1、备战2021年高考英语语法之动词讲与练（二）助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，
2、例如：Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？ d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would助动词do的用法1） 构成一般疑问句
3、，例如： Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？ Did you study German?你们学过德语吗？2） do + not 构成否定句，例如： I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesnt like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3)构成否定祈使句，例如：Dont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so abse
4、nt-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。5） 用于倒装句，例如：Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才
5、认识到英语的重要性。说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6） 用作代动词，例如：- Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗？- Yes, I do.-是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he?他知道如何开车，对吧？助动词have的用法1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。By the end of last month, the
6、y had finished half of their work.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：I shall study h
7、arder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）练习2. 指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词：1. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming?
8、 2. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.3. Where does( ) he live ( )?4. He does ( ) some washing after work.5. He has ( ) had ( )supper already.6. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.7. I have ( ) been ( )waiting ( ) for you all day.8. He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone.练习3：1Do you know the boy _ under th
9、e big tree?A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 2. What do you think of the book?Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being reading 3. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed4. When he
10、 was at school, he _ early and take a walk before breakfast.A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise 5. I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work.A. dont/had B. didnt/have C. didnt/had D. dont/have 6. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.A. invited B. to invite C.
11、being invited D. had been invited 7. I dont allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all.A. to smokesmoking B. smokingto smokeC. to smoketo smoke D. smokingsmoking8. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given9. European football is
12、played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. make C. made D. to make10. He was a good runner so he _ escape from the police.A. might B. succeeded to C. would D. was able to【答案解析】1. D lying是lie的现在分词，在句中作后置定语。2 C It is worth doing是固定结构，意思是干 是值得的。3 B4 D5 C6 A 分词短语作定语时，应
13、放在被修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句：Most of the artists who were invited to the party were from South Africa.7 D8 A 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。该分词的逻辑主语是the trees，与动词give含有动宾关系，因而用过去分词given表示被动，Give more attention这个条件状语相当于状语从句If they had been given more attention。9 A making是现在分词用作状语，表示伴随情况或做补充说明。B和C属语法错误。D项是不定式，可作目的状语，但目的状语前通常不能用逗号。10 D