1、Reference for Teaching.异域风情Plants in DesertOnly special plants can survive the terrible climate of a desert,for these are regions where the annual range of the soil temperature can be over 75.Furthermore,during the summer there are few clouds in the sky to protect plants from the suns ray.Another pr
2、oblem is the fact that there are frequently strong winds which drive small,sharp particles of sand into the plants,tearing and damaging them.The most difficult problem for all forms of plant life,however,is the fact that the entire annual rainfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring.Grasses
3、and flowers in desert survive from one year to the next by existing through the long,hot,dry season in the form of seeds.These seeds remain inactive unless the right amount of rain falls.If no rain falls,or if insufficient rain falls,they wait until the next year,or even still the next.Another facto
4、r that helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short.By the time that the water from the spring rains disappearsjust a few weeks after it fallssuch plants no longer need any.The perennials have special features which enable them to survive as plants for several years.Thu
5、s,nearly all desert perennials have extensive root systems below ground and a small shoot system above ground.The large root network enables the plant to absorb as much water as possible in a short time.The small shoot system,on the other hand,considerably limits water loss by evaporation.Another fe
6、ature of many desert perennials is that after the rainy season they lose their leaves in preparation for the long,dry season,just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs in preparation for the winter.This reduces their water loss by evaporation during the dry season.Then,in the next rainy season,the
7、y come fully alive once more,and grow new branches,leaves and flowers,just as the grasses and flowers in desert do.知识归纳1.accumulate用法归纳(1)积累(vt.)The scientist has accumulated a wealth of experience.这位科学家已经积累了丰富的经验。(2)堆积，越积越多(vi.）If you dont clear away the rubbish regularly,it will just accumulate.如果
8、你不定时清除垃圾，便会越积越多。A pile of work accumulated on his desk.他桌子上有一大堆文件要他处理。2.involve的用法归纳(v.)(1)牵涉，牵连This event involved our interests in Europe.这牵涉到我们在欧洲的股份。有时表示“有参加”。More than 4 million workers were involved in strikes in 1946.1946年有400万工人参加了罢工。（2）包含，引起，使不得不Being a sailor involves long periods away fro
9、m home.当海员使他不得不长期离开自己的家。Winning the game involves both skill and perseverance.赢得这场比赛得运用技巧和毅力。involve in使牵连（涉）进去，使陷入，使承担，使不得不They are deeply involved in debt.他们负债累累。The youth was involved in the robbery.抢劫案牵涉到这个年轻人。involve with和混在一起，和有密切联系Do not involve yourself with those people.不要和这些人混在一起。While he
10、was in America,he became involved with a group of people engaged in drug trafficking.他在美国期间，和一群贩毒的人混在一起。3.abandon (v.)(1)放弃(=give up)She was obliged to abandon that idea.她被迫放弃了那个主意。The scientist abandoned his research for lack of fund.这位科学家由于缺乏资金不得不放弃了他的研究工作。(2)遗弃，弃掉（=desert)The sailor abandoned the
11、 burning ship.海员弃掉了这艘燃烧的轮船。I dont think that John would abandon his friends if they were in trouble.我认为约翰不会在朋友遇到困难时抛弃他们。(3)用于abandon oneself to听任（感情泛滥），陷入，沉溺于He abandoned himself to despair.他陷入绝望中。过去分词作表语或定语，表示“被遗弃的”或“甘心干坏事的”。The abandoned house was torn down.这所没人住的房子拆掉了。4.英语中表示“仅仅”的说法(1)only作副词，意思是
12、“只有，只（是），仅仅”，在句子中的位置较灵活，在书面语中多放在所修饰的词前。Only John saw the lion yesterday.(=No one else saw it)昨天只有约翰看到了狮子。John only saw the lion yesterday.(=Her didnt shoot it)约翰昨天只是看到了狮子。John saw only the lion yesterday.(=not the tiger)约翰昨天看到的仅仅是狮子。John saw the lion only yesterday.(=not at any time else)约翰昨天看到了狮子。o
13、nly还可作形容词，意思是“惟一的，最好的，最合适的”。He was the only Englishman present.他是在场的惟一的一个英国人。She is the only person for the position.她是但任这个职位的最佳人选。(2)merely adv.仅，只，不过I merely asked his name.我只问了他的名字。I meant it merely as a joke.我本来只不过是想开个玩笑。merely的形容词形式是mere “仅仅，单单，只要，只是”。It is a mere 100 metres from my house to th
14、e school.从我家到学校仅仅百米之遥。(3)barely adv.仅仅，刚刚，勉强The town was barely ten miles.这个城镇仅十英里远。I can barely see it.我勉强能看得见这个东西。(4)simply adv.只是，仅仅He said nothing,simply turned and walked out of the room.他一声没吭，转身走出了房间。I do it simply for the money.我仅仅是为了钱才做这件事的。.词语辨析1.calculate,count,estimate(1)calculate(动词) “计算
15、，核算”。指通过较复杂的过程，如算术上用加减乘除来进行计算，或数学上的精密计算，也指用数学计算天体的运行或日蚀、月蚀等。Have you calculated how much a trip to Beijing would cost?你有没有计算去北京旅行一次要多少费用？Astronomers can calculate when there will be eclipses of the sun and the moon.天文学家能算出什么时候有日蚀、月蚀。(2)count(动词)“计算、数”，是计算中最基本的动作，指逐个数过而得出总数。He counted the children be
16、fore they started the game.他在孩子们开始游戏前数了一下他们的人数。Our institutes of higher education are now counted by thousands.我们的高等学校现在数以千计。(3)estimate(动词)“估计、估价”，指估计价钱、价值、质量、大小、时间的长短等，不强调计算的绝对正确性或精密性，一般凭个人的判断，但所得结果不如calculate准确。We estimated that it would take three months to finish the work.我们估计完成这项工作大约需要三个月。You
17、estimate my abilities too highly.你把我的能力估计过高了。2.defeat,conquer,overcome(1)defeat(动词)“战胜、击败、击溃、摧毁”，指在一场比赛或战争中，击败对方，取得胜利。Our school defeated that school at football.在足球比赛中我们学校胜了那个学校。The enemy was defeated in a decisive battle.敌人在一场决定性的战斗中被击败。(2)conquer(动词)“征服、打败”，指用战争的方式或用强力征服对方，取得决定性的胜利，往往有控制或占有的意味，用于
18、借喻，指克服困难、改掉不好习惯或克制某种感情，在这个意义上，可与overcome通用。Our purpose is not only to conquer nature,but also to remake nature.我们的目的不但要征服自然而且要改造自然。You must conquer that bad haibt.（此处也可用overcome）你必须改掉那个坏习惯。（3）overcome(动词)“克服、战胜、压倒”，语气比其他两个词强，指在斗争或竞赛中压倒对方。They succeeded in overcoming all the difficulties in their pat
19、h.他们终于克服了他们道路上的种种困难。The forces of peace will overcome the forces of war.和平力量会战胜战争力量。3.anxiety,care,concern,worry(1)anxiety(名词)“悬念、忧虑、切望、焦急”，指对未来的事或不能确定的事存有悬念，主要怕有不幸发生，但不是消极失望，而有积极希望不幸的事可以避免的心理，也指盼望做某件事或获得某种东西等。His illness caused us much anxiety.他的病痛使我们很焦急。His anxiety for knowledge is praiseworthy.他对
20、知识的渴望值得钦佩。(2)care（名词）“忧虑、操心、挂念”，指由于职务，承担义务，或工作繁重而引起的心绪不安。care作这种解释时，是较正式的用词。He is free from cares.他没有操心事。Cast all your cares aside.丝毫不必挂虑。(3)concern(名词）“担心、挂念、忧虑”，着重由于对某人、某事的同情、关心等而引起的悬念。The peoples happiness should be our greatest concern.人民的幸福应该是我们最关心的事。He showed great concern for the health of hi
21、s friend.他很关心他朋友的健康。(4)worry(名词)“苦恼、烦闷、忧虑”，着重指于事无补的或目的不明的焦急不安。He was showing signs of worry.他看上去有些焦虑不安。Too much worry had made him look an old man.过分焦虑使他显得很老了。4.path,avenue,route,lane(1)path“窄路，小路”a path through the woods 穿过森林的小路So he started gaily on his way,and by many narrow paths came to a green
22、,broad glade,at the edge of which flowed a stream.这样他愉快地上了路，经过不少狭窄的小路，走到了一块宽阔绿色的林间空地，旁边流着一条小河。(2)avenue(名词）“道路，大街”，指较长的和宽阔的道路，常指两边有较好的建筑或林阴的大街。There are many tall magnificent buildings on both sides of this avenue.在这条大街的两旁有很多宏伟的建筑物。注意：avenue一词在英国通常指两旁有树的路，在美国常指城市中宽阔的街道，两旁不一定有树，但有房屋，在美国有些城市里，avenue与s
23、treet常可相互替用，不同的地方只在于方向，一般南北向者叫avenue,东西向者叫street。(3)route“预先定好的一定的路线，确切地指出途中的地点”。a bus route公共汽车路线/a postmans/a tourists route邮递员/游历者的路线More train and bus routes have been reopened.有更多的电车路线和公共汽车路线重新通车了。We drove home by a roundabout route.我们开车绕道回的家。(4)lane(名词)“小路”，一般指郊外或田野中的小路，有时两旁有树和篱笆；在城镇里，多指“胡同”或“
24、弄堂”。He strolled through a pleasant shady country lane.他漫步穿过绿阴宜人的乡村小路。Many crooked lanes in this city have been widened.这座城市许多弯弯曲曲的胡同已经加宽了。.能力训练同义句转换1.这对年轻夫妇努力工作攒钱买汽车。The young couple worked hard to put together enough to buy a car.The young couple worked hard to_ to buy a car.The young couple worked
25、 hard to_to buy a car.答案：accumulate enough,save enough2.你能估算出到香港旅游一趟的费用吗？Can you calculate how much a journey to Hong Kong would cost?Can you_ how much a journey to Hong Kong would cost?Can you _how much a journey to Hong Kong would cost?Can you _how much a journey to Hong Kong would cost?答案：figure
26、out,work out,find out3.汤姆很想去旅行。Tom had an appetite for a journey.Tom had a_for a journey (to have a journey).Tom had a_for a journey.Tom had a _ for a journey.答案：desire,lust,wish4.他们过着舒适的生活。They are living a cosy life.They are living a _life.They are living a_life.答案：comfortable,pleasant5.他们任命他当经理。T
27、hey appointed him to be manager.They appointed him_manager.They appointed_.答案：as,him manager6.由于资金原因，他们放弃了训练。They abandoned their training for the sake of money.They_ their training for the sake of money.They_their training for the sake of money.They_their training for the sake of money.They_their training for the sake of money.答案：stopped,gave up,ceased,called off7.北京人在大规模准备奥运会。The people of Beijing are preparing for the Olympics on a large scale.The people of Beijing are preparing for the Olympics _.答案：massively