1、主题语境(四)法律常识与法律意识等阅读理解A(2018北京卷D)Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in A
2、pril for companies to test truly selfdriving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isnt leading the way here. Companies have been testing their ve
3、hicles in cities across the country. Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.Wh
4、ile much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless ve
5、hicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy or even worsen the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual selfdriving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on
6、packed highways because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry
7、 cleaning, they send the selfdriving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ridehailing (叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars w
8、orldwide with electric, selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars
9、will almost certainly be fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should st
10、art thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesnt extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more
11、 people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。1According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can _.Ahelp deal with transportationrelated problemsBprovide better services to customersCcau
12、se damage to our environmentDmake some people lose jobsA细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety.offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.”可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助于减少交通拥堵等方面。故选A。2As for driverless cars, what is the authors major concern?ASafety.BSide
13、effects.CAffordability.DManagement.D推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Policymakers should start thinking now about . the carcontrolled transportation system we have today.”并结合上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面，故选D。3What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AEmployed.BRep
14、laced.CShared.DReduced.A词义猜测题。根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。4What is the authors attitude to the futu
15、re of selfdriving cars?ADoubtful.BPositive.CDisapproving.DSympathetic.B观点态度题。根据最后一段最后两句“The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.”可知，无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，准备好迎接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对于这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。B(2018江苏卷C)If you want to disturb the car industry, youd better have a few billion dollars: Momandpo
16、p carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系统), small farmers can keep one step ahead o
17、f the big guys. As the cofounder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC，美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself, I have a frontrow seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years
18、 ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables smallscale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per houra huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand suddenly making it possible for the little guys
19、 to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out，small farmers couldnt touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.The sustainable success of small farmers,
20、 though, wont happen without fundamental changes to the industry.One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning ones own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013，agricultural land values doubled, and th
21、ey continue to rise in many regions.Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a nonexistent path to citizenship the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于) farmers younger than 35 by six to
22、one, and with twothirds of the nations farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nations food.There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers cant clumsily put them together before us. We
23、at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, co
24、nsumers must take a stand with young farmers.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章分析了美国小农场主具有的优势，同时也分析了目前美国农业发展所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以支持美国国内小农场的发展。5The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce _.Athe progress made in car industryBa special feature of agricultureCa trend of development in
25、agricultureDthe importance of investing in car industryB推理判断题。文章开头首先提到汽车行业的特点，“如果想进军汽车行业，你最好有几十亿美元：家庭经营的汽车制造厂不大可能击败最大的汽车公司”；接着指出“但是在农业方面，小农场主可以胜过大农场主”。由此可知，作者开头提到汽车行业是为了通过对比介绍农业不同于工业的地方。6What does the author want to illustrate with the example in Paragraph 2?ALoans to small local farmers are necessa
26、ry.BTechnology is vital for agricultural development.CCompetition between small and big farms is fierce.DSmall farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California”以及“they can stay in business”可知，Quick
27、 Cut Greens Harvester 的发明让小农场可以与加利福尼亚的大农场竞争，并且可以继续经营下去，也就是说小农场主可能比大农场主获得了一些优势。7What is the difficulty for those new farmers?ATo gain more financial aid.BTo hire good farm managers.CTo have farms of their own.DTo win old farmers support.C细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Another challenge . the greatest barrier to buil
28、ding a farm of their own.”可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。8What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?ASeek support beyond NYFC.BExpand farmland conservation.CBecome members of NYFC.DInvest more to improve technology.A推理判断题。最后一段提到NYFC在敦促国会增加耕地保护等方面需要支持，有关国会将要讨论的新农业法案，
29、消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。由此可知，为了使农场经济可持续和公平发展，农场主需要寻求NYFC以外的支持。C(2017天津卷C)This month, Germanys transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might
30、be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury;
31、 that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email, say the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will
32、 put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.An
33、assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say driverless cars， people expect driverless cars，”
34、Merat says. “You know no driver.”Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California.
35、 That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo.【语篇解读】
36、本文是一篇议论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主张。9What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AA place where cars often break down.BA case where passing a law is impossible.CAn area where no driving is permitted.DA situation where drivers role is not
37、clear.D词义猜测题。根据下文“the grey area between . the driverless future”对“死亡谷”的解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。10The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to _.Astop people from breaking traffic rulesBhelp promote fully automatic drivingCprotect drivers of all
38、ages and racesDprevent serious property damageB推理判断题。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，选B。11What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?AIt should get the attention of insurance companies.BIt should be the main concern of
39、 law makers.CIt should not cause deadly traffic accidents.DIt should involve no human responsibility.D推理判断题。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选D。12Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _.ASingapor
40、eBthe UKCthe USDGermanyC细节理解题。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最后两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况就会很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在这里，认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would get absolutely nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国看不到光明的发展前景。13What could be the best title for the passage?AAutonomous Driving: Whose Lia
41、bility?BFully Automatic Cars: A New BreakthroughCAutonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!DDriverless Cars: Root of Road AccidentsA标题归纳题。全文以德国交通部长的提议引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选A。D(2017江苏卷C)A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fastgrowing industry, urging antitru
42、st (反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look uns
43、toppable.Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free(users pay,
44、in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, allpresent and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the da
45、ta collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “Gods eye view” of activitie
46、s in their own markets and beyond.This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required and as a new approach starts to beco
47、me apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms data
48、 assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat. When this takes place, especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle is to loos
49、en the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users consent.R
50、estarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments dont want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。随着网络的发展，有些大型数据公司控制着大量的数据。人们呼吁把这些巨头拆分。但问题的根源不在这里，反垄断部门应该出面打破这些公司的数据垄断局面，给小公司更多的生存机会。14Why is there a call to break up giants?AThey ha
51、ve controlled the data market.BThey collect enormous private data.CThey no longer provide free services.DThey dismissed some newborn giants.A细节理解题。根据第二段的首句“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，这种形势要求科技巨头拆分。这种形势是指上文提及的那几家大公司垄断了数据市场，故本题答案为A。15What does the technolo
52、gical innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?AData giants technology is very expensive.BGoogles idea is popular among data firms.CData can strengthen giants controlling position.DData can be turned into new services or products.C细节理解题。从第三段可知，以谷歌公司为例，这些科技巨头发现了数据可以转变为新的服务，例如翻译和视觉识别，这些都可以卖给其他公司。网络公司对于数据的控制
53、赋予了他们巨大的权力，从而可以增强他们的控制地位。16By paying attention to firms data assets, antitrust regulators could _.Akill a new threatBavoid the size trapCfavour bigger firmsDcharge higher pricesB推理判断题。根据第五段可知，反垄断部门在考虑兼并时，通常根据规模的大小来决定何时进行干预，现在当评估这些交易的影响时，他们需要考虑到这些公司的数据资产的范围，再根据“The purchase price could . a newborn th
54、reat.”可知，通过重新考虑被兼并公司的数据资产，反垄断部门就可以避免落入规模大小这个陷阱。17What is the purpose of loosening the giants control of data?ABig companies could relieve data security pressure.BGovernments could relieve their financial pressure.CConsumers could better protect their privacy.DSmall companies could get more opportuni
55、ties.D推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，放松网络服务的供应商对于网络数据的控制，把更多的份额给数据提供者，从而让小公司也有机会发展。.写出所给单词的汉语意思1materialize v. 发生；成真2potential n. 潜力；潜能3worsen v. 使变糟4ownership n. 所有权 5aspect n. 方面6loan n. 借贷7clumsily adv. 笨拙地8define v. 认定；下定义9delay v. 推迟；延期10issue n. 问题；争论点11deadly adj. 致命的12profitable adj. 利润丰厚的13digital adj. 数字
56、的14initially adv. 最初15assess v. 评估_16security n. 安全.根据所给汉语写出英文单词1debate n. & v. 争论；辩论2harvest v. 收获；收割3compete v. 比赛；竞争4reform n. 改革5crash n. & v. 撞坏；坠毁6check v. 检查；核对7legal adj. 合法的8control n. & v. 控制9threat n. 威胁.根据所给提示写出派生单词1apparent adj. 明显的apparently adv. 显而易见地2safe adj. 安全的safety n. 安全3arrive
57、v. 到达arrival n. 到达4appoint v. 约会；约定appointment n. 约会；约定5insure v. 保险；担保insurance n. 保险6confuse v. 使困惑confusion n. 困惑；混乱；混淆7deliver v. 运送；输送delivery n. 运送；输送8translate v. 翻译translation n. 翻译.根据所给汉语写出惯用习语1lead_the_way 领先；带路2respond_to 对作出反应3bring_about 带来(变化)4far_from 远非5stand_out 突出即时演练单句语法填空1The lat
58、e arrival(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans.2Our daughter is a great dancer; she stands out above the rest.3Of the six people in the plane that crashed(crash), only one survived.4She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in confusion(confuse)5With the boy leading
59、 the_way, we had no difficulty finding the village.6The boy managed to climb out of the car, apparently(apparent) unhurt.7He set about helping homeless women and children to place of safety(safe)8He gave me his assurance that the goods should be_delivered(deliver) tomorrow morning.9The great damage
60、which the earthquake brought about made many people homeless or lose their lives.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)1There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers cant clumsily put them together before us. 引路2.that it never distinguishes between humans based
61、 on age or race. 种族3Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. 操作.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)1But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players.译文但是在农业方面，小农场主能够战胜主要的竞争对手。2And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that
62、newcomers can make waves, too.译文新生巨头的出现表明新来的也能掀起风波。.复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)1But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.分析本句是一个主从复合句。句中however引导让步状语从句，主句中depending
63、 on how the transformation is regulated为现在分词短语作状语，其中how the transformation is regulated为宾语从句作介词on的宾语。译文但不管需要多长时间，这项技术有潜力改变我们的交通系统和城市向好或坏的方向发展，这取决于转换是如何被监管的。2While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking abou
64、t how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 分析本句是一个主从复合句。While引导让步状语从句，主句中how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options为宾语从句，作talking about
65、的宾语。译文虽然到目前为止的争论大多集中在无人驾驶汽车的安全问题上(应当如此)，但决策者也应该讨论自动驾驶汽车如何有助于缓解交通堵塞、减少排放，并提供更多方便、更实惠的出行选择。3The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.分析本句是一个主从复合句。wh
66、at some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles为宾语从句，that could delay the driverless future为定语从句修饰先行词the grey area。译文该提案试图解决一些人所说的无人驾驶汽车的“死亡谷”问题：半自动驾驶汽车和真正意义上的无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，而这可能会推迟无人驾驶汽车的到来。4The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and giv
67、e more to those who supply them. 分析本句是一个复合句。主句的主语是The second principle，系动词is后是两个并列的不定式短语to loosen the control和(to) give more .，that providers of online services have over data为定语从句修饰先行词the control，who supply them为定语从句修饰先行词those。译文第二个原则是放松在线服务提供商对数据的控制，并将更多的数据提供给用户。1permit n. 执照；许可证；通行证v. 许可；允许；准许(1)
68、permit doing sth. 允许做某事permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事天气/时间允许的话(3)permission n. 允许；许可ask for permission 请求许可without permission 未经许可need to obtain a work permit 需要获得一个工作执照be permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane 只允许携带一个手提行李包登机ask the government for permission to move the books
69、 to a safe place 请求政府把书籍转移到一个安全的地方名师点津permit既可用于permit doing sth.，也可用于permit sb. to do sth.，有相同用法的动词还有：advise, allow, forbid等。基础练习单句语法填空The security system will not permit you to_enter(enter) without the correct password.The visitors are reminded that the museum doesnt permit smoking(smoke)I will co
70、me after the meeting if time permits，but I should ask for my headmasters permission(permit) first.能力提升句式升级普通表达：If time permits, I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship. 高级表达：Time_permitting,I expect to have more spare time to spend with my
71、friends so that we can have a better relationship.(独立主格结构)2convenient adj. 方便的；便利的(1)It is convenient for sb.to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是方便的be convenient for sb. 对某人来说是方便的be convenient for/to sth. 离很近(2)convenience n. 方便；便利at ones convenience 在某人方便的时候for convenience 为方便起见(3)inconvenient adj. 不方便的；麻烦的enjoy
72、the pleasures and convenience of living in a city center 享受住在市中心的乐趣和便利arrange a convenient time and space for the applicants to have an interview 为参加面试的求职者安排了合适的时间和地点make it more convenient for us to choose what books we like 使得我们选择喜欢的书籍更加方便名师点津“当你方便的时候”应译成“when it is convenient for you”，而不是“when yo
73、u are convenient”。基础练习单句语法填空Would it be convenient for you to_pick(pick) me up at four oclock and take me to the airport?Most of us choose to use credit cards to buy things because of their convenience(convenient). We bought the house for convenience. Its very near to the shop where I work.能力提升一句多译你
74、能在方便的时候过来帮我一把吗？ Can you come and give me a hand at_your_convenience? (convenience) Can you come and give me a hand when_it_is_convenient_for_you? (convenient)3tolerate v. 容忍，忍受；对有耐性(1)tolerate sb. doing sth. 容忍某人做某事(2)tolerant adj. 容忍的；宽容的be tolerant of 对宽容；对有耐受性(3)tolerance n. 容忍，忍耐力tolerate the ex
75、tremes of heat in the desert 忍受沙漠的酷热not tolerate any cheating on exams 容不得任何考试作弊行为create a tolerant and cosmopolitan culture 促成了宽容和包罗万象的文化名师点津除了tolerate外，其他表示“容忍，忍受”的动词及短语还有：stand, bear, put up with 等。基础练习单句语法填空He wont tolerate anyone questioning(question) his decisions.Luckily, my parents are toler
76、ant of my choice of music.What I want to stress is that such behaviour can not be_tolerated(tolerate)能力提升完成句子我们应该对他人的缺点更宽容一些。We should be more_tolerant_of others shortcomings.4cause vt. 引起；导致 n. 原因；事业；目标(1)cause sb.sth. 给某人带来某事cause sb.to do sth. 导致某人做某事cause damage/loss to 对造成损害/损失(2)the cause of .
77、 的原因cause and effect 因果wont cause you too much trouble 不会给你造成太多麻烦cause global concern about flight safety 引起全球对飞行安全的关注find the cause of the mine accident 找出这起矿难的起因fight for the cause of peace all her life 她毕生为和平事业而抗争基础练习单句语法填空He argues that one of the root causes(cause) of crime is poverty.I still d
78、ont know what caused the computer to_crash(crash)Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents.能力提升句式升级普通表达：That summer, a terrible flood broke out in the south of China, and it caused great loss to the people there.高级表达：That summer, a terrible flood broke out in the sou
79、th of China, causing_great_loss_to_the_people_there.(现在分词短语作状语)5replace vt. 代替；取代；把放回原处(1)replace . with/by . 用替换，以接替(2)take the place of take ones place 接替；代替in place of in ones place 代替(3)replacement n. 替代；替代的人(物)go to the conference in place of her 代替她出席了这次会议largely replace the traditional letter
80、 极大地替代了传统书信replace all the furniture damaged in the flood 更换在洪水中损坏的所有家具replace the china plate on the shelf 把磁盘放回到架子上基础练习单句语法填空Teachers will never be_replaced(replace) with computers in the classroom.Its not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks.Joe resigned as chairperson in 2019 a
81、nd I took the place of him.能力提升一句多译我们的班长将代替我们的班主任参加这次会议。Our monitor will replace/take_the_place_of our head teacher to attend the meeting.Our monitor will attend the meeting_in_place_of our head teacher.6urge v. 催促；极力主张 n. 冲动；强烈的愿望；迫切的要求(1)urge sb. to do sth./into doing sth. 力劝/敦促某人做某事urge that . 强烈
82、要求；极力主张从句谓语动词用(should)动词原形urge (sb.) on 力劝；强调；强烈要求(2)urgent adj. 紧急的；迫切的in urgent need of 急需(3)urgency n. 紧急；紧急情况in urgent need of food, medicine and shelter 急需食品、药品和住所urge you to do more reading 督促你多阅读a matter of great urgency 一件非常紧急的事基础练习单句语法填空They know that our country is in urgent(urge) need of
83、those who have much knowledge.Its of great urgency(urge) that we need to make the relative laws with the rapid growth of online shopping.The teacher urged his students on the importance of studying abroad.能力提升一句多译随着高考的临近，我们的老师督促我们要更加努力学习。Our teacher urges_us_to_study_harder with the College Entrance
84、 Examination drawing near.(urge sb. to do)Our teacher urges_that_we_(should)_study_harder with the College Entrance Examination drawing near.(urge that)7hold v. 保持；拿着；控制；容纳；举行 n. 握住；控制；把握；保持 hold back阻止；隐瞒；抑制，控制；扣留hold up 举起；支撑；使停顿；耽误hold on (打电话时)等一下，不要挂断；坚持hold on to 抓住；坚持；不放弃hold out 伸出；继续；坚持；忍耐一
85、词多义写出下列句中hold的含义She is holding a notebook and a pen. 拿着 He holds the world record for the 100metre dash. 保持They will hold a meeting to discuss this problem tomorrow. 举行The stadium in our school can hold 5,000 people in all. 容纳bite her lip to hold back the tears 她咬着嘴唇强忍住眼泪be held up in the traffic ja
86、m 受困于交通拥堵be ready to hold out a friendly hand 乐于伸出友谊之手基础练习单句语法填空Women are playing a more and more important role in society in modern China they hold up half the sky.When he left the telephone to find a pencil, he asked me to hold on.Do you think that mixed ability classes hold back the better stude
87、nts?能力提升完成句子无论困难有多大，我们绝不会被其阻止。We will never_be_held_back_by_difficulties,no matter how great they are!1With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.在国会要讨论新的农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。句型公式With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress属于“with宾语宾语补足语”的复合结构。该结构
88、常作原因、条件、时间、方式或伴随状语，也可作后置定语。常见的with复合结构：(1)with宾语形容词/副词/介词短语(2)with宾语doing(表主动、进行)(3)with宾语done(表被动、完成) (4)with宾语to do(表未做)基础练习单句语法填空With the exam approaching(approach), it is a good idea to review your class notes.With so many essays to_write(write), he wont have time to go shopping this morning.The
89、 living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table laid(lay) for a meal to be cooked.能力提升一句多译随着时间的推移，我逐渐意识到健康的重要性。As_time_goes_by,I gradually realize the importance of health.(状语从句)With_time_going_by,I gradually realize the importance of health.(with复合结构)2The internet has made data abundant, allpre
90、sent and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. 因特网使得数据丰富、齐全，而且更有价值得多，改变了数据和竞争的性质。句型公式changing the nature of data and competition是现在分词短语作伴随状语。(1)现在分词和过去分词作状语，都可以表示伴随、时间、条件、原因、结果、让步等。(2)现在分词短语作状语时，与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或没有一定的时间性；而过去分词作状语时，与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系。(3)现在分词作状语时，为了
91、表示强调，可与when, while, once, if, unless等连词连用，构成状语从句的省略。基础练习单句语法填空They sat in the classroom, reading(read) the books borrowed from the library.The teacher came into the lab, followed(follow) by some students.Anyone, once tested(test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from
92、our government.Finding(find) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.能力提升完成句子小时候，妈妈常常坐在我的床边给我讲故事，一直讲到我睡着。When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, telling_me_stories_till_I_ fell_asleep.夯基固本知识落实.用所给词的正确形式填空1With a guide to_show(show) us around the scenic spots, were
93、 sure to have a good time.2That unusual experience has turned Bob into a patient and tolerant(tolerate) person. 3I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to_film(film) a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.4There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the
94、 middle of the grassland, staring(stare) at the night sky.5The public urged the government to_take(take) measures to prevent such cases from happening again.在空白处填入一个适当的词1If it is convenient for you, lets meet at 8：30 outside the school gate.2Now most Chinese families have replaced coal fires with/by
95、 gas.3Up till now opinions are divided as to the cause of the fire.4The best way to respond to a flame is to ignore it.5People have planted a great many trees in order to hold back wind and sand in the desert.强技提能知识应用.完形填空President Coolidges statement“The business of America is business.”still point
96、s to an important truth today that business institutions have more prestige(威望)in American society than any other kind of organization，including the government.Why do business institutions 1 this great prestige?One reason is that Americans 2 business as being more firmly based on the ideal of 3 than
97、 other institutions in society.Since competition is seen as the major 4 of progress and prosperity by most Americans，competitive business institutions are 5 .Competition is not only good in itself，but it is the means by which other basic American 6 such as individual freedom，equality of opportunity，
98、and hard work are protected.Competition 7 the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly(垄断)of power.In contrast to one allpowerful government，many businesses compete against each other for 8 .Theoretically，if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers，it will
99、lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly.Where many businesses compete for the customers dollars，they cannot afford to 9 them like inferiors or slaves.A 10 is often made between business，which is competitive，and the 11 ，which is a monopoly.Because business is competitive，man
100、y Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than the government，even though government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not.Many Americans believe，then，that competition is as important，or even more important，than democracy in preserving 12 .Competition in busi
101、ness is also believed to 13 the ideal of equality of opportunity.Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person 14 his or her social class background.Competitive success is commonly seen as the American 15 to social rank based on the family background.Business
102、 is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic(贵族的)idea of inherited privilege.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。本文说明了美国人认为竞争的工商业与垄断的政府经常形成鲜明对照。竞争不仅保护顾客的利益，也会保护商业机构，人们可以通过商业竞争实现他们的个人价值。1A.qualifyBrestrictCimpressDpossessD根据上文“business institutions have more pr
103、estige(威望) in American society than any other kind of organization，including the government”可知，商业机构比其他任何一种组织拥有更多的威望，包括政府在内。qualify取得资格；restrict限制；impress使钦佩；possess拥有，占有。2A.referBview CreflectDconfirmB根据下文“business as being more firmly based on the ideal of”可知，美国人认为企业更坚定地建立在竞争的理想之上。view.as.把视为。3A.co
104、mpetitionBcooperationCadmirationDdeterminationA根据下文“competition is seen as.”可知，此处指企业更坚定地建立在竞争的理想之上。competition竞争；cooperation合作；admiration钦佩；determination决心。4A.resultBcomponentCsourceDresourceC根据下文“of progress and prosperity by most Americans”可知，竞争被大多数美国人视为进步和繁荣的主要源泉。result结果；component组成部分；source来源；r
105、esource资源。5A.estimatedBrespectedCadmittedDrejectedB根据上文“business institutions have more prestige(威望) in American society than any other kind of organization”可知，有竞争力的商业机构会受到尊重。estimate估计；respect尊重；admit承认；reject拒绝接受。6A.mannersBculturesCvaluesDcustomsC下文列举的都是美国的基本价值观，故选C项。manners礼貌；culture文化；values价值观
106、；custom习俗。7A.protectsBbuildsCillustratesDpresentsA句意：竞争通过确保权力不被垄断来保护个人的自由。protect保护；build创建；illustrate说明；present颁发。8A.profitsBsavings CcostsDfundsA根据下文“compete for the customers dollars”可知，企业是为了利润而相互竞争的。profit利润，收益；savings储蓄金；cost花费；fund资金。9A.attendBtreat CserveDchargeB根据上文“it will lose to competing
107、 business which treats its customers more fairly”可知，此处指对待顾客的方式。attend参加；treat对待；serve服务；charge收费。10A.commentBcomplaintCchoiceDcontrastD根据上下文可知，商业之间的竞争性与政府的垄断性形成一种对比。comment评论；complaint抱怨；choice选择；contrast对比。11A.departmentBgovernmentCbusinessDeconomyB商业是具有竞争性的，而政治往往是垄断性的，由政府掌控，二者形成对比。另外，下文中“it is mor
108、e supportive of freedom than the government”也体现了此处指的是垄断性的政府。department部门；government政府；business生意；economy经济。12A.securityBpricesCfreedomDdisciplineC根据上文“Because business is competitive，many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than the government，even though government leaders are e
109、lected by the people and business leaders are not.(由于商业是竞争性的，许多美国人认为商业比政府更能支持自由，尽管政府领导人是由人民选举出来的，而企业领导人不是。)”可知，此处是在讨论自由的问题。句意：于是许多美国人认为，在维护自由方面，竞争与民主同等重要，甚至更为重要。security安全；price价格；freedom自由；discipline纪律。13A.strengthenBdefineCcherishDsuperviseA根据下文“Competition is seen as an open and fair race where s
110、uccess goes to the swiftest person”可知，竞争被视为一场公开而公平的竞赛，成功属于跑得最快的人，那么竞争也被认为加强了机会均等的理想。strengthen加强；define阐明；cherish珍爱；supervise监督。14A.as a result ofBby means ofCin terms ofDregardless ofD根据上文“Competition is seen as an open and fair race”可知，竞争被视为一场公开而公平的竞赛，那么无论(regardless of)这个人的社会阶层背景如何，成功总是属于跑得最快的人。a
111、s a result of由于；by means of依靠方法；in terms of就而言；regardless of不顾。15A.contributionBsolutionCalternativeDappealC根据后文“Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic(贵族的) idea of inherited privilege.”可知，商业被视为机会平等观念的表达，而不是继承特权的贵族观念。那么本句话应当表
112、示“竞争性成功通常被视为基于家庭背景的社会地位之外的另一种选择”。contribution贡献；solution解决办法；alternative可供选择的事物；appeal呼吁。.语法填空(2020郑州市质量预测)Zhou Shihao,17，from Shanghai Yichuan High School, was shocked by the statistics he had found. 1._ he was looking into the use of cell phones by drivers, he found that more than 30% of them reac
113、hed for their cell phones on the road.“Any use of handheld devices (设备) should be 2._ (firm) forbidden while driving，” said Zhou. “Its not a daily chore, but a serious social issue.”The teenagers concerns led to his drafting a proposal on this issue something 3._ he did together with five other scho
114、olmates in the Mock Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference competition in the Putuo District of Shanghai.Zhou and his schoolmates were not alone. In January, many Shanghai youngsters, even elementary school students, took part in Mock CPPCC competitions 4._ (hold) in their local districts
115、 and handed in proposals on issues ranging from network security and the future city to the protection of 5._ (tradition) culture.“The competition really encourages us students to focus on social issues and play an active role 6._ taking responsibility for our country，” said Zhang Simin, 17, from Sh
116、anghai Nanyang High School.The senior student used to think that the handling of state affairs was just for politicians. But thinking on the “3：30 problem”changed her mind.Kids usually finish school at 3：30. However, most parents work until 6：00，7._ (make) it hard for them to pick kids up. “This is
117、a problem weve all been through，” said Zhang.To help students, Zhangs school 8._ (invite) deputies to the National Peoples Congress to give students instruction.“Thanks to the deputies, we finally understand its not who is to blame that 9._ (matter), but finding the best solution，” said Zhang.“The c
118、ompetition aims to encourage a sense of citizenship among Chinas Post00s generation，” said Xia Jing, a teacher from Shanghai Jinyuan Senior High School. “Through this channel，students can let their 10._ (voice) be heard.”【语篇解读】上海市宜川中学的学生周世豪和他的同学一起参加了上海普陀区的模拟政协会议比赛，并提交了一份关于开车时使用手持设备问题的提案。这种比赛促使学生更加关注
119、社会问题。1When/While/As考查状语从句。该句意为：当他调查司机使用手机的情况时，他发现30%以上的司机在路上会伸手拿手机。根据句意并结合空后的“he was looking into”可知，空处表示“当时”，故可知答案。2firmly考查副词。空处修饰动词forbidden，作状语，表示“坚决禁止”，故用副词firmly。3that考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在从句中作及物动词did的宾语，修饰先行词something，something是不定代词，故用that引导该定语从句。4held考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词hold与其逻辑主语“Mock CP
120、PCC competitions”之间为动宾关系，故用其过去分词形式作后置定语。5traditional考查形容词。根据空前的“the protection of”和空后的名词“culture”可知，应用tradition的形容词形式。6in考查固定搭配。play an active role in .为固定搭配，意为“在中发挥积极的作用”。7making考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作状语，表示结果，故用现在分词形式。8invited考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，该句陈述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。9matters考查主谓一致。分析该句结构可知，此处为强调句型，that指代
121、who is to blame，在从句中作主语，为第三人称单数形式，故填matters。 10voices考查名词的单复数。该句意为：通过这一渠道，学生们能让人们听到他们的呼声。voice表示“意见，呼声”时，为可数名词，根据该句中的“students”和“their”并结合句意可知，该处应用名词voice的复数形式voices。话题写作Step 1.写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)吸毒已成为一个严重的问题，它影响家人并危及整个社会。Taking_drugs has become a very serious problem, and it affects_the_family an
122、d also endangers_the_whole_society.众所周知，毒品对健康危害很大，可能会造成吸毒者死亡。As is known to all, drugs do very great harm to health, and they_are_likely_ to_cause_drug_addicts_to_die.一旦吸毒上瘾，很难戒掉。Once a person is_addicted_to_drugs,it will be hard to_give_up.许多违法行为与吸毒直接相关。Many crimes are directly related_to_taking_dr
123、ugs.为远离毒品，我们应该教育年轻人意识到毒品太有害了。In_order_to_keep_away_from_drugs,_young people should be educated to realize that drugs are too harmful.Step 2.表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)用非限制性定语从句改写句Taking_drugs_has_become_a_very_serious_problem,_which_affects_the_family_and_also_endangers_the_whole_society.用“否定词比较级”改写句In_or
124、der_to_keep_away_from_drugs,_young_people_should_be_educated_to_realize_that_drugs_cant_be_more_harmful.Step 3.衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)Taking drugs has become a very serious problem, which affects the family and also endangers the whole society. As is known to all, drugs do very great harm to health, a
125、nd they are likely to cause drug addicts to die. Once a person is addicted to drugs, it will be hard to give up. Meanwhile，many crimes are directly related to taking drugs. Therefore，in order to keep away from drugs, young people should be educated to realize that drugs cant be more harmful.读后续写阅读下面
126、材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。(2020山东烟台一模)An anxious call came into Jimmy Gilleeces bar.A newlymarried woman，who had spent the afternoon at the bar，couldnt find her wallet.She didnt care about her ID，credit cards，or $150 in cashbut her wedding ring was inside.Gilleece didnt like the idea that a t
127、heft could have occurred at his place.So he set out to find the wallet.He spent hours looking through securitycamera videos，watching the womans every step in the bar until she went to sit on a chair outside and left when her ride arrived.Within minutes，a young man approached the bench，slipped someth
128、ing into his pocket，and walked off.Gilleece posted a clip(片段)on the bars Facebook page.“I didnt want to punish him，”he said.“I just asked if anybody knew who the guy was.”Within hours，Gilleece got a text from 17yearold Prather，who admitted having taken the wallet and told Gilleece hed done it becaus
129、e he hadnt eaten in two days.He said he saw the ring but thought it was fake(假的)，so he took the money and threw the wallet off the dock(码头)into the ocean.Then he bought a sandwich.Gilleece，unsure whether he believed Prather，told the teen to meet him at the dock，where they got talking and Prather rev
130、ealed that he wasnt getting along with his family and had been living in the woods for a week.Judging from Prathers small body and red cheeks，Gilleece thought he was more of a kid than a criminal.But the police were already on the case，and because of the missing ring，Prather could be facing charges.
131、“He would be going to big boy prison.I have to help him somehow，”Gilleece thought.注意：1续写词数应为150左右；2请按如下格式作答。Gilleece paid two divers to search the water where Prather had thrown the wallet._Then suddenly a diver came up to the surface of the water._【参考范文】Gilleece paid two divers to search the water
132、where Prather had thrown the wallet.A crowd gathered，excitedly watching the two divers searching in the strong current.Nearby，two policemen were also waiting.More than an hour passed but there was no sign of the ring.The crowd gradually got impatient，starting to talk noisily.Gilleece grew increasing
133、ly worried，especially when the policemen began questioning Prather，attempting to get him to admit keeping the ring.Each passing minute increased the chance that they would arrest the young man. Then suddenly a diver came up to the surface of the water.In his hand was the wallet and inside was the ri
134、ng.Loud cheers erupted from the crowd.Gilleece quickly called the wallets owner，who was wild with joy and immediately dropped the charges against Prather.With tears of gratitude rolling down his cheeks，Prather hugged Gilleece tightly，saying，“Youve saved me today.I couldnt thank you enough！”Prather promised to go back home to join his family.Gilleeces act of kindness changed a teens life.
