1、板块二需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词第1讲名词和数词考点1名词的数名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分。1. 名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况加smapmaps；girlgirls；househouses；mouthmouths以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加esclassclasses；boxboxes；brushbrushes；matchmatches注意：stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen“辅音字母
2、y”结尾的变y为i加escitycities；countrycountries；partyparties；factoryfactories注意：以“元音字母y”结尾的则直接加s，如boyboys；toytoys以o结尾的名词许多加estomatotomatoes；potatopotatoes；echoechoes；heroheroes；NegroNegroes；mangomangoes；volcanovolcanoes但是，注意以下这些以o结尾的名词复数直接加s：radioradios；zoozoos；bamboobamboos；pianopianos；kilokilos；photophoto
3、s以f，fe结尾的名词，通常变f或fe为v再加eshalfhalves；leafleaves；shelfshelves；thiefthieves；wolfwolves；wifewives；lifelives；knifeknives但是也有的直接加s，如roofroofs；handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves；chiefchiefs合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数sonsinlaw女婿；passersby过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；gobetweens中间人；grownup
4、s成年人2. 名词复数的不规则变化变化情况例词特殊变化childchildren；footfeet；toothteeth；mousemice；manmen；womanwomen注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是men和women，如anEnglishmantwo Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans单复数同形deer, sheep, fish, Chinese，Japanese, means集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数people, police, cattle有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法细菌bacterium(单数)bac
5、teria(复数)；资料、数据datum(单数)data(复数)；现象phenomenon(单数)phenomena(复数)二、不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分。1. 常考的不可数名词advice建议equipment装备experience经验(注：作“经历”讲时可数)exercise锻炼(注：作“练习；体操”讲时可数)fun开心、快乐的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新闻baggage/luggage行李progress进步practice练习wealth财富，富裕knowledge知识jewelry珠宝cha
6、nge零钱(注：作“变化”讲时可数)2. 抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常见的和常考的：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失败失败的人或事honour荣幸令人荣幸的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情delight高兴令人高兴的事情surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情pleasure快乐令人快乐的事情3. 物质名词的复数现象(1)有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物。paper(纸)papers(证件，论文)cust
7、om(风俗习惯)customs(海关)arm(胳膊)arms(武器，装备)air(空气)airs(摆架子，装腔作势)(2)有一些物质名词用复数形式，表示由大量该物质组成的事物。sand(沙子)sands(沙滩，沙漠)water(水)waters(水域，水体)time(时间)times(时代)wood(木头，木材)woods(树林)(3)有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world. 法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的。三、与名词有关的
8、词形转化1. 名词后缀(t)ion表示行为或状态；ment表示行为或结果；er/or表示人物；ist/ian表示专家或从事的人；ice表示性质，状态；dom表示集体、领域或状态。(2020全国卷)Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始的节日。2. 名词与形容词之间的转化(1)“名词y”构成形容词。例如：rainrainy；cloudcloudy等。(2)“名词ly”构成形容词。例如：friendf
9、riendly；mothermotherly等。(3)“名词ish”构成形容词。例如：foolfoolish；childchildish等。(4)“名词en”构成形容词。例如：goldgolden；woodwooden等。考点2名词的固定搭配和所有格一、固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词名词介词”和“介词名词”。常考的高频短语：1. 介词名词with patience耐心地by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措 in advance提前in favour of支持，赞成 on purpose故意地beyond recognition无法辨认in great
10、 demand需求量很大2. 动词名词介词have/gain access to可以获得take advantage of利用，趁之机make use of利用find fault with挑的错keep pace with与同步put an end to结束take notice of注意到catch sight of看见do damage to损害attach importance to重视take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以自豪take possession of占有make preparations for为做准备make contribution
11、s to对做出贡献二、名词的所有格1. 有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加s。his fathers boss 他爸爸的老板2. 表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加s表示其所有格。todays paper 今天的报纸Englands shore 英国的海岸the cars design 这辆车的设计We accepted the invitation without a moments hesitation. 我们毫不犹豫地接受了邀请。3. 在某些习惯用语中，也需要加s所有格。for friendships sake 为了友情at a stones throw 一步之遥a
12、t ones fingers tip 手头上有at arms length 保持距离；在伸手可及处at ones wits end 黔驴技穷4. 无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。the window of the room 这个房间的窗户5. 如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加s。Jane and Marys mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)Janes and Marys mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)6. 双重所有格：“a/two/some. 名词of名词s/名词性物主代词”构成
13、双重所有格，“of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。a friend of her mothers 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of hers 她的两张照片考点3数词一、基数词1. 常用基数词表oneeleventhirtytwotwelvefortythreethirteenfiftyfourfourteensixtyfivefifteenseventysixsixteeneightysevenseventeenninetyeighteighteenhundredninenineteenthousandtentwentymillion/billion2. 使用基数词的几
14、点注意事项(1)one and a half后的名词用复数，谓语动词一般用单数，不过事实上也可用复数。(2)当hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有基数词时，用单数形式，词尾不加s；前面有many, several, a few修饰时，仍用单数形式。如：several billion years。表示概数时，用ten, hundred, thousand, billion的复数形式加of，后面接复数名词。如：thousands of lakes and forests。(3)表示某人的大约年龄，即“几十多岁”时，使用基数词的复数形式。“in sb.s整十的
15、基数词的复数”意为“在某人几十多岁时”。如：in his fifties。(4)表示世纪年代表示“在世纪年代”时在数字后加s或s。the early 1920s/1920sthe early twentiesthe mideighties二、序数词1. 常用序数词表firstelevenththirtiethsecondtwelfthfortieththirdthirteenthfiftiethfourthfourteenthsixtiethfifthfifteenthseventiethsixthsixteentheightiethseventhseventeenthninetietheig
16、htheighteenthhundredthninthnineteenththousandthtenthtwentiethmillionth/billionth21以上的多位数词，只将末位数变为序数词，前面的其他位数仍用基数词。如：21sttwentyfirst；22ndtwentysecond；33rdthirtythird；100thone hundredth2. 序数词前冠词的使用(1)序数词前一般要加定冠词the。This is the first one.这是第一个。(2)序数词前有时可用不定冠词a/an，此时不强调顺序。“a/an序数词”相当于another，表示“又一个，再一个”
17、。Youd better try a third time.你最好再试一次。(3)序数词用作副词时，不用冠词。First come, first served.近水楼台先得月。(4)序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时，不再用定冠词。Ill never forget that first lesson taught by Mr Wang.我将不会忘记王老师教我的第一堂课。(5)序数词用在由“序数词名词”构成的形容词中时，不用定冠词。There is a firstclass hotel over there.那里有一家一流的宾馆。三、分数和百分数1. 分数的表示法(1)分子用基数
18、词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用复数。分数特殊表示法 a/one half； a/one quarter three quarters；2 two and a quarter1 one and a half；2 two and three fifths三分之一既可说one third，也可说a third。(2)分子与分母之间加in/out of，分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如one in/out of ten十分之一。2. 百分数的表示法表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可。如twenty percent百分之二十。分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以
19、下形式：分数/百分数of冠词/限定词名词/代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致。Twothirds of the books are about science.三分之二的书是关于科学的。Only 30 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只完成了百分之三十的工作。. 单句语法填空1. (2021天津市滨海七所重点学校高三毕业班联考)Winning recognition (recognise) in the international market, Chinas highquality products have brought
20、us a good profit.2. (2020福建厦门模拟)The Palace Museum, home to Chinese emperors for five centuries (century), was opened at night for the first time in 94 years.3. (2020山东潍坊模拟)Initially set to be opened to traffic in late 2016, the structure was finally completed on 6 February 2018 and journalists (jour
21、nalist) were subsequently given rides over the bridge. 4. From its thousands of rooms to its many beautiful artifacts, its no wonder it is one of Chinas most popular scenic spots (spot). 5. The lives (life) of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris ca
22、lled Gin. 6. The company has got lots of new equipment (equipment)7. I had no choice (choose) but to prepare for it, though.8. Some schools will have to make adjustments (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.9. I am still thankful to my uncle for teaching me to ride a bike on my nint
23、h (nine) birthday.10. Why not buy a secondhand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one?Thats a good suggestion (suggest). . 语篇语法填空(2020浙南名校联盟第一次联考)People love the view of old buildings in Paris, especially NotreDame Cathedral (巴黎圣母院). 1. _ (fortunate), on April 15, 2019, a fire destroy
24、ed the spire (尖顶) of the cathedral, and twothirds of the roof. Flames could be seen 2. _ (rise) through the top of the monument. The citizens in Paris gathered around the cathedral, praying 3. _ the hundreds of firefighters who fought the flames. 4. _ was no wonder that people felt sad. The church i
25、tself after all, is a historical and artistic treasure. 5. _ (build) in 1163, it is one of the worlds most famous tourist sites, attracting about 12 million 6. _ (visit) every year.NotreDame Cathedral is home to many 7. _ (religion) artworks, paintings and sculptures. Despite its long history and ma
26、ny treasures, the cathedral 8. _ (need) the help of a writer to become truly famous. Victor Hugos 1831 novel, The Hunchback of NotreDame, presented the building to 9. _ wide audience. He wrote the book to remind people of it, with the hope 10. _ they would protect the beautiful old buildings of Pari
27、s.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一场大火烧毁了有着悠久历史的巴黎圣母院大教堂的尖顶和三分之二的屋顶，还介绍了巴黎圣母院成名的原因。1. Unfortunately考查词性转换。设空处修饰整个句子，应用副词，故填Unfortunately。2. rising考查非谓语动词。see sth. doing sth.为固定用法。故填rising。3. for考查固定搭配。pray for.为固定短语，意为“为祈祷”，故填for。4. It考查代词。It was/is no wonder that. 为固定句式，意为“并不奇怪/不足为奇”，其中It作形式主语，故填It。5. Built考
28、查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作非谓语，且与逻辑主语构成被动关系，应用过去分词，故填Built。6. visitors考查词性转换和名词的单复数。设空处作attracting的宾语，表示“游客”，应用名词形式；且visitor为可数名词，由空前的“about 12 million”可知，此处应用复数形式，故填visitors。7. religious考查词性转换。设空处修饰名词artworks，应用形容词，表示“宗教的”，故填religious。8. needed考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，本句描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，故填needed。9. a考查冠词。audience为可数名词，此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且wide以辅音音素开头，故填a。10. that考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导同位语从句，解释说明hope的内容，且从句中不缺少成分，故填that。