1、专题一复杂多变的动词第一讲动词的时态、语态及主谓一致 单句语法填空1(2020高考全国卷)The unmanned Change4 probe (探测器)the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess (touch) down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.解析：考查时态。句子主语是the unmanned Change4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。touch down意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。答案：touched2(
2、2020高考全国卷)This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers (carry) special significance.解析：考查时态及主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实，所以用一般现在时；句子主语是动名词短语decorating with.，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。此题不要被flowers干扰，要找对从句的真正主语。答案：carries3(2020新高考全国卷)Often, only a small part of a museums collection (be) on display.Most of it is stor
3、ed away or used for research.解析：考查时态和主谓一致。主语是a small part，谓语动词用单数；此处说明事实，故用一般现在时。答案：is单句改错1(2020高考全国卷)For example, every morning, my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple. 解析：考查时态。根据every morning判断句子用一般现在时。答案：hadhave2(2020高考全国卷)My dad dont like the soup and I dont enjoy appl
4、es. 解析：考查主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，主语my dad为第三人称单数，后面的动词也要用第三人称单数，故将dont改为doesnt。答案：dontdoesnt一、动词的时态一般时态(一)一般现在时1表示习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always，every time，now and then，occasionally，often，seldom，sometimes，usually等连用。We always care for each other and help each other.我们总是照顾和帮助彼此。2表示客观真理、客观存在及自然现象。Time and tide
5、wait for no man.岁月不等人。3在when，till/until，as soon as，by the time，after，before等引导的时间状语从句以及if，unless等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。We wont leave until you come.你来了我们再走。If you come this afternoon，well have a meeting.如果你今天下午来，我们将开个会。4表示按时间表、时刻表等安排将要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词。如go，come，leave，arrive，begin，start，return，open
6、，close等。The flight takes off at 2：30 pm. every Wednesday and Friday.飞机每周三和每周五下午两点半起飞。(二)一般过去时1表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，与现在没有联系。I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.我忘了告诉你我以前和哥哥去过那儿。2表示过去的习惯性动作。I never drank coffee.我过去从不喝咖啡。3常用在since从句中。Since I was born I have lived in England.我从出生就一直住
7、在英国。(三)一般将来时的四种用法1“will/shall动词原形”表示在现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?No.I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？不知道。我现在就去看他。2be going to动词原形(1)表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。Mr.Smith is going to quit his present job.史密斯先生打算辞掉他现在的工作。(2)表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生。Look at th
8、e dark clouds.It is going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。3“be about to动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用，但可以与when连用。The English evening party is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。4“be to动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.在10点之前你得交上论文。进行时态(一)现在进行时1表示说话时正在进行且尚未完成的动作及状态，也可描述现阶段正在进行的动
9、作或发生的事情(此时此刻动作不一定正在进行)，常与these days，this week/month等时间状语连用。I hear you are working in a pub.Whats it like?Well，its very hard work and Im always tired，but I dont mind.我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。2现在进行时还可表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，这类动词主要有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，land，meet，move，return，stay，stop，do等。“T
10、he moment is coming soon，”he thought to himself，waiting nervously.“这一刻很快就要来到了，”他自思自忖，紧张地等待着。3与always，constantly，forever等词连用时可表示说话者的一种感情色彩，如赞许、责备、不满等。The girl is always talking loud in public.这个女孩总是在公众场合大声说话。(二)过去进行时1表示过去某一时刻正在进行或过去某一时间段内一直进行的动作。Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred
11、.杰克正在实验室工作，这时停电了。2表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词有leave，start，arrive，go，come等。Joan told us she was leaving for Wuhan next Saturday.琼告诉我们她下周六要去武汉。完成时态(一)现在完成时1表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately，recently，in the last/past few days/years (在过去的几天/年里)，since then，up to now，so far (至今)等。也可以表示过
12、去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有：already，just (刚刚)，yet，before等。In the past few years，many new railways have been laid down.在过去的几年里修建了许多新铁路。He has turned off the light.(The light is off now.)他已经把灯关掉了。2用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作而发生。He will be back before I have fini
13、shed my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。 3在“It/This is the first/second/third/.timethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们一家人第一次去电影院看电影。4在“It/This is the best/worst/most interesting/.名词从句”中，从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the most interesting book
14、 Ive ever read.这是我所读过的最有趣的一本书。特别提醒瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但其肯定句不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()类似的转换：买buyhave；借borrowkeep；结婚get marriedbe married；离开leavebe away；回来come backbe back；生病fall illbe ill；死亡diebe dead；关闭turn offbe
15、 off；动身leave forbe off to；睡觉go to bedsleep；穿put onhave on/wear；参加joinbe a member of；入睡go to sleepbe asleep(二)过去完成时1表示过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。常与by，by the end of，by the time，before，since，until等后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句连用。When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I hadnt seen for years.当沿着街道散步的时候，我
16、遇见了多年未见的戴维。2某些动词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算”。这类动词主要有expect，hope，plan，suppose，think，intend，mean，want等。I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。3在“Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely.when .，No sooner .than .”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，when和than从句中用一般过去时，意为“一就”。Hardly h
17、ad the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。No sooner had I got home than the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。4在“It/This was the first/second/. timethat从句”句型中，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。It was the second time that he had won the election.那是他第二次在大选中获胜。关注两组时态的区
18、别(一)一般过去时与现在完成时1时间上有差异：凡含有过去时间的，如ago，last year，just now，the other day等均用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。2结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。I lived in London for two years.我在伦敦住过两年。(现在不在伦敦)I have lived in London for two years.我在伦敦已住了两年。(现在还在伦敦)(二)一般过去时与过去完成时 过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语
19、连续几个动作(“连谓”)的形式则只用一般过去时即可。I got up early，washed my face，had a quick breakfast and hurried to school.我早早起了床，洗完脸，迅速吃完早饭，匆忙上学去了。I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when the bus finally came.车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。二、动词的语态被动语态的构成1被动语态由“be过去分词”构成。be随着主语的人称、数、时态而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表：现在过去将来过去将来一般式am/is/ are d
20、onewas/weredonewill/shallbe donewould/Shouldbe done进行式am/is/are being donewas/werebeing done完成式have/hasbeen done had beendonewill/shallhave been doneAn interesting book was given to me by my friend on my birthday.我生日的时候朋友送了我一本有趣的书。Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.你应该关注自己的发
21、音和拼写。2被动语态的使用场合：(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.据报道，人们在接下来的几年里将在月球上建一个空间站。With many forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。不能用于被动语态的几组动词1系动词类(look，see
22、m，feel，taste，smell，sound，prove，appear等)。He proved to be an honest friend.事实证明他是一个诚实的朋友。2表示主语特征的词(read，wash，write，sell，wear，look等)。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。3表示发生、归属的词或短语(happen，take place，break out，own，belong to等)。I have every confidence that the victory belongs to us.我完全相信胜利属于我们。4表示“
23、希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，hate等不能用于被动语态。They hated each other.他们曾彼此怨恨。主动形式表示被动意义1在need，want，require，deserve等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这个房子需要修理。2在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossibl
24、e，pleasant，interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出。被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特征或状态。The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃被那个男孩打碎了。(被动语态)The glass is broken.玻璃碎了。(系表结构)特别提醒“be seated坐着；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿着；be married结了婚的”是用来表示状态的结构。三、主谓一致语法一致原则1“the形容词”表示一类人作主语时，谓语动词用复
25、数形式。The old are living a happy life.老年人过着幸福的生活。2the rest/part (of) 及分数、百分数作主语时，谓语动词的数根据所指代或修饰的名词或代词的数判断。Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.地球表面的四分之三是海。3主语后跟由with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。I think To
26、m，rather than you is to blame for the accident.我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。意义一致原则1表示时间、金额、距离、重量等的词作主语时；单独的非谓语动词作主语时；a kind/series of，the number of与名词连用作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life.二十年在人的一生中意味着很长的一段时期。A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition
27、.展览会上展出了一系列高科技产品。2由and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。War and peace is a constant theme in history.战争与和平是历史上一个永恒的主题。3“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their parents.每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父
28、母所从事的职业感到骄傲。就近一致原则1由or，either .or .，neither .nor .，not only .but also .，not.but.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。Either you or one of your colleagues is to attend the meeting tomorrow.你或者你的一名同事要出席明天的会议。2由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。判定时态
29、的“四个依据”依据1通过“时态定义”解决时态问题准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。语法填空典例The graduation ceremony itself takes place at the end of May or the beginning of June，which usually (include) music，awards，and a guest speaker.分析：本句表示经常做的事情，应用一般现在时，故填includes。依据2通过“标志性时间状语”解决时态问题做题时可以通过寻找题干中的时间标志词来判定时态。语法填空典例Its success is very encour
30、aging in todays television world where reality shows (play) a leading part so far.分析：so far表示“迄今为止”，与其匹配的时态是现在完成时，故填have played。单句改错典例Yesterday，my friend Tony and I decide to go swimming in the sea. 分析：由yesterday可知此句应该用一般过去时，故decide改为decided。依据3通过“动作先后关系”解决时态问题 当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时，它们的发生时间有一定的先后关系。我们可以根据
31、这种先后关系来判定时态。语法填空典例However，when the shine and excitement of the presents and the parties began to wear off，the young princess found out that her handsome young husband wasnt as wonderful as she (expect)分析：主句的时态为一般过去时，expect表示的动作发生在“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时，故填had expected。依据4通过“固定句式”解决时态问题掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效
32、的方法，因此要熟记一些常用句式。语法填空典例This was the first time I (experience) sandstorms and I dont ever want to be in one again.分析：在“This was the first time (that).”句式中，从句用过去完成时，故填had experienced。单句改错典例In my opinion，it is time that we throw away our mobile phones. 分析：its time that sb. did/should do sth.是固定句式(should
33、不可省略)，意为“到某人做某事的时候了”。另外，表达此意也可用Its time for sb.to do sth.结构。故throw改为threw或在throw前加should。确定主谓一致的“两个原则”原则1通过“语法一致”原则解决主谓一致问题单句改错典例Online voting become increasingly popular，and many competitions get people involved in it. 分析：此处作句子主语的是动名词短语online voting，因此谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故become改为becomes。原则2通过“就近一致”原则解决主
34、谓一致问题语法填空典例Not only Jasper but also his friends (be) planning to go，because they have never been there before.分析：主语由not only.but also.连接，谓语动词应与his friends保持一致，再结合本句时态可知，应填are。 单句语法填空1The traditional Chinese marriage usually involves (involve) some necessary procedures，such as matchmaking，engagements
35、，meeting the bride，and three bows.2So far，the government has offered (offer) tax reduction for bookstores to encourage the development of physical bookstores.3He was having (have) dinner with his friends at eight oclock yesterday afternoon.4Chinas Fivehundredmeter Aperture Sphericai Radio Telescope
36、will remain (remain) the global leader for the next 10 to 20 years.5Feeding birds is (be)good for everyone.Birders enjoy watching the birds，while the birds get enough food to survive in big cities.6Shenzhen is (be) a coastal city on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary，separated from Hong Kong b
37、y a natural river border.7A new study has found (find) that elementary school students who sleep little are more likely to gain pounds.8She said she had noticed (notice) a big change in me and wondered why.9According to The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature, Jin Yongs novels are consider
38、ed (consider) to be of very high quality.10Should naps actually be taken (take) during the day?单句改错1Consequently，instead of giving us immediate answers，he is always encouraged us to think by ourselves whenever he puts forward questions.encouragedencouraging 2One of my friends have sent me a short me
39、ssage，saying that true friends are one soul in two bodies，which moves me very much and makes me think what true friendship is.havehas3The disadvantages of students bringing smartphones to school is obvious.isare4Growing up，I didnt have much ambition and I was wasted a lot of time on video games.去掉wa
40、s5She encourages us to think independently and have discussions among ourselves when we faced with problems.faced前加are语法填空There are many great destinations in the UK，one of 1. is the SouthWest of England.The most popular regions surrounding the SouthWest 2. (be) the counties of Devon and Cornwall.Th
41、ey are by the coast and known for having some of 3. sunniest weather in the UK.In the heart of the SouthWest，Dartmoor National Park 4. (vote) the UKs favourite in 2016.There are plenty of breathtaking walks to choose from which will lead you 5. (discover) Dartmoor ancient and rugged (崎岖的) charm!In t
42、he SouthWest you will find plenty of attractive and often deserted 6. (beach)Some examples include Whitesand Bay in Cornwall and Woolacombe beach in Devon.If you dont mind the 7. (slight) cooler temperatures than other beach destinations in Europe，you are in for a real treat!Apart from 8. (surround)
43、 by beautiful nature，the SouthWest is full of urban gems (精华)The city of Exeter in Devon has great centers，as well as lots of cafes 9. pubs.Cornwall has its own treasures toopretty villages and towns such as St Ives and Mousehole line the coastline，and make for the perfect locations to spend those 1
44、0. (relax) summer afternoons!语篇解读本文介绍了英国西南部的优美风景区。1解析：考查定语从句的引导词。本句为非限制性定语从句，句中缺少宾语，指物，故用which。答案：which2解析：考查主谓一致和时态。分析句子结构可知，本句主语是the most popular regions，故谓语动词需要用复数形式。结合全文所使用的时态为一般现在时可知，这里同样需要用一般现在时对英国西南部的景区进行客观介绍。答案：are3解析：考查冠词。根据后面的sunniest可知，此处是形容词的最高级，故用定冠词the。答案：the4解析：考查时态和语态。达特穆尔国家公园位于英国西南部
45、的心脏地带，2016年被评为“英国最受欢迎的公园”。根据句中的时间状语in 2016可知，此处用一般过去时，由于主语Dartmoor National Park和谓语动词vote之间为动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。答案：was voted5解析：考查非谓语动词。lead sb. to do sth.意为“促使某人做某事”，这需要与lead to doing这一结构区分开来。答案：to discover6解析：考查名词的单复数。beach为可数名词，前面由plenty of修饰，故此处需要用复数形式。答案：beaches7解析：考查词性转换。此处需要用形容词slight的副词形式sligh
46、tly修饰形容词cooler。答案：slightly8解析：考查非谓语动词。from为介词，其后需要跟v.ing形式作宾语，由于主语the SouthWest与动词surround之间为动宾关系，故用being surrounded，根据空后的介词by亦可知答案。答案：being surrounded9解析：考查连词。此处的cafes和pubs之间为并列关系，表示“有很多的咖啡馆和酒吧”，故用and。答案：and10解析：考查词性转换。summer afternoons为名词短语，需要用形容词修饰，由于表示“物”，故用ing形式的形容词relaxing。答案：relaxing.短文改错Dear
47、 Peter，I am writing to tell you that the first English Week is to be held in our school the next month. I would feel much honoring if you could come to attend.There would be many activities during the English Week, such as the English Calligraphy Show, the English Contest and so on, and the second o
48、ne of them are my favorite. The activities will surely arouse our interest in learning English and improving our understanding in English. We can also meet different student and make as many friends as possible，that will be a winwin situation.So come on，and seize this preciously opportunity!Looking
49、forward to your early reply!Yours，Li Hua答案：Dear Peter，I am writing to tell you that the first English Week is to be held in our school the next month. I would feel much if you could come to attend .There be many activities during the English Week, such as the English Calligraphy Show, the English Co
50、ntest and so on, and the second one of them my favorite. The activities will surely arouse our interest in learning English and our understanding inof English. We can also meet different and make as many friends as possible， will be a winwin situation.So come on，and seize this opportunity!Looking forward to your early reply!Yours，Li Hua