1、Section Using languageGrammar非限制性定语从句一、非限制性定语从句的概述非限制性定语从句指对先行词加以描述、解释或补充说明的定语从句。它不是句中不可或缺的部分，如果去掉此从句，不会影响主句意思的完整性。在形式上，非限制性定语从句和主句之间一般用逗号隔开。Mr Li is the manager of our company, whom you saw at the meeting yesterday.李先生是我们公司的经理，昨天你在会上见过他。The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.我们上个月买的这栋房
2、子很漂亮。二、非限制性定语从句的引导词1关系词：(1)关系代词：who, whom, which, whose(of whom/which), as；(2)关系副词：when, where。2先行词及其在从句中作的成分关系词先行词在从句中作的成分who人主语whom人宾语which物/整个主句主语/宾语whose(of whom或of which)人/物定语as人/物/整个主句主语/宾语when时间名词时间状语where地点名词地点状语3that不能引导非限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中应当用who/whom指人，用which指物。指人作宾语时只能用宾格whom，不能用who替换；非限制性
3、定语从句不能用why引导，常用for which代替why。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.(who作主语)查尔斯史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。Xiaowang, whom they often talk about, is going to America next month.(whom作宾语)他们经常谈到的那个小王下个月要去美国。I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, where we enjoyed a splendid view o
4、f the lake.(where作状语)我和朋友一起登上了山顶，在山顶上我们欣赏到了湖光美景。The earth goes around the sun, as we all know.(as作宾语)众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。The president said that he didnt need any reason, for which the plan couldnt be carried out.董事长说他不需要任何计划不能得到执行的理由。即时演练一用非限制性定语从句合并句子I walk into the waiting area.Many people are sitting q
5、uietly there.I walk into the waiting area, where many people are sitting quietly.They gave us many books.There was much information we needed in them.They gave us many books, in which there was much information we needed.The dress on the wall is a gift for me.Its color is bright.The dress on the wal
6、l, whose color is bright, is a gift for me.He is from England.Everyone here knows that.As is known by everyone here, he is from England.One may be at a loss when facing a sudden danger.That is quite natural.One may be at a loss when facing a sudden danger, which is quite natural.三、“介词which/whom”引导的非
7、限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由“介词关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词只能用which或whom。介词的选择原则主要有以下几点：(1)根据介词与动词的搭配关系There are some details in the project, about which the manager cares much.(care about)在这项工程里有一些细节，经理对此非常关心。(2)根据介词与形容词的搭配关系I introduced some subjects to her, in which she may be interested.(be interested in)我给她介绍了几个科目，她可能
8、对此感兴趣。(3)根据介词与先行词的关系Last night I took part in a party and lost my key, without which I cant open the door of my dormitory.昨天晚上我参加聚会把钥匙丢了，没有钥匙我打不开宿舍的门。(4)根据属于与被属于(或部分与整体)的关系There stands a building over there, the elevators of which often go out of order.那里矗立着一座楼，这座楼的电梯经常出故障。即时演练二根据汉语提示完成句子During trav
9、eling, you can meet various people, with whom you can make new friends.在旅游期间，你可以见到形形色色的人，和他们结交新朋友。A year is divided into four seasons, the first of which is spring.一年被分为四个季节，第一个季节是春季。She was educated at a local high school, after which she went on to Peking University.她在当地的一所高中上学，此后，她去了北大。四、as和 whic
10、h引导非限制性定语从句的区别as和 which引导非限制性定语从句指代整个句子时， 区别如下：项目aswhich位置引导的从句可位于主句之前、之中或之后引导的从句不能位于主句之前意义正如这，那功能连接上下文，表达说话人的观点，并指出主句内容引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句Einstein, as we all know, is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。(as引导非限制性定语从句，代指整句意思)It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天雨下得很大
11、，这阻止了我去公园。(which引导非限制性定语从句，代指前句It rained hard yesterday, which可转换为and this/that)名师指津(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，其后常接expect, know, report, say, see等动词的主动或被动语态句以及用于一些固定结构中。如：as was expected (不出所料), as is mentioned above (正如上面所提到的), as is often the case (这是常有的事)等。(2)as也可用在限制性定语从句中，此时它多和such, so或the same连用，构成such/
12、so .as和the same .as结构。Such books as I have read are English novels.(as作宾语)我所读过的书都是英语小说。即时演练三单句语法填空/补全句子There was a prison on the island, from which nobody escaped.He has made great progress in his work, which makes his parents very proud.他在工作中取得了很大进步，这让他父母很骄傲。As we all know, smoking is bad for your
13、health.众所周知，吸烟有害健康。五、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别区分点限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式不同紧跟在先行词后，不用逗号隔开用逗号和主句隔开 功能不同起限定作用，不可省略，否则主句意思不完整 起补充说明作用，去掉后不影响主句意义的完整 关系词不同所有关系词都可引导，在从句中作宾语时可省略 that，why不能引导 先行词不同名词、代词或名词性短语名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句翻译方式不同一般译为定语 一般译为并列分句 即时演练四补全句子He lives in Beijing, which is about five hours ride from here.他住在
14、北京，离这里有5个小时的车程。Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.他们居住的城市正在发生巨大变化。六、常使用非限制性定语从句的三种情况1关系代词指代整个主句的内容时，用非限制性定语从句。She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成了工作，我对此深感怀疑。2先行词指世界上独一无二的事物、专有名词或表示类属事物时，用非限制性定语从句。The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers
15、 away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories for people.月球，这个离地球384 400千米远的星球，给人们带来了很多美好的故事。3some/many/few/a few/little/much/most/two of which/whom结构中常用非限制性定语从句。I have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.我有三位外籍老师，其中两位来自加拿大。即时演练五补全句子Football, which is a very interesting game,
16、is played all over the world.足球是一项非常有趣的运动，全世界都踢足球。The moon, which doesnt give out light itself, is only a satellite of the earth.月球本身不发光，它只是地球的一个卫星。John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，其中大多数是家庭成员。1(教材P5)Which sentences contain a clause with es
17、sential information and which with extra information? 哪些句子包含一个带有极其重要信息的从句，哪些句子包含带有额外信息的从句？essential adj.极其重要的， 必不可少的(1)be essential to sth./sb.对某物/人来说必不可少/极其重要(2)it is essential to do sth. 做某事是完全必要的/至关重要的(3)It is essential/important/necessary/strange/surprising .that从句，that从句是真正的主语，从句中的谓语用“should动词原
18、形”，其中should可以省略。(佳句)In a world still facing so many problems, it is essential for us to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity.在当今仍面临许多问题的世界里，构建和平繁荣的人类命运共同体至关重要。 练透补全句子Its strange that tourists (should) never visit this village.很奇怪，游客竟然从不参观这个村子。It is essential that th
19、ese application forms (should) be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早寄回，这是很重要的。写美翻译句子和睦的家庭对我们的个人发展和身心健康是极其重要的。A harmonious family is essential to our personal development and our physical and mental health.2(教材P5)Watson is pleased with his answer which he thinks will impress Holmes.沃森对自己的回答很满意，他
20、认为这会给福尔摩斯留下深刻印象。impress v使钦佩，使留下深刻印象(1)be impressed by /with .被打动impress sth.on sb./impress sb.with sth. 某事给某人留下深刻印象(2)impression n. 印象leave/make an impression on . 给留下印象have/get a good/bad impression of sb./sth. 对某人/物的印象好/不好(3)impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的；感人的(佳句)What impressed him most was their attitud
21、e towards their work.令他印象最深刻的是他们对工作的态度。练透单句语法填空/句型转换Their wedding took place last week，which gave me a deep impression (impress)The general is kind and humorous.In a word, he is an impressive (impress) man.Their kindness made a good impression on us while we were staying there.We got/had a good impr
22、ession of their kindness while we were staying there.写美补全句子He was impressed with/by Benjamins drawings.本杰明的画令他印象深刻。3(教材P6)We all deserve a second chance, I guess.我想我们都应该再给对方一次机会。deserve v应得，应受到；值得deserve to do应该/受deserve to be donedeserve doing 应该/值得deserve respect/praise 值得尊重/表扬(佳句)The old artists
23、insisted that the masterpiece deserved such a good reputation.老艺术家坚称那幅杰作值得享有如此美誉。练透单句语法填空/句式升级It is those who are willing to give rather than receive that deserve respect/to be respected/respecting (respect)Maria is constantly making efforts; she deserves to achieve (achieve) the goal of entering the key university.Id like to see those who deserve to be rewarded in your class.Id like to see those deserving to be rewarded in your class.(用非谓语动词改写)写美补全句子No matter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our respect.无论一份工作多么普通，它在社会中都起着作用，所以值得我们的尊重。