1、2012届上海市高三二模英语试卷简答(崇明)In so many ways, cyberspace(网络空间) mirrors the real world. People ask for information, play games, and share hobby tips. Others buy and sell products. Still others look for friendship, or even love.Unlike the real world, however, your knowledge about a person is limited to words
2、 on a computer screen. Identity and appearance mean very little in cyberspace. Rather, a persons thoughtsor at least the thoughts they typeare what really count. So even the shyest person can become a chat-room star.Usually, this “faceless” communication doesnt create problems. Identity doesnt reall
3、y matter when youre in a chat room discussing politics or hobbies. In fact, this emphasis on the ideas themselves makes the Internet a great place for exciting conversation. Where else can so many people come together to chat about their interests?But some Internet users want more than just someone
4、to chat with. Theyre looking for serious love relationships. Is cyberspace a good place to find love? That answer depends on whom you ask. Some of these relationships actually succeed. Others fail miserably.Supporters of online relationships claim that the Internet allows couples to get to know each
5、 other intellectually first. Personal appearance doesnt get in the way.But critics of online relationships argue that no one can truly know another person in cyberspace. Why? Because the Internet gives users a lot of control over how others view them. Internet users can carefully craft their words t
6、o fit whatever image they want to give. And they dont have to worry about what their “faceless” communication is doing for their image. In a sense, theyre not really themselves.All of this may be fine if the relationship stays in cyberspace. But not knowing a person is a big problem in a love relati
7、onship. With so many unknowns, its easy to let ones imagination “fill in the blanks.” This inevitably leads to disappointment when couples meet in person. How someone imagines an online friend is often quite different than the real person.So, before looking for love in cyberspace, remember the advic
8、e of Internet pioneer Clifford Stoll: “Life in the real world is far richer than anything youll find on a computer screen.” (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. We learn about a person in cyberspace only through _.82. Why is the Internet a great place
9、 for exciting conversation?83. What makes online love relationship often fail?84. From the passage we can learn that the writer _ looking for love on the Internet.81. the thoughts they type / the words on a computer screen82. Because people focus on the ideas while talking. / Because it puts emphasi
10、s on the ideas themselves.83. Communicating with an imaginary person. / Not truly knowing a person.84. disagrees with / objects to / is against（奉贤）Culture shock is so named because of the effect it has on people when they enter a new culture. Experts have been interested in these effects and have ag
11、reed on five basic stages of culture shock. These stages are general and should only be used as a reference. Not every individual will go through each stage, and one stage may last longer than another for different individuals.The hardest thing for most travelers to deal with is the emotional “rolle
12、r coaster” they seem to be riding. One moment they feel very positive toward the new culture, and the next moment very negative. It seems common that international visitors and immigrants vacillate（犹豫不定）between loving and hating a new country. Feelings of separation and alienation can be intensified
13、 if they do not have a sense of fitting in or belonging.Fatigue is another problem people face when entering a new culture. There can be a sense of greater need for sleep. This is due not only to physical tiredness, but also to mental fatigue. This mental fatigue comes from straining to comprehend t
14、he language, and coping with new situation.The impact of culture shock can vary from person to person. There can be significant differences because some people may be better prepared to enter a new culture. Four factors which play into these are personality, language ability, length of stay, and the
15、 emotional support received.It is logical to think that when people are deprived of heir familiar surroundings they will feel disoriented. One solution some have found is to bring a few small reminders of home. Pictures, wall hangings, favorite utensils, and keepsake are all good candidates to make
16、things feel more familiar. Another helpful activity is to establish little routines that become familiar over time. Even better is fitting things that were part of the regular routine back in the home country into the routine established in the new culture. This will make people feel more at home. (
17、Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. According to the 1st paragraph, what have experts been interested in? 82. What are the two problems people face when entering a new culture?83. Coping with new situations may result in_.84. The author thinks the mor
18、e effective way to solve “cultural shock” is_. 81. Culture shocks effects on people.82. Emotional “roller coaster” and fatigue83. mental fatigue84. fitting some past regular routine into the new culture(虹口)From bankers to factory staff, employees in the west face the bleak prospect (暗淡的前景) of losing
19、 their jobs as a global recession (衰退) starts to bite. For colleagues in the East the pain is more likely to come through a pay cut.Human resource experts say cultural differences explain why Asian firms try harder to keep jobs in difficult times, which will stop unemployment and may help keep Asian
20、 economies afloat at a time of slowing exports.The East Asian attitude may also make it easier for firms to recover quickly from the economic downturn since they will not need to rehire or train new staff, leaving some experts predicting Western shift to Eastern flexibility.“In the Confucian (儒家的) a
21、ttitude, the right thing to do is to share the burden. There is the sense of collective responsibility whereas (然而) in the West, its more about the individual survival,” said Michael Benotlel, associated professor of organizational behavior at Singapore Management University.Steven Pang, Asian Regio
22、nal Director for Aquent, a headhunting firm, said in many East Asian companies there was a responsibility “ to take care of the members of the family and go through the pain together” even if that meant causing losses.US firms from General Motors to Goldman Sachs plan to lay off workers by the thous
23、and. But at the Asian units of Western multinationals, job cuts will probably be less severe.Japans jobless rate was 4 percent in September, up from 3.8 percent in January, while Hong Kongs was flat at 3.4 percent. But US unemployment is expected to have jumped to 6.3 percent last month from below 5
24、 percent in January.Experts say that while there are noticeable differences in labor practices in East and West, the gap will narrow as more firms become more multinational and competition forces firms to adopt the best practices of rivals (对手) from abroad.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the
25、 statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What caused the different practices of Asian and Western firms facing the global recession?82. Why is it easier for the East Asian firms to recover quickly from the economic downturn?83. Firms in the west would lay off workers when facing a bleak prospect b
26、ecause of _.84. _ will make the differences in East and West less noticeable.81. The cultural differences between the East and the West.82. Because they neednt rehire or train new staff. / Because they wont / dont need to rehire or train new staff. 83. the individual survival.84. More firms becoming
27、 more multinational and competition(黄浦、嘉定)All of us communicate with one another non-verbally, as well as with words. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone elses eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discove
28、red in recent years that there is a system to them almost as consistent and comprehensive as language.Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its difference along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like
29、the way a male American does it. In talking, with a future-tense verb, Americans often gesture with a forward movement. There are regional idioms too. An expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, moral background, social c
30、lass and personal style all influence your body language. Usually, the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the non-verbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often its a case of “not what h
31、e said but the way he said it.” Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has come up with this formula: total impact of a message = 7% verbal + 38% gestural + 55% facial. Experts in kinesics the study of communication through body movement are not prepared to spell out a vocabulary or gestures. When an America
32、n rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something. But there are other possible interpretations, too. Another example: When a student in conversation with a professor holds the older mans eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection;
33、it can be a challenge to the professors authority; or it can be something else entirely. The experts look for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81What idea does the author aim to convey in
34、 paragraph 2?82Besides moral background, _ are the other three factors affecting peoples body language.83From Alberts formula, we learn that the body language _.84What can you conclude from the examples given in paragraph 5?81.Every culture has its own body language.82. sex, social class and persona
35、l style83.plays a more(most) important role in communication84.The same body language / gesture has different meanings. / The same body language / gesture can be given several interpretations.(静安、杨浦、宝山、青浦)Frogs, toads and salamanders usually make us think of green, slimy little monsters. These monst
36、ers actually belong to a very special class of animals called the amphibians. Amphibians can live both on land and in the water. They commonly inhabit ponds, rivers, marshes and other wetlands.Today, amphibians are becoming extinct very quickly from all the six continents where they are found. More
37、than 25 countries are reporting sharp drops in the populations of amphibians. In some places, embryos (胚胎) are dying; in others, adults are missing. Why are they dying off?Scientists blame human interference. Industrial waste and toxic gases given out by factories, manufacturing plants and cars are
38、steadily poisoning the breeding grounds of amphibians. Chemicals such as sulphur dioxide rise high into the atmosphere and mix with rain. This makes the rain acidic and thus kills off delicate amphibian embryos.More rare species of amphibians are already gone. Costa Ricas Golden toads have not been
39、seen since 1989. The Australian Gastric Brooding frogs are extinct. Leopard frog numbers are dropping in the Rocky Mountains. Leopard frogs live in the wetland regions in these areas. The wetlands are being drained to make way for highways, industry and new housing.Another threat to the amphibians i
40、s the increased ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet rays come from the sun and are extremely harmful to living things. They can cause skin cancer in humans. Luckily for us, ultraviolet rays are blocked by a thick layer of ozone above the earths atmosphere. Ozone is a special kind of oxygen which abso
41、rbs ultraviolet radiation. Now, the ozone layer is being destroyed by chemicals called CFCs which are given off by factories. A hole in the ozone layer was discovered over Antarctica in the late 1980s. As a result, more ultraviolet rays are reaching the earth and more amphibians are dying.Just as th
42、e emergence of new infectious diseases such as Bird Flu are a threat to human and animal populations across the world, amphibian species are also facing their most significant threat from a little understood disease. A chytrid fungus is understood to be of the major causes of frog death across the w
43、orld.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS)81._indicate that amphibians are dying out quickly.82.Whats the destructive force of acid rain?_.83.The ozone layer protects people by _.84.List at least two major factors that lead to the extinction of amphibia
44、ns._.81.The sharp drops in the populations of amphibians from over 25 countries 82.It kills off delicate amphibian embryos.83.absorbing/ blocking the (harmful) ultraviolet radiation84.Human interference, increased ultraviolet radiation and new infectious diseases（闵行）High school dropouts (辍学者) earn a
45、n average of $9,000 less per year than graduates. Now a new study moves away a common belief why they quit. Its much more than failing in exams at school.Society tends to think of high school dropouts as kids who just cant cut it. They are lazy, and perhaps not too bright. So researchers were surpri
46、sed when they asked more than 450 kids who quit school about why they left. “The vast majority actually had passing grades and they were confident that they could have graduated from high school.” John Bridgeland, the executive researcher said. About one million teens leave school each year. Only ab
47、out half of African-American and Hispanic students will receive a diploma, and actually all dropouts come to regret their decision. So, if failing grades dont explain why these kids quit, what does? Again, John Bridgeland: “The most dependable finding was that they were bored.” “They found classes u
48、ninteresting; they werent inspired or motivated. They didnt see any direct connection between what they were learning in the classroom to their own lives, or to their career aspirations.”The study found that most teens who do drop out wait until they turn sixteen, which happens to be the age at whic
49、h most states allow students to quit. In the US, only one state, New Mexico, has a law requiring teenagers to stay in high school until they graduate. Only four states: California, Tennessee, Texas and Utah, plus the District of Columbia, require school attendance until age 18, no exceptions, anothe
50、r researcher, says raising the compulsory attendance age may be one way to keep more kids in school. “As these dropouts look back, they realize theyve made a mistake. And anything that sort of gives these people an extra push to stick it out and it through to the end, is probably helpful measure.”Ne
51、w Hampshire may be the next state to raise its school attendance age to 18. But critics say that forcing the students unwilling to continue their studies to stay in school misses the pointthe need for reform. Its been called for to reinvent high school education to make it more challenging and relev
52、ant, and to ensure that kids who do stick it out receive a diploma that actually means something. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 10 WORDS)81. What do people think of those who quit school?82.Many students quit school not because they cannot pass grades but bec
53、ause they find lessons _.83.Why dont some students quit until they are sixteen?84.According to the passage, the more effective way to keep students from quitting is to _.81. (They are) lazy and not bright.82. uninteresting and not relevant to real life/ having no direct connection with their lives83
54、. Because thats the age to be allowed to quit. / Because thats the compulsory attendance age required by law.84. reform or reinvent high school education（浦东）Planting trees around poultry(家禽) farms can improve air and water quality and relations with neighbors. Research has shown that just three rows
55、 of trees near poultry houses can reduce the release of dust and ammonia (氨). They can also reduce the strong smell of ammonia gas.The trees capture dust, ammonia and smells in their leaves. They can also reduce energy use. They also provide shade from the sun, so they reduce cooling costs in summer
56、. And they act as a windbreak, so they reduce heating costs in winter. Trees can also improve water quality around farms by removing pollutions from soil and groundwater.Several years ago, people were objecting to the smell of poultry farms on the Delmarva Peninsula in the eastern United States. Del
57、marva is where the states of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia come together. Two thousand farms there can each house an average of seventy-five thousand chickens.Traditionally the farms used windows to provide fresh air in the chicken houses. Farmers rarely planted trees or tall crops around the buil
58、dings, so there would be no barrier to the airflow.But then in the 60s, farms began to use mechanical ventilation(通风) systems. Instead of windows, the mechanical systems used tunnel fans to circulate(使循环) air. The fans directed airflow from the poultry houses toward the homes of neighbors.Researcher
59、s began dealing with the problem in 2000. They found that over a period of six years, planting three rows of trees reduced total dust and ammonia by more than half. And they found that smells were reduced by 18%.Farmers may think trees will take too long to grow and be effective. But some trees can
60、grow quickly. At least one-third of the Delmarva farms have planted trees, technically known as vegetative environmental buffers. The idea offers a way to cut pollution, save money and energy, and make the neighbors happy.81. How did the mechanical ventilation system work?82.The number of chickens r
61、aised on the poultry farms in Delmarva is up to _.83.The benefits of planting trees around poultry farms are _.84. What is the main topic of the passage?81. By using tunnel fans to circulate air82. 150 million83. cutting pollution, saving money and energy, and make the neighbors happy84. The benefit
62、s of planting trees around poultry farms（普陀）Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture
63、, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.“I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to
64、 activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. N
65、ow they are comfortable and common. And parentchild activities, from shopping to sports, involve a feeling of trust and friendship that can continue into adulthood.No wonder greeting cards today carry the message, “To my mother, my best friend.”But family experts warn that the new equality can also
66、result in less respect for parents. “Theres still a lot of strictness and authority on the part of parents out there, but there is a change happening,” says Kerrie, a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College. “In the middle of that change, there is a lot of confusion among parents.” Family res
67、earchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say. “My parents were on the before side of that change, but today
68、s parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side,” explains Mr. Ballmer. “Its not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.” (Note: Answer the questions or complet
69、e the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. The underlined word “gulf” in Para.3 most probably means _.82. How is the generation gap getting narrow today?_.83. What is the change in todays parent-child relationship?_84. The purpose of the passage is to _.81. distance 82. Parents share more in
70、terests with their children.83.New equality between parents and children84.discuss the development of the parentchild relationship（徐汇、金山）When the Internet powerhouse Yahoo wanted to teach ethics（道德标准） to its employees, it faced a challenge familiar to multinational companies. Yahoo employs nearly 14
71、,000 people at 25 sites worldwide. They would feel bored at sitting down in front of a dated video in which actors with 1980s haircuts tell them what to do. So it hired a company called The Network to design a game. In the game, the truck where Yahoo was founded traveled the world, turning into a bo
72、at and a helicopter along the way as it visited some of Yahoos foreign offices. Participants play in game show-like scenarios（场景） that quiz them about conflicts of interest and doing business fairly. And employees note: Yahoo is tracking how well they do. Such activities draw more enthusiastic parti
73、cipation and teach more effectively than traditional methods. They are described as alternative-reality games (ARGs), involving both interactive and real-world elements. Besides teaching employees, ARGs have also been used in many areas for a number of different purposes.From a marketing perspective
74、, a number of very successful ARGs have been written as a way to build product awareness.A very popular ARG called I Love Bees was produced to market the 2004 video game Halo 2. At its height, I Love Bees received between two to three million unique visitors over the course of three months. ARGs are
75、 more than just a fun way to learn. They have also been used to solve real world problems.An ARG called World Without Oil was created to obtain collective input from players about dealing with the worlds dependency on oil.World without Oil simulates（模拟） the first 32 days of a global oil crisis and a
76、nybody could play by creating a personal story that recorded the imagined reality of their life in the crisis. World Without Oils success on a small budget has opened the door for similar games to engage mainstream Internet users with climate change, education reform, governmental policy and other t
77、imely, vital issues. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81.What challenge did yahoo face in teaching ethics to its employees?82.In the game designed for yahoo, participants had to answer questions about _.83.What are the three major functions of ARG men
78、tioned in the passage?84.The success of World Without Oil suggests that ARGs can _.81. （How to） draw more enthusiastic participation and teach more effectively.82. conflicts of interest and doing business fairly83. Teaching employees, building product awareness and solving real world problems.84. en
79、gage mainstream Internet users with more timely, vital issues（杨浦1.5）Do you know anyone who suffers from equinophobia, pluviophobia or leukophobia? Or, to put it another way, do you know anyone who is very afraid of horses, rain or the colour white? You probably dont, and yet these are recognized med
80、ical conditions, though very rare ones.According to many surveys, more than ten per cent of people in the United States have some kind of phobia (the word comes from the Greek phobs, meaning fear). There are, of course, dozens of different kinds, ranging from the obscure to the well known. The names
81、 of most of them have been created by adding phobia to a Greek or Latin root - a process that has turned into something of a word game, with people inventing names for conditions that perhaps exist only in theory (for example androidophobia, the fear of robots).True phobias consist of an intense fea
82、r that produces a very strong desire to avoid the object of that fear. Without specialist help they are very difficult to control and tend to disrupt the daily life of the sufferer.Phobias often originate from upsetting experiences earlier in life - for example an intense fear of dogs (cynophobia) o
83、ften comes from having been bitten by one; In some cases, however, experts suggest phobias are to some extent evolutionary, arising not from personal experience but from inherited memory lying deep in our brains. Arachnophobia and ophidiophobia (the fear of snakes) are often suggested as examples: f
84、or our distant ancestors, who lived closer to nature than we do, fear of poisonous spiders and snakes would have served the useful evolutionary purpose of helping them avoid potentially fatal bites.A common technique for treating some phobias is that of progressive exposure in which sufferers are en
85、couraged by a therapist to gradually get closer to the object of their fear. The idea is that at each step the patient realizes nothing bad is happening to them, which should lead to their fear gradually decreasing. With someone who is terrified of spiders, for example, the therapist might start by
86、showing them a picture of a spider, then introducing a real spider in a glass box and slowly moving the box closer to them, then finally having them hold the spider in the palm of their hand. Therapy of this kind is said to be very effective, although in this case perhaps not very enjoyable. (Note:
87、Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS)81. When we want to create a name to describe the condition of a person who has the fear of ice, the name is usually ended with _.82. A sufferer of a true phobia usually desires strongly to _.83. What are the two possible re
88、asons for different kinds of phobias?84. In the last paragraph, the writer gives an example of the treatment of someone who is terrified of spiders to illustrate the meaning or _.81. phobia82. avoid the object of his fear83. Upsetting experiences earlier in life and inherited memory.84. progressive
89、exposure（闸北）A commercial transaction, in its simplest form, involves a customer paying for goods or services. But these days, that is just the first step. Businesses want your opinion of them, too, and their requests for feedback now seem to come with every purchase. Prime reason for the trend is th
90、at software companies like SurveyGizmo and QuestionPro have made it possible for small companies to create customer surveys at a small part of the cost of traditional surveys. Out of desperate thirst to lock in customer loyalty, businesses of all sizes see surveys as a window into the emotional worl
91、d of their customers which serve like a database that will offer guidance in that field.Consumer patience may be fraying with the surveys. The constant bothering has led to a condition known as survey tiredness and falling response rates. The declines can be reasoned from two angles. The frequent re
92、quests with no incentives (奖励) just have people stop doing it. In the old days, you felt as though you had been selected to represent the community. But this is the information age, and people know their information is worth something.Another reason sticks with the survey itself. Many businesses, of
93、ten against the advice of the experts they have hired to construct their surveys, cannot resist the temptation to ask, ask and ask yet again. Angry consumers, assured that it will take only five minutes, often complain that they approach the 10-minute mark on a survey which have too many items.To fi
94、ght survey tiredness, companies are pressing consumers with renewed material urge. On their register receipts, stores like Walmart include a Web address and an invitation to fill out a survey, with the chance to win a prize. At Staples, the prize is a $5,000 store card. In the auto industry, which t
95、ries to measure customer satisfaction at every possible stage, from the first tentative Web search to the last service visit, surveys will finally fall into performance assessment on staff of different levels. No wonder dealers sometimes throw in a free tank of gas or a free oil change as a quid pro
96、 quo to get a favorable review in their dealerships satisfaction survey. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. Why do all companies want to know about customers feelings?82. Two reasons for customers dislike to fill out surveys are _. 83. To raise cust
97、omers interest, companies provide _.84. What makes car dealers bribe customers while doing surveys? 81. Because of desperate thirst to lock in customer loyalty. 82. no incentives and too many items.83. renewed material urge.84. The fact that surveys fall into performance assessment on staff.（长宁）In W
98、est Africa in 1900, a British governors demand that an Ashanti tribe give up a golden stool started a small war. The governor, believing the stool to be a throne(宝座), thought that possessing it would establish his authority over the tribe.The stool, however, was no mere throne; it was a sacred relic
99、 (圣物) that contained the spirit of the tribe. It was so sacred that even the Ashanti chief would not sit upon it. Rather than give up the stool, the tribe hid it. British soldiers were ordered in, and many people were killed. However, this war and its tragic consequences could have been avoidable.Th
100、e science of anthropology, the study of people, how they live and their customs and beliefs, began in the mid 1800s. At that time, anthropologists believed that human culture developed from lower to higher forms of society and technology. However, by the time of the governors stupid mistake, those e
101、arly beliefs had given way to the study and documentation of differences between cultures. Had the governor consulted an anthropologist, he would have had a much better chance of understanding the real meaning of the stool, and many lives could have been saved.Modern anthropologists study every leve
102、l of society. One of their main goals is to uncover common patterns of human behavior. To avoid mistakes like that made by the unfortunate British governor, people routinely seek the advice of anthropologists.For example, the Peace Corps send volunteers around the world to help people in unindustria
103、lized countries learn how to improve their lives. This was a noble idea. Yet in the early years of the Peace Corps, most volunteers were inexperienced, and few bothered to learn the language of their assigned country prior to their arrival there. Today, thanks to anthropology, the Peace Corps has ch
104、anged. Its volunteers are more experienced. They have some basic language training, and they have learned how to understand and show respect for the customs and beliefs of other nations.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. Why did the British gover
105、nor what the golden stool?82. The British governors mistake could have been avoided by_.83 Whats the goal of the Peace Corps?84. In the passage the author expresses his viewpoint that _.81. (Because) he wanted it to establish his authority over them. control or manage this tribe.82. (consulting an a
106、nthropologist and) understanding the real meaning of the throne83. To help people in (the) unindustrialized countries to improve their lives. .84. understanding and respect other societies /countries customs and beliefs is important its import to understand and respect other societies /countries/nations customs and beliefs.
