价值，因此他的态度应当是积极肯定的。故选B项。3(2018北京卷阅读C)PlasticEating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of pla
37、stic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the w
38、orms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms chewing alone was n
39、ot responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their massapparently broken down by enzymes(酶)from the worms stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Feder
40、ica Bertocchini, coauthor of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday foodbeeswaxalso allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carboncarbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains.“The wax worm evolved a method or syste
41、m to break this bond.”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next ste
42、p, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in som
43、e kind of industrial processnot simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”Q：What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo explain a study method on worms.BTo introduce the diet of a special worm.CTo present a way to break down plastics.DTo propose new means to keep ecobalance.解析：C作者通过本文介
44、绍了一项消除塑料垃圾的研究，显然是为人们提供了一条清除塑料垃圾的新途径。故选C项。4(2019衡水二模，B)Dont wander aimlessly through life.Get confused on your goals，start helping others in need，and live life to the fullest！Life is too short to be anything but happy.Visit my blog and find what youve been missing.Sign up for my newsletter(时事通讯)and g
45、et seven free ebooks，too！Read hundreds of articles while youre there in the article section，which is updated daily.Q：This text must be taken from _.Aa radio programBa websiteCa newspaperDa TV program解析：B根据文中的几个关键词Visit my blog，ebooks，Sign up，updated可知这篇文章选自网站。故选B。5(四川卷，D)A warm drink of milk before
46、bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that“night milk”contains more melatonin(褪黑激素)，which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduc
47、e anxiety.The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax
48、.Q：How does the author support the theme of the text?ABy giving examples.BBy stating arguments.CBy explaining statistical data.DBy providing research results.解析：D根据文章信息 But now a study has found it really does help people nod off.Researchers have discovered that“night milk”contains more melatonin.Th
49、e study.involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.和Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content.可知，作者是通过列举研究结果来支撑主题。故选D项。大题提能练AIndian actor Aamir Khan is sealing his major
50、celebrity status in China with the cinema of social relevance.Aamir Khan was in China to promote his latest Hindi film Secret Superstar.During his weeklong stay，the Indian actor also found out that he has become a major celebrity in a country where Bollywoods reach has been traditionally limited.Som
51、e local analysts compare his stardom in China to that of Hollywood actors Tom Hanks，Tom Cruise and Leonardo Dicaprio.Others dont think Khan is an activist actor.Still others describe him as a feminist.The Chinese media seem to have settled for Mishu，or Uncle Aamir.The surprising rise in popularity o
52、f the 52yearold Bollywood star is owing to his cinema of social relevance that Chinese moviegoers dont get enough of from their own industry as well as his savvy marketing and China outreach.At more than 1 million，Khan has the most followers for an Indian on Sina Weibo，the countrys Twitterlike platf
53、orm.Secret Superstar had made more than $63 million earlier this week.The story of a teenage Muslim girls fight against ugly patriarchy to realize her dreams was released in China on Jan 19,2018.Last year，his film Dangal，inspired by the real journey of an Indian wrestler through a conservative lands
54、cape to turn his daughters into worldclass athletes，had made nearly 1.3 billion yuan.In 2011，Khans work first got major attention from Chinese moviegoers with Three Idiots，which was released in India much earlier.Film critics and fans alike recommended it to their friends.Some film critics say the e
55、ducation systems，gender discrimination and domestic violence (that Secret Superstar shows) are among clear similarities of social issues in India and China.The audience is also getting a bit bored with Hollywood films shown in China.While its still early to estimate if Hollywoods influence on the Ch
56、inese market is on the wane，the local audiences appetite for diverse cinema is definitely on show and is helping Khan.语篇解读 继摔跤吧！爸爸之后，印度影星“米叔”的又一部力作神秘巨星在中国大火。那么，为什么他的每部作品都能在中国走红呢？1How did Khan market his film wisely?ABy recommending it through film critics.BBy attracting followers on Sina Weibo.CBy p
57、osting film introductions on Twitter.DBy inviting Hollywood stars to advertise it.解析：B细节理解题。根据第四段可知，他借助微博来推广他的电影。2Why did Three Idiots win the hearts of Chinese audience?AIt reflects serious family violence.BIt is about a girl to achieve her success.CIt tells the education systems similar to that of
58、 China.DIt is adapted from a real story.解析：C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句话推知，三傻大闹宝莱坞这部电影反映了与中国相似的教育制度，故受到中国观众的欢迎。3What is the common theme of Khans film?ASocial issues.BRomantic love.CCruel wars.DFamily relationships.解析：A推理判断题。根据第一段及第四段第一句推知，他的电影主题往往是社会问题。4What can we infer from the last paragraph?ABollywood re
59、places Hollywood on the Chinese market.BIt is often boring to watch Hollywood films.CHollywood films have lost the market in China.DChinese audience are developing a diverse appetite for films.解析：D推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，现在中国的观众形成了多种不同的电影文化口味。B(2019大连高三一模)Emilia Dobek traces her interest in space and the uni
60、verse back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moona total lunar eclipse(月食)on the roof of their house.Now a seventh grader at East Prairie Elementary School，Dobek recently won the national Discovery Education Lockheed Martin Beyond Challenge by designing a space station for trave
61、lling to Mars.She says that night watching the lunar eclipse started a strong desire in her that has yet to run out of fuel.So when her teacher Andrea Smeeton received information about the national challenge，Smeeton said she immediately had one student in mind.“I knew she would love the challenge a
62、nd that she would go way beyond in her search，”Smeeton said.“She immediately started researching bone density(密度)of astronauts and how to have food on Mars.”“My design will ensure the safety of the astronauts but also make sure their comfort is out of this world，”Dobek says.Dobeks design calls for b
63、uilding the MSS or Mars Storage Station to put the supplies in.It also includes the SGF or selfGrowing Farm，and she details how it would work with the elements on Mars.Then there is physical and leisure activity for the astronauts under Dobeks design.A simulator(模拟装置)allows astronauts to choose thei
64、r exercise machine and virtual reality environment.Rooms have circular ceilings so astronauts will be able to watch downloaded shows and even see places on Earth，such as their homes.“I want to tell other kids to follow their passions，”Dobek said.“whatever they want to do，they should push for it and
65、always try their best.”语篇解读 该文主要介绍了小学生Emilia Dobek设计太空站，并赢得挑战的相关内容。5Dobek first became interested in space when _.Ashe was still a seventh graderBshe studied at a junior high schoolCshe lived on the top of their houseDshe watched an eclipse of the moon解析：D考查细节理解。根据第一段“Emilia Dobek traces her interes
66、t in space and the universe back to third grade when she and her father watched a blood moona total lunar eclipse(月食)on the roof of their house”可知，Dobek对太空感兴趣是从她在三年级时的一个晚上观看一次月食开始的。6Smeeton recommended that Dobek take the challenge because _.Ashe knew Dobek liked challenges in lifeBshe had no other
67、students interested in MarsCDobek knew how to research bone density of astronautsDshe was sure that Dobek would have outstanding performance解析：D考查推理判断。根据第四段Smeeton的话可推知，她对Dobek很了解，对其可以接受这项挑战并出色地完成充满信心。7What does Dobek focus on when designing the space station?AThe environment on Mars.BThe safety of the supplies.CThe activities for astronauts.DThe comfort of the astronauts.解析：D考查推理判断。根据文章第五段中的“make sure their comfort is out of this world”并结合对倒数第二段的整体理解可推知，Dobek的设计包含身体和休闲活动，让宇航员在太空中也感到舒适。