1、2021届高考英语人与社会类阅读精讲（八）科学与技术发射中止系统NASA successfully announced on Tuesday the Orion （猎户座）spacecraffs launch abort system （发射中止系统）can travel beyond a speeding rocket and pull astronauts to safety during an emergency launch. The test, three minutes or so, is another milestone in the agencys preparation f
2、or flying to the Moon eventually to Mars.The Orion test spacecraft traveled to an altitude of about six miles, at which point it experienced the high stress expected when rising. Within milliseconds, the abort motor fired to pull the crew carriage away from the rocket. Its location control motor tur
3、ned the capsule over end-over-end to exactly point it, and then another motor fired, releasing the crew carriage for landing in the Atlantic Ocean.Were building the most powerful rocket in the world to send astronauts to the Moon in the Orion spacecraft,n said Bill Hill, an associate administrator f
4、or Exploration Systems Development at NASA Headquarters in Washington. With this exploration system designed to safely carry humans farther into space than ever before, well also have an equally powerful launch abort system that will pull the crew away if there is a problem with the rocket during th
5、e early part of rise.“ Launching into space is one of the most difficult and dangerous parts of going to the Moon， said Mark Kirasich, Orion program manager at Johnson Space Center in Houston. This test copied some of the most challenging conditions Orion will ever face should an emergency develop d
6、uring the rising of flight. Today, the team confirmed our abort abilities under these demanding conditions and put us one huge step closer to the first flight carrying people to the Moon and the next American Moon walkers will leave Earth aboard Orion and begin a new time of exploration.1 .What is t
7、he purpose of spacecrafts launch abort system?A. To test how the spaceship adapts to the high stress.B. To save the astronauts from the dangerous flight.C. To make the rocket fly faster than ever before.D. To study how challenging Orion will ever be.2. What does the underlined phrase u another motor
8、, refer to in Paragraph 2?A. A motor to pause.B. A motor to speed.C. A motor to control location.D. A motor to abandon parts.3. What does Mark Kirasich mean in the last paragraph?A. Flying in space is difficult and dangerous.B. The Orion program is inconvenient to perfbnn.C. The launch abort system
9、is well worth researching.D. The exploration to the Moon and Mars is on the way.文章语言点学习重点词汇和短语词汇和短语释义讲解announceVt.宣布，宣告作动词,还可表示（广播）通知，声称,宣称。announce sth. 宣告某事；announce sth. to sb.对某人宣布某事；announce that.宣告；It is announced that.据宣布【衍生词】announcement n. 公告，布告,通告 make an announcement 发表公告，发布通知safetyn.安全地，
10、安全处所作名词，表示安全,平安”。 in safety安全地;road safety道 路安全;safety belt 安全带;safety curtain 防火帘；safety glass 安全玻璃；safety island安全岛;safety measure安全措施 【衍生词】 safe adj.安全 safely adv.安全地emergencyn.突发事件，紧急情况a state of emergency 紧急状态；for emergencies 以备急需； emergency brake 紧急刹车;emergency room 急症室 【衍生词】emergent adj.新兴的，处
11、于发展初期的in the preparation for在的准备中【常用搭配】in preparation 准备in preparation for 为做准备make preparations for 为做准备prepare v.使做好准备;把预备好，有准备，防范，做饭，配制prepare sth. for sb. /sth.为某人（某事）准备某物 prepare sb. for sth.使某人为某事做好准备 prepare for sth.为某事做好准备 prepare（ oneself） to do sth.准备做某事 prepared adj.准备好的;愿意的 be prepared f
12、or sth.准备好某事 be prepared to do sth.愿意做某事flyV.（飞行器等）飞行,航行； （乘坐航空器等）航行,飞行；n.苍蝇（复数形式flies）experienceV.经历;遭受 n.经验;实践 经历;阅历【常用搭配】have previous experience 有先前的经验 teaching experience 教学经验 lack of experience 缺乏经验 leam by/from experience 从经验中学习 an enjoyable/exciting/unusual/forgettable experience 次，愉快： （激动、非
13、同寻常、难忘）的经验【衍生词】experienced adj.有经验的;熟练的fireV.点火;发动;解雇;开除 n.火;失火;火灾【常用搭配】fire on sb. /sth.对某人（某物）开枪 fire sth,射出某物（如枪弹） fire at sb. /sth.对某人（某物）开火set fire to 纵火set. on fire 使起火catch fire 着火 put out the fire 灭火 fire alarm火警报警器 fire department 消防队 fire engine消防车 fire extinguisher 灭火器 firefighter/fireman
14、 消防员pull. away from.把从拖开turn over翻阅;翻身;使翻转【常用搭配】turn sth. over 翻阅turn sb. over to sb.把某人移交给某人，送交某人给某人（由 他人看管）turn sth. over to sb.把某物移交给某人，送交某物给某人（由 他人管理）pointV.指，指向作动词，还可表示“瞄准;对着;朝向”或“指路;指点”作名词,表示“观点”。make/take/prove a point提出（接受、 证明）一个观点；get to the point直入正题;miss the point没抓 住要点，没听懂;no point没有意义；o
15、n the point of正当;正要copy模仿;仿效作动词，通常表示“复制;复印；临摹”，“抄写;誉写”或“作 弊,抄袭”作名词，表示“复印件，副本”，或用于指书、报等的“一本，一 册，一份”。copybook 习字帖；copy editor 文字编辑；copy writer广告文字撰写人;copyright版权challengingadj.挑战性的;考验能力的作形容词，表示“挑起争论的，不赞同的”动词challenge,表示“对“不疑;拒绝接受”，“挑战;强烈建 议”或“考查，考验”的意思。challenge sb. to sth.强烈建议 （要求）某人（做）某事;challenge s
16、b. to do sth,挑战（要求） 某人做某事challenged adj.伤残的，有残疾的confirmV证实，证明，确认作动词，还可表示“使确信”或“批准;确认;认可”。confirm sth. /that/what/when.证实；It is confirmed that.据确认demandingadj.要求高的;费力的作形容词，用于指工作，还可表示对人“要求极严的;苛求的； 难满足的”动词demand,意为“需要”，意为“强烈要求”时，后跟名词、代 词、不定式或that从句作宾语（从句谓语要使用should do虚拟式）aboardprep.上（船、飞机、 公共汽车、火车等）作介词
17、，aboard the plane登机;在飞机上作副词，意为“在（船、飞机、公共汽车、火车等）上”。All aboard请全体上车（或飞机、船等）；Welcome aboard欢迎各 位乘客，欢迎加盟（新组织等）;aboard也意为“在国外;到国 外“ 0 at home and abroad 国内外boards上船（飞机、公共汽车、火车等）；让乘客登机（或上 船等）词汇巩固练习一、根据英文提示，填写单词正确形式训练词汇正确运用及词性转换能力1. He （ announcement） to his friends the date of his wedding.2. They are gett
18、ing things together in （prepare） for tour.3. The students （copy） down the notes on the blackboard into their books.4. Lots of （ experience） of being in the earthquake are never forgotten.5. The butterfly （fly） off before she could catch it.6. They reached （ safe） seconds before the building was comp
19、letely on fire.二、根据汉语提示，完成句子训练词汇、短语在语境中的写作应用7 .This door should only be used in an （紧急情况）.8.She （指向）her finger in my direction.9.It is （证实）that the meeting will take place next week.10.The plane crashed, killing all 157 passengers （在飞机上）.11.Working as a teacher is a （挑战性的）and rewarding career.12.He
20、is a （苛刻的）boss, who is really hard to satisfy.答案速查1 -3 BDD词汇巩固练习1 .announced2.preparation3. copied4. experiences5.flew6. safety7. emergency8.pointed9 .confirmedVlO.aboard11 .challenging12.demanding【背景知识】NASA于2013年5月6日在新墨西哥州的美国陆军白沙导弹靶场成功试验了 奥利安”载人飞船的应急中止系统。试验中，该系统利用推力强大的火箭发动机把飞船的乘员舱推离发射场，并在6秒钟内将其快速推送
21、到1.9公里的高空，随后又利用降落伞使乘员舱返回地面。该中止系统的成功试验预示着人类漫步月球的美好明天即将到来。【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了 NASA开发出的一种功能强大的发射中止系统，它能够让宇航员在火箭 发射出现紧急情况时安全脱离险境。它的发明开启了航天新时代。【语篇结构】结构划分具体信息第一段交代背景，引出主题。第二段飞船发射中止系统的使用过程。第三段飞船发射中止系统强大的用途。第四段飞船发射中止系统美好的前景。【试题解析】题目答案详解1B细节理解题。定位句NASA successfully announced on Tuesday the Orion （猎户座）spa
22、cecraffs launch abort system （发射中止系统）can travel beyond a speeding rocket and pull astronauts to safety during an emergency launch.（第一段第一句）.well also have an equally powerful launch abort system that will pull the crew away if there is a problem with the rocket during the early part of rise.（第三段第二句）翻
23、译大意星期二，美国航空航天局成功宣布，奥利安（猎户座）宇宙飞船发射中止系统能（使宇航 员乘员舱）超高速驶离超速行驶的火箭，并在发射出现紧急状况时，将宇航员拉回安全地点。我们也将研发出功能同等强大的发射中止系统。若火箭在升空早期出现故障，该系统就可以 让全体宇航员脱离险境。解析根据定位句中的“pull astronauts to safety”和“pull the crew away”可知，发射中止系统的最终目 的是在紧急情况时能让宇航员脱险，确保其安全。A选项意为“测试宇宙飞船是如何适应高压的”； B选项意为“从危险的飞行中拯救宇航员的生命” ;C选项意为“让火箭比之前飞得更快”；D选项意为
24、“研究奥利安（猎户座）的难度”。故选B。2D指代判断题。定位句Its location control motor turned the capsule over end-over-end to exactly point it, and then another motor fired, releasing the crew carriage for landing in the Adantic Ocean.（第二段第三句） 国窿大意系统定位马达将太空舱首尾倒置以精准定向，接着另一个马达点火启动，使宇航员乘员舱 脱离并降落在大西洋上。解析根据定位句中的“releasing the crew
25、carriage for landing in the Adantic Ocean”可推知，点火启动 该马达，使宇航员乘员舱分离,让其降落在大西洋。A选项意为“暂停马达” ;B选项意为“加速马达”； C选项意为“定位马达” ;D选项意为“（部件）分离马达”。故选D。3D推理判断题。定位句Today, the team confirmed our abort abilities under these demanding conditions and put us one huge step closer to the first flight carrying people to the Mo
26、on and the next American Moon walkers will leave Earth aboard Orion and begin a new time of exploration.（第四段第三句）翻译大意现如今，该项目团队证实了我们（系统）在严苛条件下的中止能力,并且使我们在首次载 人月球飞行（项目）上迈出了巨大的一步，离目标更接近了。接下来的美国月球漫步者将乘坐奥利安 驶离地球,开启航天探索的新时代。解析根据第三段内容以及定位句可知，有了这项高新技术,Mark Kirasich对人类探索月球充满希 望，乐观地认为美国即将开启航天新时代。A选项意为“太空飞行既难又危险”；B选项意为“奥利安 计划不便于实施”；C选项意为“中止系统非常值得研究”；D选项意为“对月球和火星的探索即将开 始”。故选D。