1、考点19 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句高考频度：考向一 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍是概念清晰、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where等，that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，从句之前要用逗号。先行词指人，则用who，whose，which等；先行词指物，要用which；先行词表时间或者地点，并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用when或者where引导。一、使用非限制性定语从句的情况：1. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。Yo
2、u did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多，对此我很感激。The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。China, which is my motherland, is
3、developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿，现在正在伦敦学习。（只有一个女儿
4、）This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师，他有一些事情要告诉你。二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1. 形式不同 限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。 2. 功能不同 限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。People who take physical exercise live long
5、er. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义) His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整) 3. 翻译不同 在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 4. 含义
6、不同 比较下面的两个句子： I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐) 5. 先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(whic
7、h指drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修
8、饰) 6. 关系词不同 关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。1. （2020天津卷单项填空）7. Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990 s, _he gave it to his grandson.A. whichB. whenC. whereD. who【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：史密斯先生一直拥有这幅油画，直到20世纪90年代初，他把它送给了孙子。句中包含定语从句，先行词是theear
9、ly 1990 s，在定语从句中作时间状语，用关系副词when引导。故选B。2.（2019新课标II卷语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， _62_ she opened with her late husband Les.【参考答案】where【答案解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。2.(2018北京卷单项填空) She and her family bic
10、ycle to work, _ helps them keep fit.A. which B. who C. as D. that【参考答案】A【答案解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“_ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。考向二as，which引导的定语从句一、相同点两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。The meeting was put off, a
11、s /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是我们想要的。He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生，我是从他的举止中知道的。二、不同点1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。As is known to all, fish cant live without water. 众所周知，鱼离开水无法生存。Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知，空气是气体。2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的b
12、e动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩，这让他很高兴。He didnt s
13、ay anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看起来非常奇怪。4. as常用正如含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。As
14、 is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得非常好。Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出
15、生的地方，是我们的首都。6. 介词+关系代词（介宾代物）中关系代词只能用which。The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占了21%。7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。 He can write a let
16、ter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不能。Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但是石头则不能。8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。 1.The number of smokers，_is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in
17、 just one year.A.itB.whichC.whatD.as【参考答案】D【试题解析】分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代的是整个主句的含义，故可排除A、C两项。as引导非限制性定语从句时，表示如同，正如，符合题干意思，故选D项。2.He has made as much progress _ is enough for him to be admitted to Fudan University.A.asB.thatC.whatD.which【参考答案】A【答案解析】考查定语从句。根据句意他已经取得了足够复旦大学录取的骄人的成绩。可知空处及后面的句子是修饰前面的名词p
18、rogress的，所以是定语从句。因关系词在定语从句中作主语，可用关系代词as，that和which，又因先行词有as 修饰，所以用as，即构成as+ many /much+n.(可数或不可数名词)+ as.的结构；而what不能引导定语从句，只能引导名词性从句。故选A。题组一 过关练习I单项填空1. You must learn to read people, _ will be necessary if you work in a team.A. whoB. that C. whichD. what2.In ancient Egypt, green represented hope and
19、 spring, _ is the time of year _ things in nature start to grow after a long winter.A. when；whichB. what；whenC. which；whenD. which；that3. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently.A. all of whichB. each of which C. all of themD. each of them4. It is the third ti
20、me that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all. A. thatB. where C. whichD. what5. When it comes to the majority of the latest technologies in the next 20 years, _ has greater potential than the technology being developed in these young peoples company, _ in my eyes will lead to a revolution.A.
21、 nothing；whichB. none；where C. nothing；whereD. none；which6. The award-winning book was written by a teenager, _ was, indeed, beyond all expectations.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that7. A lot of language learning, _ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to the
22、ir children during that period.A.asB.itC.whichD.this8. _ is known to us all, failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success.A.WhatB.WhichC.AsD.WhenII语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The UKs 65 plus age group is the 1 (fast) growing crowd within our population, and li
23、kely to reach one in four people 2 2040. So the number of Silver surfers simply has to rise.ONS statistics (统计结果) also show that almost 25% of adults aged 65 plus now use social networking sites, but with a third of this age group 3 (live) on their own. These sites are becoming 4 (increase) importan
24、t for the elderly to look for ways to stay connected to society, 5 has a great positive affect on feelings of isolation(孤独) and depression.This same age group is the most likely to live apart from others and often easier to feel 6 (lone). A released study showed that as many as 1.2 million elderly p
25、eople in England 7 (experience) loneliness.Social media such as Facebook and Skype go a long way to deal with this issue by offering instant interaction (互动) with 8 (love) ones at the click of mouse. Skype can bring grandchildren, who live on the 9 side of the planet, through the Internet into their
26、 front room and into their lives.This age group 10 (trap) by ill health, with 60% of them suffering long-term conditions, so discovering ways to remain in good health as long as possible is a wise choice. Technology has the ability to do this.题组二 能力提升短文改错ILast week which it was the Winter Solstice F
27、estival, our teacher asked us to make dumplings together in the classroom to celebrate them. Were so excited that all the needing materials were brought to school at once. Somme rolled dumping wrappers. Some put the fillings in middle of each wrapper, or then sealed the wrappers. To our surprises, s
28、ome even created dumplings to different shapes. Its amazing to see so many students making dumplings together and learn about the history behind the symbolic dish. After we were made about 100 or more, some started boiling the water and cooked them. The dumplings tasted really greatly.短文改错IIMy grand
29、pa is a carpenter, who had been devoted to carpentry for almost sixty years. Several years before, he began to make wooden models of farm tools, which even have moved parts of their own. Now every day, he prepares raw material like wood in the yard, then measures them, and finally polish them. On th
30、e National Day when I returned back and visited him with my parents, he showed me what he had created. He hopes that he could expose people to the traditionally way of farming. Ive also developed interest in carpentry. Now I am able to make a model by me. And I am determined to make it know to more.
31、短文改错IIIMy classmates and I were honored to serve like volunteers in the National Museum of China. When training, we all listened attentively and eagerly, taking note from time to time.After the training, wearing the volunteer uniform or volunteer card, we got down to our work with great enthusiasm.
32、They offered service to people who turned to us for help. We provided for them with useful guidance and information for exhibition. Inside the exhibition hall, some of us stood in front of a group of visitors, giving vividly introduction of the great achievements over the past 40 years, what attract
33、ed the visitors so much and brought us a great sense of achievement.My classmates and I were honored to serve like volunteers in the National Museum of China. 题组三 体验真题1.(2017天津)My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.A. that B. whose C. his D. who2.（2016天津）We
34、 will put off the picnic in the park until next week， _the weather may be better.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when3.（2017新课标卷I语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【参考答案】 which【答案解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语
35、从句，先行词是前面的整句话。4.（2017新课标卷II短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【参考答案】 which【答案解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。5. （2017新课标卷III语法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wa
36、nts to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.【参考答案】 who【答案解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top models是非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who。6.（2016全国新课标卷I语法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was th
37、e first Western TV reporter 66（permitted） (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 【参考答案】when【答案解析】考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，又因先行词是时间，故填when。7.（2015湖南）It is a truly delightful place， _looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding st
38、reets and pretty cottages.A.asB. whereC. thatD. which8.（2015天津）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere_ his employees enjoy their work.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. who9.（2015四川）The books on the desk， _covers are shiny， are prizes for us.A. whichB. whatC. whoseD. that题组一 过关练习I单项填空
39、1. C 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系词的用法。句意：你必须学会如何看懂别人，如果你在一个团队中工作的话，这一点会很有必要。这里空处指代整个前面句子的意思在从句中作主语，且有逗号与前句隔开，因此要用which，故选C。2. C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在古埃及，绿色代表着希望和春天，是万物在一个很长的冬天后开始生长的时间。第一个空是一个非限制性定语从句，第二个空是一个when引导的时间状语从句，所以选C。3. B 【解析】句意：英语是由几个不同的文化共享的一种语言，每种文化使用的方式都不同。如果空格前加and则构成并列句，D正确，但此处逗号后没有and，判断是非限制性定语从句，从句的
40、谓语动词是uses，所以主语应该是单数，故选B。4. C 【解析】句意：这是她第三次赢得这个比赛，这让我们都大吃一惊。which可以代替前面整个句子的意思，其他不能，故选C。5. D 【解析】考查不定代词和非限制性定语从句。句意：当谈到在未来20年中，大多数的最新技术时，在这些年轻人的公司里正在被开发的技术更有潜力，在我眼里这将会产生一次革命。根据句意可知第一空填none；先行词是前面整个句子，所以第二空要用which引导非限制性定语从句。故选D。6. B 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：这本获奖的书出自一个青少年之手，这件事确实出乎大家的意料。此处应用which来指代主句的内容。as 可
41、引导非限制性定语从句，但是应译为正如，与后面出乎意料的表述不符。7. A 【解析】考查句子结构和as，which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别。_ has been discovered是非限制性定语从句，先行词a lot of language learning是主句的主语，is happening 是主句的谓语部分，B、D两选项不能引导定语从句，which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放到主句后面。故选A。8. C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如我们都知道的，失败是因为懒惰，而成功则由于勤奋。分析句子结构可知，as正如，在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句。what不能引导定语从句；whi
42、ch引导定语从句，指代整个主句，不能置于主句前；when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语。故选C。II语法填空【文章大意】在英国，65和65岁以上的人口在快速增加。但网络为他们提供了与外界及亲人保持联系的机会，同时也大大缓解了他们的孤独感。网络科技有能力使他们更健康长寿。1. fastest【解析】考查最高级。在我们的人口中(within our population)有多个年龄段的人。这就暗示了比较范围。2. by【解析】考查介词。人口变化是循序渐进的事情，人口的变化应以现在到某一时间节点为判断依据，因此此处使用“by 2040到2040年为止”不能使用in。3. living【解析】考查非
43、谓语动词。 with后的结构是 n+ doing(表达n与do是主谓关系) / done(表达n与do是动宾关系) / to do(表达do是将要发生的动作)等。此处属于第一种情况。4. increasingly【解析】考查词性转化。此处考查副词(increasingly)修饰形容词(important)越来越重要。5. which【解析】考查定语从句。在这个句子中有二个已知的谓语动词(are becoming，has a great positive affect)，根据原则，此处应使用连接从句的连词，从句中缺主语，这个连词指代前一句(These sites are becoming inc
44、reasingly important for the elderly to look for ways to stay connected to society)，因此确定使用which连接非限定性定语从句。6. lonely 【解析】考查固定搭配。feel lonely(感到孤独)是固定搭配。7. experience【解析】考查时态。 虽然主句的谓语动词用的是一般过去时态(showed因为研究已完成), 但从句表达的是现实状况所以使用一般现在时态(experience)。例如：Yesterday, the teacher told his students The USA is an a
45、dvanced country.8. loved【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处love充当ones(指代人)的定语，ones与love是动宾关系，因此使用过去分词。loved ones(心爱的人、亲人) 。9. other【解析】考查不定代词。地球有两边(南半球、北半球或者东半球、西半球)，此处使用the other指代已知的两之中的另一个。10. is trapped【解析】考查时态、语态。从句子结构和句意来看，必须使用被动语态。此处the age group看做一个整体因此使用is trapped(被疾病所困扰)。 题组二 能力提升短文改错I第一处：which when。定语从句关系词错误。
46、先行词为表时间的名词且在定语从句中做状语，应使用关系副词when。第二处：them it。代词错误。指代前面的the Winter Solstice Festival冬至节，意义为单数，故使用it。第三处：needing needed。非谓语动词错误。非谓语动词做定语修饰materials,表十动宾关系，故使用needed。第四处：in 后加the。 固定搭配错误。固定搭配“in the middle of ”意为，在中间。第五处：or and。并列连词错误。根据句意，一些人擀面皮，然后在包饺子，两个动作为顺接关系，故使用and。第六处：surprises surprise。名词单复数错误。S
47、urprise意为：惊讶，表抽象意义，是不可数名词。第七处：to in。介词错误。in different shapes为固定搭配，意为：以不同的形状。第八处：learn learning。非谓语动词错误。learning与前面的making并列做see的宾语补足语。第九处：去掉made之前的were。谓语动词错误。We我们是动作的发出者，不需要使用被动语态。第十处：greatly great。形容词错误。taste为系动词,其后使用形容词做表语。短文改错II第一处：had has【解析】考查谓语动词时态。根据主句谓语动词的时态可知，此处也使用现在的时间。第二处： before ago【解析】
48、考查副词。在间接引语或者宾语从句中， before常常与过去完成时态连用。表过去的以前。Ago 常常与一般现在时态连用，表现在的以前。第三处： moved moving【解析】考查非谓语动词。修饰part且与其为主动关系，表会动的部件。第四处： material materials【解析】考查名词。Raw materials意为原材料，其中materials需要使用其复数形式。第五处： polish polishes【解析】考查谓语动词的主谓一致。此句中主语为he，且时态为一般现在时，需使用其第三人称单数形式。第六处：去掉back【解析】考查动词固定搭配。return意为：返回，不与back连
49、用。第七处： traditionally traditional【解析】考查形容词。修饰名词way需使用其形容词形式。第八处： developed后添上an【解析】考查冠词。固定搭配“develop an interest in”意为：培养对的兴趣。第九处： me myself【解析】考查代词。当主语与宾语为同一任何物时，需用反身代词作宾语。第十处： know known【解析】考查非谓语动词。Known在此处作宾补，与宾语之间为动宾关系。短文改错III 第一处. likeas 考查介词。固定搭配serve as 意为：担任，充当；起的作用。第二处. trainingtrained 【解析】考
50、查非谓语动词。Train与其逻辑主语为动宾关系，需用过去分词形式表被动意义。第三处. notenotes 【解析】考查名词。固定搭配take notes记笔记。第四处. orand 【解析】考查连词。根据句意可知uniform 与 volunteer card不是选择关系,不能使用or。第五处. getgot【解析】考查谓语动词。此处叙述过去的事情，应使用一般过去时态，且与上下文保持时态一致。第六处. TheyWe【解析】考查代词。根据上下文意义可知，是我们给游客提供服务，不是他们。第七处. 去掉for 【解析】考查固定结构。根据结构中Provide sb with sth =provide
51、sth for sb，人作宾语直接置于其后时，不需要使用for。第八处. for后面加 the 【解析】考查冠词。此处是特指，故需加定冠词the。第九处. vividlyvivid【解析】考查形容词。修饰名词introduction应使用其形容词形式。第十处. whatwhich【解析】考查定语从句。定语从句中，先行词为前面的句子的一部分且再从句中作主语，只能使用which。题组三 体验真题1. 【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处缺少非限制性定语从句的引导词，且与其后名词有所属关系，故应用whose引导。句意：我大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作让他全世界到处跑。2. 【答案】D
52、【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，先行词为next week，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when。 3.【答案】 which【解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。4.【答案】 which【解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。5.【答案】 who【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top models是非限制性
53、定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who。6. 【答案】when【答案解析】考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，又因先行词是时间，故填when。7. 【答案】D 【解析】句意：这实在是一个招人喜欢的地方。它看起来一定和100年前一样，有着蜿蜒的街道和美丽的农舍。先行词是place，非限制性定语从句缺主语，故选D。as引导非限制性定语从句时往往有正如，就像的意思。 8. 【答案】A 【解析】句意：公司老板正在尽力营造一个员工们可以在其中快乐工作的轻松的氛围。空处替代先行词atmosphere，且在定语从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词。 9. 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:桌上的书是给我们的奖品，这些书的封面是光亮的。定语从句的先行词为books，它与定语从句的主语是所属关系，所以用关系代词whose引导定语从句。