1、专题 10 介词的基本用法一、综述：介词能接宾语，所以介词是英语中除了动词以外搭配最丰富的词汇，介词总计有几十个，所以相对于前几节所复习的名词、代词、形容词、副词来说，好像规律就少了好多，显得杂乱无章，但实际上在学习的过程中，应该掌握每个介词的最基本含义，以此为点，向外辐射，就能够把介词的每种用法都能熟练掌握。我们以介词“at”为例。在学习中，我们觉得“at”的用法好像有好多，搭配非常丰富，但实际上，把所有“at”的用法细心归纳，就会发现，它所有的意思几乎都围绕着“精准定位”构成。比如：come at袭击at精准定位shout at想某人大嚷大叫look at看stare at盯着看catch
2、 at抓向point at瞄准be shocked at对什么震惊smile at微笑laugh at嘲笑wave at招手示意nod at点头示意call at给某人打电话throw at砸向arrive at到达knock at撞击work at研究aim at瞄准be angry at生气at 7在7点钟at the end of在什么结尾at the foot of在山脚下at the speed of以什么样的速度at the rate of以什么样的速率at the gate在门口at the corner在拐角处at the beginning起初at first首先at las
3、t最后at that moment在那一刻at that time在那时at the sight of 一看见at sea 出海at a level 在一个水平上at the depth of在的深度at the risk of冒着的风险at the expense of在损害的利益为代价二、用法列举：1. 表示时间的介词in 1)表示在比较大的时间范围内，例如世纪、年、月，某人几十岁等等。His novel was written in his thirties. A war broke out in the 1930s. My car was made in 2011. In her sp
4、are time she read books on cooking.2)表示过了一段时间，可以用于一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时等。In the following 3 weeks, they collected 3000$ for the boy to be operated.I will be back in(within) 3 hours. They have admitted 1300 students in(over) the last(past) 3 weeks. 3)表示在一些小的时间范围内：in the evening, in the morning, in the af
5、ternoonon 表示具体的某一天 On Christmas Eve, people often prepare heavy meals. at 1)表示具体的在某一时间点。The meeting will start at 7 oclock. 2)表示在某一段时间范围内(at dusk, at dawn, at noon)At Christmas, children are the happiest. At night, the old man would walk around the yard.3)表示年龄：At the age of 7, the little boy started
6、 his school.after 表示过了某一具体的时间点，多用于过去时After dinner we paired off and went to dance.After travelling for three days I slept for twenty hours at a stretch.before 表示在具体的某一时刻之前。 That model wont go into production before late 1990.Its difficult for them to get here much before seven. Have you seen this ba
7、llet before?by 在什么之前，不迟于by the end of, by the timeBy Friday at 5:30 p.m., I still hadnt heard from Lund.We are working against the clock to finish the report by Friday.By the time hes twenty hell know everyone worth knowing in Washington. The storms had abated by the time they rounded Cape Horn.By t
8、he time he died, he was a millionaire.within 表示在一段时间内，可以是过去时，也可以是将来时We will attend the examination within a year. The mission could be accomplished within a week.beyond 表示在什么之外，超过The shop is still open beyond midnight.No officials is allowed to continue his work beyond the age of 60.for 表示一段时间，一般倾向用
9、完成时The price of oil should remain stable for the rest of the year.They were knocking around together for about a year. The have been married for 7 years. since：表示自从什么时候起，一般用完成时。The road had been under construction since this spring.over 表示在过去的某一段时间内。Over the past forty years plastics have revolution
10、ised the way we live.The restoration took almost 4,000 man-hours over four years.upon Upon arrival, my uncle hugged Pompy and tried to give him courage.2. 表示地点的介词in:表示在比较大的空间之内。In New Zealand, the Maori people maintain a strong cultural tradition.The telephone was in the study. He slept in the shade
11、 of the tree.The little boy walked in the direction of the toy shop.on:表示在某一平面之上。He slept lying on the sofa while watching TV. On the playground the kids are playing football.表示在水边He visited relatives at their summer house on the river.at: 表示在具体的某个小地方（建筑，房舍，学校，城镇等）Jenkins was not at his office. His
12、son wass at Cambridge.在门前、窗口、桌边Lets meet at the entrance.Children played at the edge of the water. The girl sat at the table next to me.在前头、后头、尽头、拐角等I met her at the end of Drumbuck Road. I sat at the back of the room. At last we arrived at our destination.在某种场合I met him at an evening party given by
13、 the editor of a new review. He was at a conferenceto I have never been to Paris.He pointed to an object on the horizone. To the south of the hospital is a bus stop.off: 表示海洋中小岛屿相对于大陆的位置East off the mainland there is a small island named Tahiti.3. 表示方式的介词 with, by, on, through, 4. 表示原因的介词From, for,
14、at, with, considering, given,of,5. 其他介词of, 6. 常见介词短语：according to, apart from, as for, because of, but for, in spite of, next to, in view of, owing to, due to, regardless of, including, containing, in case of, in terms of7. 综合图解：under, over, above, below, by, beside, behind, between, beyond, over ab
15、ovewithin on beneath between beyond beside below under三、重点1. on, about, over表示关于 They made a survey on/over/about childrens spare time.2. under, on, at, in, 表示进行时in debt/ love/order/ in place/danger/need/shape/style/moods/ The bad economy threw the company in debt. on business/fire/duty/holiday/sale
16、/strike/trialThe Smiths are now in Europe on their summer vacation.at church/table/school/hospital/war/sea/work/play/peace/ones service,The gas station can be at your service around the clock.under control/repair/discussion/examination/studyI have to walk to work as my car is under repair this week.
17、3. with的复合结构（with+名词+补语，用法参见宾补结构）。 Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new best-selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano.四、经典试题。1. 单句语法填空1). Bamboo plants are associated health, abundance and a happy home. 2). The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist earth, Mother Natur
18、e.3). I never worried about my son while I was away because my mother kept an eye _ him.4). For my fifth birthday, my mother baked me a cake _ the shape of a monkey. 5). Museums must compete peoples spare time and money with other amusements.6). Some time after 10, 000 BC, people made the first real
19、 attempt to control the world they lived , through agriculture. 7). Favorable policies are effect to encourage employees professional development. 8). Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report, but he wentall.9). Mexico declared its independence Spain, and the area beca
20、me part of Mexico. 10). All customers travelling on TransLink services must be_ possession of a valid ticket before boarding. 11). The beauty of rereading lies_ the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. 12). Obviously, students are terrible _ adjusting their sleep
21、 cycles to their daily schedule.13). As I grew older and became a mother, the library took _a new place in my life. 14). I see libraries _ a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. 15). While libraries still loan out books, youll find it easier
22、 to get a copy of whatever youre looking for, thanks _ a cooperative network of area libraries. 16). _such networks, libraries share their books_each other through the use of delivery a vehicles. 17). In library books and computers, you can find information _starting a business. 18). Her dad worked
23、_ a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids.19). However, instead of taking care of his business, john was often_ exploring nature. 20). I managed to get an A in that course and learn life lessons that have served me well_the classroom(课外). 21). Much of the work in todays w
24、orld is accomplished（完成）_ teams. 22). Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular_ two categories: the likable and the status seekers. 23). Michael Tomasellostests_ young children indicate that they have the instin
25、ct to help others.24). She had requested the community to tum it into a museum_her death.25). In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came _another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible _ those outcomes, too.26). Many of us love J
26、uly because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are _ abundance. _the common berries, strawberries are highest _ vitamin C, although, because _ their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质), iron and zinc.27). But the amount of time spent in reading each session has dec
27、lined, from closer to an hour or more _ closer to a half hour per session.28). It had excited_him the belief he could write one last song.29). Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle_debt and misfortune.30). Her marriage with a serious music critic has drawn her to his world, so she is now
28、 crazy_ classical music and will not miss any chance to attend a concert with her husband.2. 翻译句子-with的复合结构。1). 因为有年轻人无能力独立生活而老人又有孤独生活的危险，越来越多的家庭选择一起生活。2). 饭店菜单上提供各样的音乐和食物，这让顾客在他们进餐的时候更能控制进餐气氛。3). 在看到一个钱包放在前座而车窗却开着，他站在雨中守护了2个多小时等待车主返回。4). 因为仅剩为数不多的年长使用者，6800种语言中已经有远超过400多种接近灭绝。5). 因为有电脑处理庞大的数据，选举结果很
29、快就能发布。6). 官方数据显示，三世同堂的家庭数量从2001的325,000上升到了2013年的419,000。7). 因为在我的社区没有与我同龄的孩子，我不得不自己一个人玩。8). 这样的种植方式持续了好久。而后，随着科技的上升，变化出现。9). 越来越多的孩子因为开着电视而有机会晚睡。10). 因为太阳能电池板在夜晚供电，城市省了好多电。答案：1.with, 2.on, 3.on, 4.in, 5.or, 6.in, 7.in, 8.after, 9.from, 10. in, 11.in, 12.at, 13.on, 14.as, 15.to, 16.Via/Through, with
30、, 17. on, 18.at, 19.off, 20.beyond, 21.in, 22.into, 23.on, 24.upon/on, 25. to,for, 26.in,Of/Among, in, of , 27.to, 28. within, 29.against, 30.about参考译文：1. With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.2. Restaurants ca
31、n offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.3. After spotting a wallet on the front seat inside a parked carwithits window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the
32、owner to return.4. Already well over 400 of the total of 6, 800 languages are close to extinction,withonly a few elderly speakers left.5. With computers to deal with the large sums of calculation, it is quick to release the voting results.6. Official reports suggest that the number of households wit
33、h three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.7. With no other kids of my age in the neighborhood, I had to spend hours by myself. 8. This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then, with the rise of science, changes began.9. More children more opportunities(机会) to stay awake with TVs on.10. With solar panels to give light at night, the city saves a lot of electricity.