1、第三节非谓语动词设题方法侧重考查学生分析句子结构和判断句子成分的能力。核心考点考查非谓语动词作状语、定语和补足语。备考知识1.非谓语动词作各类状语的基本用法。2.非谓语动词作定语的基本用法。3.非谓语动词作宾语补足语或主语补足语的基本用法。4.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语和表语的基本用法。能力要求1.辨别“谓与非谓”的能力。2.寻找非谓语动词逻辑主语的能力。3.分析“时态”和“语态”的能力。1. the convenience of digital payment，many senior citizens started to use smart phones. (2019江苏，30)A.T
2、o enjoy B.EnjoyingC.To have enjoyed D.Enjoy答案A解析考查非谓语动词。句意为：为了享受电子支付的便利，许多老年人开始使用智能手机。分析句子结构可知，这里表示目的，故用动词不定式作目的状语。2.Chinas image is improving steadily，with more countries its role in international affairs.(2019江苏，32)A.recognizing B.being recognizedC.to be recognized D.recognized答案A解析考查with复合结构。句意为：
3、随着更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用，中国的形象正在稳步提升。此处是with复合结构，动词recognize与其逻辑主语more countries之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词。3. to think critically is an important skill todays children will need for the future. (2019天津，4)A.Learn B.LearnedC.Learning D.Having learned答案C解析考查动名词。句意为：学会批判性地思考是当今儿童未来所需的一项重要技能。分析句子结构可知，主句的谓语动词是is，is之前的内容
4、是主语，故此处应用动名词短语作主语，表示一般性的陈述概念，故选C。4.Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially to help them succeed academically and personally.(2019天津，10)A.designed B.designingC.to design D.being designed答案A解析考查过去分词。句意为：大多数大学现在给大一学生提供一门专门设计的来帮助他们在学业和个人事务上成功的课程。此处course与design之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作
5、后置定语。故选A。5.Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period， the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.(2018江苏，26)A.having exceeded B.to exceedC.exceeded D.exceeding答案D解析句意为：在这段时期创造了大约13 500个新工作，超过了市场分析师认为的12 000个的预期数量。were created是谓语，因此exceed只能用非谓语动词形式作伴随状语。A项having exceeded表示excee
6、d的动作发生在were created之前，不符合语境；B项to exceed不能作伴随状语；C项exceeded表示主语与exceed之间为被动关系，也不符合语境。故选D。6. along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.(2018北京，3)A.Travel B.TravelingC.Having traveled D.Traveled答案B解析选项中只有B项能作句子的主语。如果动词作句子的主语，只能由不定式或动名词来充当。C项常用来作状语，表示动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生，用作本句的主语自然不符合
7、语法逻辑。句意为：沿着古丝绸之路旅行是一次有趣而又有意义的经历。7.During the Mid-Autumn Festival，family members often gather together a meal，admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.(2018北京，6)A.share B.to shareC.having shared D.shared答案B解析此处需要用不定式表示gather together的目的。句意为：在中秋节期间，家庭成员经常聚到一起吃饭、赏月、品尝月饼。8.Ordinary soap， correctly，can deal
8、with bacteria effectively.(2018北京，10)A.used B.to useC.using D.use答案A解析因为句子中已有谓语动词，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。句子的主语与use之间是被动关系，因此应该选A项，即过去分词作状语，used correctly相当于if it is used correctly这个条件状语从句的省略形式。句意为：普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。9.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph .(2018天津，7)A.taking B.takenC.
9、being taken D.take答案B解析句意为：我需要一个新护照，因此我得去让人给我照相。本题考查have sth.done结构，意为“让别人做某事，让被做”。my photograph与take之间是被动关系，故需用take的过去分词形式。10.I didnt mean anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help _ it.(2018天津，12)A.to eat；to try B.eating；tryingC.eating；to try D.to eat；trying答案D解析句意为：我没打算吃东西，但这冰
10、淇淋看上去如此美味以至于我忍不住尝了下。mean to do sth.打算做某事；mean doing sth.意味着做某事；cant help doing sth.禁不住/忍不住做某事；cant help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事。11.Many Chinese brands， their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.(2017江苏，21)A.having developed B.being developedC.developed D.developin
11、g答案A解析句意为：很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。“ their reputations over centuries”在句中作状语，修饰整个句子。句子主语many Chinese brands与动词develop之间是主动关系，且句中有延续性的时间状语over centuries，这里应该用现在分词的完成式表示主动和延续性的动作，因此选A。12.Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online their valuable time.(2017北京，27)A
12、.save B.savingC.to save D.saved答案C解析句意为：现在许多航空公司允许乘客在网上打印登机牌以节约他们的宝贵时间。不定式短语to save their valuable time在句中作目的状语。13.Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time with his students.(2017北京，32)A.to spend B.spendC.spending D.spent答案D解析句意为：吉姆已经退休了，不过他仍然记得和学生们一起度过的快乐时光。the happy time与spend之间是被动关系，
13、故此处用过去分词形式作定语。14.The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment， more patients to be treated.(2017天津，14)A.being allowed B.allowingC.having allowed D.allowed答案B解析句意为：医院最近获得了新医疗设备，从而使更多的病人能够得到治疗。此处用现在分词短语作结果状语，故选B项。15.Much time sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by healt
14、h problems.(2015江苏，24)A.being spent B.having spentC.spent D.spending答案C解析句意为：由于大部分时间坐在办公桌前，办公室职员通常被健康问题所困扰。由于句中没有连词，故前半句要用独立主格结构；time与spend之间构成被动关系，故用过去分词形式。诊断报告考向对应题号我的薄弱环节1非谓语动词作状语1，5，7，8，11，12，142非谓语动词作定语4，133非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语和补语2，3，6，9，104独立主格15解题方法搞定非谓语只要这三步：1.判断“谓”与“非谓”句子按结构分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和
15、复合句都需要连词来引导，如果两个句子用连词进行连接，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。2.确定与逻辑主语之间的关系确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要找到其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词的特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：(1)如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词；(2)如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主
16、语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。3.确定非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的先后非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动作发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。审题要诀可概括为：动词特点它均备，唯作谓语不算对。主宾定状表补语，样样功能它都会。成分、作用理分明，再把时间来核对。最后严把
17、语态关，考虑周全终无悔。考点1非谓语动词作状语1. over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.A.Ordering B.To orderC.Having ordered D.Ordered答案D解析句意为：那些书一周前已经预定了，现在有望随时到货。 order与其逻辑主语the books之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故选D。2.Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way the sun and the stars.A.used B.having usedC.using
18、D.use答案C解析句意为：就像古时候的水手一样，鸟能利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。根据语境，use与其句中隐含的逻辑主语birds之间为主动关系，故用v.-ing形式的一般式，在句中作方式状语，相当于by using the sun and the stars的省略。3. for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.A.To work B.WorkedC.To be working D.Having worked答案D解析句意为：工作了两天后，史蒂夫设法准时完成了报告。句子主语Steve与动词work之间为主谓关系，故
19、要用现在分词形式；同时work的动作发生在谓语动词managed to finish之前，故要用完成时。4. the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.A.Catching B.CaughtC.To catch D.Catch答案C解析考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：为了赶上早班飞机，我们提前预定了出租车并且很早就起了床。这里逻辑主语是we，用不定式作目的状语，表示提前预定出租车并且早起的目的。故选C。考点归纳(一)分词作状语1.分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随或方式、目的等；作状语时，是用现
20、在分词还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是逻辑上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词；如果是逻辑上的动宾关系，一般用过去分词。分词的完成时表示动作先于谓语动词发生。(1)Pressed from his parents，and realizing that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.由于来自父母的压力，以及认识到浪费了太多的时间，这个男孩决定不玩电子游戏了。(表示原因)(2)Having finished his speech，he answered ou
21、r questions.做完演讲后，他回答了我们的问题。(表示时间)(3)Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)(4)Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)2.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。这样的词有：lost(迷路
22、的)，seated(坐)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(感到厌倦)，faced with(面对)等。(1)Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。(2)Dressed in a red coat，he is like a girl rather than a boy.穿着一件红色衣服，他更像一个女孩而不是男孩。(二)动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语，其中的动词和主句的主语之间要形成主谓关系。在句子中可以充当：1.目的状语动词不定式
23、作目的状语常用的形式：to do，so as to，in order to等。2.结果状语在only/just to do结构中表示出乎意料的结果。3.原因状语在be happy/glad/sorry/sad/surprised to do sth.结构中作状语表原因。4.固定结构用于too.to do，enough to do，so/such.as to do结构中。考点2非谓语动词作定语1.The national park has a large collection of wildlife， from butterflies to elephants.A.ranging B.range
24、C.to range D.ranged答案A解析句意为：国家公园有一大批野生生物，从蝴蝶到大象都有。range from.to.从到(的范围)。a large collection of wildlife与range之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式作定语。2.I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train .A.catching B.caughtC.to catch D.to be caught答案C解析句意为：整个会议期间，我一直在看时间，因为我要赶火车。结合句意可知，此处表示将要发生的动作，且catch与a
25、 train之间是动宾关系，故用动词不定式作定语，用主动形式表被动意义。考点归纳(一)分词和动名词作定语1.分词作定语，表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。不定式作定语若表示已经发生的动作，名词前多用形容词、分词、序数词等修饰。(1)This is a problem discussed.这是一个已讨论过的问题。(2)This is a problem being discussed.This is a problem which is being discussed.
26、这是一个正在被讨论的问题。(3)This is a problem to be discussed.This is a problem which is to be discussed.这是一个将要讨论的问题。(4)He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。2.动名词作定语表示用途，如running shoes(跑鞋)，a drawing board(画板)，a swimming pool(游泳池)，a waiting room(候车室)，a walking stick(手杖)等。(二)下列情况常用不定式作定语1.用
27、来修饰被序数词、最高级或any，the only等限定的中心词时，常用不定式作定语。2.当被修饰词为特定名词时常用不定式作定语，常见的名词有decision，wish，chance，plan，time，effort，ability，attempt等。考点3非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语和补语1.非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语1.I looked up and noticed a snake its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.A.to wind B.windC.winding D.wound答案C解析现在分词作宾语补足语(主动的，同时进行的)，w
28、ind its way与宾语snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行，故用现在分词形式。句意为：我抬头望去，注意到一条蛇正蜿蜒爬上树去捕捉它的早餐。2.Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues with her stories.A.amused B.amusingC.to amuse D.to be amused答案A解析过去分词作宾语补足语，与它所修饰的her colleagues存在被动关系。keep sb.amused使某人快乐。句意为：露西有很强的幽默感，她总能用她的故事给她的同事们带来欢乐。3.M
29、r Smithour English teacher，is said to England for holiday last week.A.to return B.returningC.to have returned D.having returned答案C解析Sb.is said to have done sth.据说某人已经做了某事。不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词前面发生，动词不定式用完成式。句意为：史密斯先生，我们的英语老师，据说上周已经返回英国去度假了。4.Though I have heard this song ，I have never heard you it.A.being
30、sung；sang B.sang；singingC.sung；sing D.to be sung；to sing答案C解析第一空this song和sing是被动关系，用sung；第二空you和sing是主动关系，用sing。句意为：尽管我听别人唱过这首歌，但是我可从来没有听到你唱过这首歌。考点归纳1.后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语，必须省去to的动词，即“听看观感使让帮”sb./sth. do.。听hear，listen to；看see，watch，look at，notice；观observe；感feel；使make，have；让let；帮help2.动词keep，leave，set，catc
31、h及介词with后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语。(1)Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.对不起，让您久等了。(2)We cant leave such an important matter unfinished.我们不能让这样一件重要的事半途而废。(3)I caught him smoking a cigarette.我碰到他正在抽烟。(4)With a lot of work to do，he was not allowed to go out.由于有许多工作要做，他不被允许出去。2.非谓语动词作宾语1.I remember the d
32、oors when I left the house，but I forgot you about that so that you didnt need to worry.A.to lock；to tell B.locking；forgettingC.locking；to tell D.to lock；telling答案C解析remember doing sth.记得做过某事；forget to do sth.忘记去做某事。句意为：我记得当我离开家的时候锁了门。但是我忘了要告诉你以便你不必担心。2.Mr Smith is considering a computer，which is con
33、sidered a great help in his work and study.A.buying；to be B.buying；beingC.to buy；being D.to buy；to be答案A解析consider在这儿表示“考虑”之意，后面跟动名词作宾语；在think，consider(认为)，find等动词后常用“to beadj./n.”结构作宾语补足语，有时to be省略。句意为：史密斯先生正在考虑买一台电脑，此举被认为对他的工作和学习都有帮助。3.Im sorry，but I didnt mean out your secret.But you know，letting
34、 out a secret means ones feelings.A.to let；to hurt B.letting；hurtingC.to let；hurting D.letting；to hurt答案C解析mean有两个用法：一是表示“打算”，此时后接动词要用不定式，mean to do打算做某事；二是表示“意味着”，此时后接动词要用动名词，mean doing sth.意味着做某事。句意为：对不起，我没打算泄露你的秘密。但是你知道，泄密意味着伤害了一个人的感情。考点归纳非谓语动词作宾语的四种情况：1.介词后常常接动名词形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，且前有实义
35、动词do时，不定式就要省略to。2.巧记只跟动词不定式的动词：R，WOLF HEAD MAP！(啊！狼头图！)Rrefuse；Wwant，wish；Ooffer；Llong(渴望)；Ffail；Hhappen；Eexpect；Aask；Ddecide，determine；Mmanage；Aafford；Ppretend3.巧记只能跟doing的动词：MEGIDCAFEPS(谐音：卖给的咖啡不是)Mmind，miss；Eenjoy；Ggive up；Iimagine，include；Ddeny，delay；Cconsider；Aadvise，appreciate；Ffinish；Eescape，
36、excuse；Ppractise；Ssuggest4.既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语的动词，但两者意思不同。meanforgetrememberregrettrygo onstopcant help(1)Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.临睡前记着关灯。(2)I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.我记得在报纸上看到过关于这次地震的消息。(3)Dont forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so.别忘了过
37、一个小时左右把煤气关小点儿。(4)I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看见长城的情景。(5)I regret to say the job has been filled.我很遗憾地告诉你，那个工作已经有人做了。(6)I regret saying what I said.I shouldnt have said it.我懊悔说了那些话。我是不应该这样说的。3.非谓语动词作表语1.He went to the payphone to make a call but the phone .
38、A.is broken B.has brokenC.was broken D.would break答案C解析broken过去分词表示主语所处的状态，意为“坏的”。再根据but前的went可知是过去时。句意为：他去付费电话亭打电话，但是电话坏了。2.How do you like your new neighbour?She is ，but her appearance is a bit .A.interesting；disappointedB.interested；disappointedC.interesting；disappointingD.interested；disappointin
39、g答案C解析两个空所要填的词都是用来描述主语给他人的印象的，故都用现在分词。句意为：她很有趣，但她的长相有点让人失望。3.He has been doing the job for many years，but has never felt it，though his workmates think it is .A.tired of；tired B.tired of；tiringC.tiring of；tired D.tiring of；tiring答案B解析be tired of对厌倦；tired感到厌倦的，指人的心理感受；tiring令人厌倦的，主语呈现给他人的特点或特征。句意为：他多年
40、以来一直在做这份工作，但是他从来没有对它感到厌倦过。尽管他的同事们认为这是一份令人厌倦的工作。考点归纳1.不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容、目的等。(1)My goal is to be a scientist.我的目标是当一名科学家。(2)What strikes me most is to see him always busy.使我感到惊讶的是总看见他很忙碌。2.动名词作表语表示笼统的、抽象的概念。(1)My favorite sport is skiing.我最喜欢的运动是滑雪。(2)Seeing is believing.眼见为实。3.作表语的现在分词，往往具有形容词的性质，用于说明主
41、语的性质与特征。过去分词作表语和系动词连用，构成系表结构，往往表示主语所处的一种状态，有时候用于“getv.-ed”结构中。(1)The report is very encouraging.这个报告非常鼓舞人心。(2)I got confused，even bored.我被搞得迷惑了，甚至有点烦了。4.非谓语动词作主语1. the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.A.Ignore B.IgnoringC.Ignored D.Having ignore
42、d答案B解析句意为：忽视这两个研究结果的不同将是你犯的最严重的错误之一。从will be one of the worst mistakes you make来看，will的前面部分是主语，因此用v.-ing短语作主语。这里表达一般情况，因此不用完成式。2.Its standard practice for a company like this one a security officer.A.employed B.being employedC.to employ D.employs答案C解析分析句子结构可知，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的“ a security officer”；再
43、根据句型“It isn.(for sb.)to do sth.”可知选to employ。考点归纳1.动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。有时候用it作形式主语，常用于Its no use/good/useless/of little use/useful/worth/a waste of time doing等句式中。(1)Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit.早睡早起是个好习惯。(2)Its no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。2.不定式作主语往往表示一个具体的动作、一种愿望、目的或未
44、完成的事，通常用形式主语it代替。常见的it代替不定式作形式主语的句型有：It beadj.(for sb.) to do sth.It ben.(for sb.) to do sth.It beadj.of sb.(to do sth.)(1)To stop the work now seems impossible.It seems impossible to stop the work now.现在停止这项工作似乎是不可能的。(2)Its so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。(3)It wont be easy for you to find a j
45、ob.找一份新工作对你来说不容易。(4)It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。考点4独立主格结构1. ，well go camping this weekend.A.Weather permittingB.If weather is permittedC.Weather permitsD.Weather permitted答案A解析句意为：如果天气允许的话，我们本周末将去野营。此处考查独立主格结构weather permitting作状语，相当于状语从句if weather permits。2.
46、All things ，the planned trip will have to be called off.A.considered B.be consideredC.considering D.having considered答案A解析consider与all things为动宾关系，用过去分词。 句意为：一切事情考虑在内计划不得不被取消了。3.With a lot of difficult problems ，the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A.settled B.settlingC.to settle D.bein
47、g settled答案C解析句意为：有许多的难题要解决，这位新选的总统正过着一段艰难的日子。根据语境可知，难题还没解决，动作在将来，故用不定式。4.Now that weve discussed the problem，are people happy with the decisions ？A.taking B.takeC.taken D.to take答案C解析句意为：我们已经讨论了这个问题，人们对这些决定满意吗？take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动。考点归纳1.独立主格结构由“普通格名词(或主格代词)分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词或介词短
48、语”构成，在句中作状语，通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。(1)Mary coming back，they discussed it together.玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。(2)Good luck given，I will earn more money than all of you.运气好的话，我挣的钱将比你们所有人挣得都多。2.there be句型的非谓语形式(1)Ive never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall.我从未想到墙上会有幅画。(2)I expect there to be many chances for
49、 her to get a job.我希望她有很多机会找到工作。(3)There being ice on the road，I told the driver to slow down.路上有冰，我让司机减速慢行。(4)There having been no water for two days，the travelers were all very thirsty.已经两天都没有水了，所有游客都非常渴。考点5“连词分词(短语)”结构Children，when by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium.A.to be accompa
50、nied B.to accompanyC.accompanying D.accompanied答案D解析句意为：孩子们在父母的陪同下才被允许进入该体育馆。因为children和accompany之间是被动关系，所以应该使用过去分词accompanied。此处是状语从句的省略，还原后是when they are accompanied by their parents。考点归纳分词短语作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要，常用的连词有：when，while，if，though，whether.or.，unless，as if等。有时这种结构可看成是状语从句的省略。(1)Thou
51、gh left behind and feeling awkward，Jack kept on running until he reached the finishing line.虽然他被落在后面感到很局促不安，但是杰克坚持跑到了终点线。(2)You should stay where you are，unless asked to leave.你应该待在你现在的地方不动，除非让你动。考点6固定结构中非谓语动词的使用He is thought foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.A.to a
52、ct B.to have actedC.acting D.having acted答案B解析sb.be thought to.某人被认为，是固定句式。句意为：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。根据句意可知，他表现很糟糕是在丢掉工作之前，所以用不定式的完成式。故B项正确。考点归纳高频固定结构中的非谓语结构荟萃：1.be likely to do sth.有可能做某事2.There is no need to do sth.没有必要做某事3.It takes sb.some time to do sth.某人花多少时间做某事4.be busy (in) doing
53、sth.忙于做某事5.spend money/time (in) doing sth.花费金钱或时间做某事6.have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难7.prevent/stop.(from) doing sth.阻止做某事8.with宾语注意：在with复合结构中用现在分词还是过去分词，取决于宾语与其后的成分之间的逻辑关系。1.The man the fake news that 18 firefighters lost their lives in the explosion was arrested.(2019盐城中学高三质检)A.hav
54、ing circulating B.to circulateC.circulating D.to have circulated答案C解析考查非谓语动词。句意为：散布18名火警在爆炸中丧生了的这条假消息的人被逮捕了。散布假消息与the man 是主动关系，所以用现在分词作定语， 故选C。2.With the number of homecoming overseas students up in recent years，the attraction of foreign degree holders has gradually faded.(2019南京高三三模)A.shot B.being
55、 shotC.shooting D.to shoot答案C解析句意为：近年来，由于归国留学生人数激增，外国学位持有者的吸引力逐渐减弱。本句为with的复合结构，shoot与overseas students构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作原因状语，故选C。3.We had better put off interviewing the athlete，for he is busy preparing for an international contest _ in Shanghai next month.A.held B.to holdC.being held D.to be held答
56、案D解析句意为：我们最好推迟采访这位运动员，因为他正忙于准备下个月在上海举行的国际比赛。此处contest和hold之间是一种被动关系，且比赛尚未举行，故用不定式的一般被动式作后置定语，故选D。4.Some educators insist to classical music is certainly a form of school education.A.exposed B.being exposedC.exposing D.having been exposed答案B解析be exposed to接触，暴露；此处是动名词作主语。句意为：一些教育工作者坚持认为接触古典音乐当然是一种学校教
57、育。5.Shanghai has become the first city in China road test plates for autonomous driving trucks，issuing a plate to technology companies TuSimple and Momenta each，according to Jiefang Daily.A.having issued B.to issueC.issuing D.issued答案B解析句意为：据解放日报报道，上海已成为中国第一个颁发自动驾驶卡车道路测试牌照的城市，给技术公司 TuSimple 和 Moment
58、a 各颁发了一张牌照。根据句中的“the first”可知此处应用动词不定式作后置定语。故选B。6.I had to admit the fact that the ring was ，and it was no use over spilled milk.A.lost；cry B.lost；cryingC.losing；to cry D.losing；cry答案B解析that引导同位语从句，在从句中“belost”构成被动语态，表示“被丢失”；and后边是句型“It isno usedoing sth.”形式，it是形式主语，crying是真正的主语。句意为：我不得不承认戒指丢了这一事实，对
59、这事表示伤心是没有用的。7.With WeChat becoming more and more popular in China，we seem the art of chatting face to face.A.losing B.to be lostC.to be losing D.having lost答案C解析系动词seem后面可接动词不定式作表语。根据句意可知，我们正在失去面对面交谈的技巧，应用不定式的进行式。句意为：随着微信在中国越来越流行，我们似乎正在失去面对面交谈的技巧。8.Young people should be led that anything is possibl
60、e and that nothing can stand in their way with determination and perseverance.A.believing B.to believeC.to believing D.having believed答案B解析lead sb.to do sth.引导某人做某事，诱惑某人做某事；lead to doing sth.导致做某事。句意为：应该引导年轻人去相信一切皆有可能，带着决心和毅力没有什么能阻挡他们前进的道路。9.Things were getting along smoothly in the beginning，but af
61、ter a time，sales a sharp downturn，he spent a lot of sleepless nights.A.taking B.to takeC.taken D.to be taken答案A解析句意为：事情刚开始进展得很顺利，但一段时间以后销售量急剧下降，(因此)他度过了许多不眠之夜。分析句子结构和句意可知，此处为“名词分词(短语)”构成独立主格结构，在句中作原因状语；take 与其逻辑主语sales 之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词taking。10.It is vital to get across to teenagers the simple fact th
62、at the Internet will more or less do harm to both mental and physical health.A.being addicted to B.addicted toC.addicting to D.to addict to答案A解析此处是动名词短语作主语。C选项变成addicting themselves to“使自己沉溺于”也对。句意为：沉迷于网络或多或少会对精神和身体健康造成伤害，使青少年理解这个简单的事实很重要。强化练(三).单项填空1.Hi，Betty.Would you like to go to see a movie wit
63、h me tonight?Sorry，Mary. tomorrows lessons，I have no time to go out with you.A.Not preparing B.Not having preparedC.Not to prepare D.Being not prepared答案B解析句意为：嗨，贝特，你愿意晚上和我一起看电影吗？对不起，玛丽。我还没有准备明天的课程，我没时间和你出去。I和prepare之间是主谓关系，“没有准备”发生在谓语动作之前，现在分词完成时作状语表原因，所以用having done结构，否定直接在前边加not。2.Actors should b
64、e good observers，watching peoples body language and speaking style，and _ this into their own abilities to progress in acting.(2019苏锡常镇四市高三质检)A.to transform B.transformingC.transformed D.transform答案B解析考查现在分词作伴随状语。句意为：演员应该是很好的观察者，观察人们的肢体语言和说话风格，并将其转化为自己的能力，从而在表演上取得进步。此处句子主语Actors和transform之间是主动关系，用现在分
65、词作伴随状语，与watching并列，故答案为B。3.The little boy stared at the strange man questioningly，not whether to believe what he had said.A.to know B.knowingC.known D.having known答案B解析句意为：小男孩疑惑地盯着这个陌生人，不知道自己是否该相信他说的话。the little boy与know之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动，用现在分词作伴随状语，故B项正确。4.The goal，which they are unlikely to live to
66、see ，is to “cure，prevent or manage all diseases” in the next 80 or so years.A.accomplish B.accomplishedC.accomplishing D.being accomplished答案B解析The goal与动词accomplish是被动关系，指目标被完成，此处用过去分词作宾补，完整形式为see the goal accomplished。句意为：目标是在未来80年左右“治愈、预防或控制所有疾病”，他们不可能活着看到这个目标完成。5.A heavy sandstorm is going to en
67、velop our city.It is unwise to have your car .A.wash B.washedC.washing D.to wash答案B解析have sth.done使某事被做，your car和wash之间是被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语。句意为：一场猛烈的沙尘暴将笼罩我们的城市。你把车洗了真是不明智。6.If you want to get your ability ，you have to show it in your work rather than complain all day.A.to recognize B.recognizingC.bein
68、g recognized D.recognized答案D解析get sth.done使某事被。句意为：如果你想要你的能力得到认可，你必须把你的能力展现到你的工作当中去而非整天抱怨。7.Its important for your computer software regularly.A.to have updated B.to be updatedC.to update D.to have been updated答案B解析it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语，且software与update之间是动宾关系，要用不定式的被动式，排除A、C两项；再根据regularly，要用不定式的一般
69、被动式，排除D项，只有B项正确。8. out of all the money，I had to make a living by helping out in that firm.A.Run B.To runC.Running D.Having been run答案C解析I与run之间是主谓关系，排除D项(现在完成时的被动形式)；A项为动词原形，放在句中缺少主语及连词，不能构成句子，时态也不对；B项，动词不定式表示目的，不符合语境；C项，用现在分词短语作状语表示原因，符合语境，故选C。9.What has made him in such high spirits recently? by
70、his teacher for succeeding passing the exam.A.Being praised B.PraisedC.Having praised D.To praise答案A解析答句中省略了has made him in such high spirits recently。因为答语缺少主语，应该用动名词或动名词短语。he与praise是动宾关系，用被动语态。句意为：什么使他最近这么情绪高涨？因成功通过考试而被老师表扬。10.Beijings new international airport into operation in 2019 will serve 72
71、million passengers annually.A.being put B.to be putC.put D.to put答案B解析airport和put之间是被动关系，此处表示将来，故用动词不定式一般式的被动式作后置定语。句意为：北京将于2019年投入运营的新国际机场每年将为7200万乘客提供服务。11.Who won the election for mayor?A man to represent every minority group in the city.A.claiming B.claimsC.is claimed D.having claimed答案A解析现在分词短语
72、作a man的后置定语。句意为：谁赢得了市长的选举？一个宣称代表这个城市每一个小团体(利益)的人。12.The lecture ，a lively question-and-answer session followed.A.being given B.had been givenC.to be given D.having been given答案D解析句中逻辑主语lecture与动词give之间是被动关系，故需要用被动语态。being given指正在进行的演讲；to be given将要发表的演讲；having been given则强调时间先后，指的是此动作发生在谓语动词follow的
73、动作之前。句意为：演讲之后，接着是现场提问时间。故D项正确。13. the oil under the sea，the company has raised ample funds to develop petroleum exploration equipment.A.Exploiting B.Having exploitedC.To exploit D.Exploited答案C解析“ the oil under the sea”是状语，表目的，应用动词不定式。句意为：为了探索海底石油，该公司筹集了充足的资金来开发石油勘探设备。14.The noise from my neighbors s
74、itting room can be clearly heard in my apartment，which makes me distracted from reading.A.is decorated B.being decoratedC.decorated D.to be decorated答案B解析句意为：邻居客厅里装修的噪音在我的公寓里能清晰地听到，这使我无法专心读书。此处表示正在进行的被动动作，故选B。15.A new bridge has been built in recent years，only it much easier for cars to reach the ho
75、tel on the mountain top.A.having made B.makingC.to make D.to have made答案B解析句中make的主语和句中主语一致，都是A new bridge，此处作状语用动词-ing形式。句意为：近年来新建了一座桥，使得汽车开到山顶的酒店容易多了。.完形填空(2019全国)Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro，the highest mountain in Africa.They 16 with them lots of waste.The 17 might
76、 damage the beauty of the place.The glaciers(冰川) are disappearing，changing the 18 of Kilimanjaro.Hearing these stories，Im 19 about the placeother destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.However，I soon 20 that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 21 among tons of
77、 rubbish.I find a 22 mountain，with toilets at camps and along the paths.The environmental challenges are 23 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 24 .The best of a Kilimanjaro 25 ，in my opinion，isnt reaching the top.Mountains are 26 as spiritual places by many cultu
78、res.This 27 is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as 28 go through five ecosystems(生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers.At the base is a rainforest.It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters， 29 lands of low growing plants.Further up，the weather 30 low clouds envelop the mountainsides，which are covered with
79、thick grass.I 31 twelve shades of green from where I stand.Above 4,000 meters is the highland 32 ：gravel(砾石)，stones and rocks. 33 you climb into an arctic-like zone with 34 snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.Does Kilimanjaro 35 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists r
80、uining the atmosphere of peace？I found the opposite to be true.语篇解读文章围绕“人与自然”的主题，讲述了乞力马扎罗山(Kilimanjaro)的环境污染以及当地机构努力治理之后环境的改观情况，同时也介绍了它独特的生态系统。16.A.keep B.mixC.connect D.bring答案D解析根据首段第一句“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro”和下文的“The might damage the beauty of the place.”可知，此处
81、指他们带来了大量垃圾。keep保留；mix混合；connect连接。17.A.stories B.buildingsC.crowds D.reporters答案C解析根据首段第一句中的“40,000 people”可知，此处指这些登山的人群可能破坏了这个地方的美景。crowd人群，符合语境。story故事；building建筑物；reporter记者。18.A.position B.ageC.face D.name答案C解析根据上文的“damage the beauty of the place”和“The glaciers(冰川) are disappearing”可知，这里指冰川正在消失，
82、改变了乞力马扎罗山的地貌。face面貌，外观特征，符合语境。position位置；age年龄，年代；name名称，名字。19.A.silent B.skepticalC.serious D.crazy答案B解析其他的目的地被描述为“更纯粹”的自然体验，所以作者对乞力马扎罗山被严重破坏这一情况表示怀疑。silent沉默的；skeptical怀疑的；serious严肃的；crazy疯狂的。20.A.discover B.argueC.decide D.advocate答案A解析根据下文可知，不久，“我”就发现，自从读到关于营地里有很多垃圾的令人不安的报道以来，情况已经发生了很大变化。discove
83、r发现；argue争论；decide决定；advocate提倡，主张。21.A.equipment B.grassC.camps D.stones答案C解析根据下文的“with toilets at camps and along the paths”可知，此处指营地里有很多垃圾。camp营地，符合语境。equipment设备；grass草地；stone石块。22.A.remote B.quietC.tall D.clean答案D解析上文提到营地里有很多垃圾的情况已经发生了很大变化，此处指“我”发现了一座干净的山，营地和沿途都有厕所。此处旨在说明乞力马扎罗山营地的变化。remote偏远的；qu
84、iet安静的；tall高的；clean干净的。23.A.new B.specialC.significant D.necessary答案C解析由上文的“tons of rubbish”可知，此处指环境的挑战是巨大的。new新的；special特别的，格外的；significant有重大意义的，重大的；necessary必要的。24.A.paying off B.spreading outC.blowing up D.fading away答案A解析挑战虽大，但坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局的努力似乎正在取得成效。pay off奏效，取得成功；spread out展开；blow up爆炸；fade aw
85、ay逐渐消失。25.A.atmosphere B.experienceC.experiment D.sight答案B解析乞力马扎罗山最好的体验不是到达顶峰。atmosphere气氛；experience体验；experiment实验；sight视力。26.A.studied B.observedC.explored D.regarded答案D解析在许多文化中，山被认为是精神圣地。regard.as.把看作，认为是，符合语境。study研究；observe观察；explore探索。27.A.view B.qualityC.reason D.purpose答案A解析在几公里的空间里，登山者经历五个
86、生态系统，这种观点(山被认为是精神圣地)在乞力马扎罗山体现得尤其明显。view观点；quality质量；reason原因；purpose目的。28.A.scientists B.climbersC.locals D.officials答案B解析此处指登山者。scientist科学家；climber登山者；local当地人；official官员。29.A.holding on to B.going back toC.living up to D.giving way to答案D解析在乞力马扎罗山的不同海拔高度，生长着不同的植被。乞力马扎罗山的底部是一片热带雨林，它在海拔3 000米的地方突然中断
87、，取而代之的是低矮的植物。hold on to抓住；go back to追溯到；live up to不辜负；give way to被代替。30.A.changes B.clearsC.improves D.permits答案A解析再往上走，天气变了低垂的云笼罩着山坡，山坡上长满了茂密的草。change变化；clear放晴；improve改善，提高；permit许可，允许。31.A.match B.imagineC.count D.add答案C解析从“我”站的地方，“我”数了数有十二种绿色。match相配；imagine想象；count数数；add增加。32.A.village B.desert
88、C.road D.lake答案B解析根据空后的“gravel(砾石)，stones and rocks”可知，海拔4 000米以上是高原沙漠：砾石、石头和岩石。village村庄；desert沙漠；road道路；lake湖泊。33.A.Obviously B.EasilyC.Consequently D.Finally答案D解析最后，你会爬进一个像北极一样的地带，那里终年积雪，冰川可能很快就会消失。obviously明显地；easily容易地；consequently结果；finally最后，终于。34.A.permanent B.littleC.fresh D.artificial答案A解析
89、参考上题解析。permanent永久的，永恒的；little小的；fresh新鲜的；artificial人造的，人工的。35.A.enjoy B.deserveC.save D.acquire答案B解析乞力马扎罗山应该背负一座被游客毁掉了宁谧意境的拥挤之山的名声吗？enjoy享受；deserve应得；save节省，保存；acquire获得。.阅读理解AWeve all had the experience of wanting to get a project done but putting it off to a later date.I，for one，end up cleaning m
90、y house when I have a lot of papers to grade，even though I know I need to grade them.So why do we procrastinate(拖延)？Are we built to operate this way at some times？Or is there something wrong with the way were approaching work?These questions are central to my research on goal pursuit，which could off
91、er some clues for neuroscience(神经科学) about why we procrastinate and how to overcome this tendency.It all starts with a simple choice between working now on a given project and doing anything else：working on a different project，doing something fun or doing nothing at all.The decision to work on somet
92、hing is driven by how much we value accomplishing the project in that momentwhat psychologists call its subjective value.And procrastination，in psychological terms，is what happens when the value of doing something else outweighs the value of working now.This way of thinking suggests a simple trick t
93、o defeat procrastination.For example，instead of cleaning my house，I might try to focus on why grading is personally important to me.Or I could think about how unpleasant cleaning can actually be.Its simple advice，but sticking to this strategy can be quite difficult，mainly because there are so many f
94、orces that weaken the value of working in the present.People are not entirely wise in the way they value things.For example，a dollar bill is worth exactly the same today as it is a week from now，but its subjective valueroughly how good it would feel to own a dollardepends on other factors besides it
95、s face value，such as when we receive it.The tendency for people to devalue money and other goods based on time is called delay discounting(延迟折扣).For example，one study showed that，on average，receiving $100 three months from now is worth the same to people as receiving $83 right now.People would rathe
96、r lose $17 than wait a few months to get a larger reward.Delay discounting is a factor in procrastination because the completion of the project happens in the future.Getting something done is a delayed reward，so its value in the present is reduced：the further away the deadline is，the less attractive
97、 it seems to work on the project right now.Studies have repeatedly shown that the tendency to procrastinate closely follows economic models of delay discounting.One way to manage it is to make the finish line seem closer.For example，vividly imagining a future reward reduces delay discounting.36.What
98、 should we do to overcome procrastination in the authors opinion?A.Avoid setting a deadline too strictly.B.Consider doing nothing at all temporarily.C.Increase the subjective value of working now.D.Realize the great fun of working immediately.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第三段可知，作者认为人们之所以会拖延是因为他们对当前工作任务的主观价值评估较低；再结合第
99、四段的内容可推知，人们可以通过提高对自己手头任务的主观价值评估来克服拖延，故选C。37.Which proverb can best summarize the theory of delay discounting?A.Time and tide wait for no man.B.One of these days is none of these days.C.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.D.Dont count your chickens before they are hatched.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第五段的内容，
100、尤其是“receiving $100 three months from now is worth the same to people as receiving $83 right now.People would rather lose $17 than wait a few months to get a larger reward”可知，人们给事物估值的方式并非完全是理性的，人们基于时间(流逝)对钱和其他货品贬值的趋势称为“延迟折扣”，比如人们宁愿要马上就能拿到手的83美元，也不要3个月后才给的100美元，这都强调了在延迟折扣的理论中，人们更看重眼前利益，故C项A bird in th
101、e hand is worth two in the bush一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林，符合题干要求。Time and tide wait for no man岁月不等人；One of these days is none of these days拖延时日，终难实现；Dont count your chickens before they are hatched不要指望过早，如意算盘别打得太早。38.Which is advised to deal with delay discounting?A.Asking for nothing in return.B.Lowering our high
102、expectations.C.Searching for instant satisfaction.D.Making future rewards more inviting.答案D解析细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是最后两句“One way to manage it is to make the finish line seem closer.For example，vividly imagining a future reward reduces delay discounting.”可知，作者认为应对拖延的一种方式就是让终点线看上去更近。比如说，去生动地想象未来的奖赏会减少延迟折扣
103、。故选D。39.How does the author mainly develop the passage?A.By listing numbers.B.By giving examples.C.By making comparisons.D.By conducting experiments.答案B解析写作手法题。通读全文可知，作者首先以自身作例，引出了本文的主题拖延；随后又多次举例来论证自己的论点(文中第四、五、六段中多次提及的“For example”是重要提示)。故本文的主要写作手法是举例子，故选B。BThe worlds most complex biological comput
104、er，made from a group of engineered cells，could one day be implanted into the body to detect diseases and deliver treatments.In an early research in 2012，Martin Fussenegger at ETH Zurish in Switzerland and his colleagues engineered two kidney cells to become a biological circuit capable of simple mat
105、hematics.One of the cells was able to calculate addition：the presence or absence of each of two chemicals would switch on a reaction inside the cell that would make it shine different colours.The other cell worked in the same way but could subtract amounts.This kind of biological circuit resembles a
106、 simple logic circuit in a computer.In theory，it could be used to indicate the presence of an infectious substance while in fact it failed.Most biological reactions in the body arent that simple，though.They rarely rely on “one input and one output”instead，multiple inputs lead to different outputs.Fo
107、r instance，a high level of calcium in the body in the presence of a specific hormone may suggest one disease，but a high level of calcium along with another hormone might indicate a completely different condition.To be more practical，biological computers need to be able to perform more complex mathem
108、atics.However，it is hard to pack multiple calculations into a single cell.To get around this，Fussenegger and his team have engineered a multicellular system，in which different cells each perform a separate calculation and pass on the results to each other.The system has nine cells，each containing a
109、biochemical reaction that responds to three chemical inputssimilar to an AND，NOT and OR system in a traditional electronic circuit.These cells coordinate their activities by releasing chemicals that pass from one cell to the other.Together，they form a fully biological circuit that can respond to mul
110、tiple inputs.“Although it is not at a stage yet where we can test on animals，we believe it is the most complex biological computer ever assembled，”says Fussenegger.“This work addresses one of the major limitations in synthetic biology(合成生物学)a lack of programmable devices，” says Angel Goni-Moreno，a s
111、ynthetic biologist at Newcastle University，UK.He says that Fusseneggers multicellular approach enables you to programme the circuit and achieve different calculations just by connecting the nine cells in different configurations(设置).In the future，a biological computer like this could be used to moni
112、tor more complex medical conditions.For example，it could respond to a rise in calcium，a drop in a hormone and an increase in a biomarker，which together would signal the presence of a specific type of cancer，help diagnose it and alert the user to seek appropriate treatment.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一种由编了程序的细
113、胞制成的生物计算机的工作原理及其作用。40.The underlined word “subtract” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “ ”.A.add up B.take awayC.split up D.give away答案B解析词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“One of the cells was able to calculate addition”以及画线词所在的句子“The other cell worked in the same way but could subtract amounts.”可知，因为but表示转折，所以与
114、上文应该相反。上文是加法，所以这里应该是减法。take away“拿走，减掉”符合题意。41.What was the progress made in Fusseneggers early research?A.A biological circuit was implanted in one of kidney cells.B.The indication of infectious substances became a reality.C.Engineered kidney cells could switch on biological reactions.D.Certain cel
115、ls were made capable of performing mathematics.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Martin Fussenegger at ETH Zurish in Switzerland and his colleagues engineered two kidney cells to become a biological circuit capable of simple mathematics”可知，前期研究是做出了能够进行数学计算的细胞回路。42.What has made Fusseneggers current multicellular s
116、ystem so special?A.It has all the functions of a traditional electronic circuit.B.It is programmable and able to perform different mathematics.C.It has successfully packed multiple calculations into a single cell.D.It has been tested through a series of experiments on animals.答案B解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“
117、He says that Fusseneggers multicellular approach enables you to programme the circuit and achieve different calculations just by connecting the nine cells in different configurations(设置).”可知，Fussenegger的多细胞系统是可以编程的，能够实现不同的计算。43.What is the best title for the passage?A.Smart Cells Indicating Various CancersB.Electronic Circuit Made from Multi-cellsC.Programmable Cells Implanted in Human BodiesD.Biological Computer Made from Human Cells答案D解析标题归纳题。 本文主要介绍了一种由编了程序的细胞所制成的生物计算机的工作原理及其作用。故选项D适合作文章的标题。