1、课时规范练7Unit 4 (A)(35分钟)课时规范练第14页.阅读理解A(2017北京卷)Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really
2、want.In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener,who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论),put it this way:“If we use,to achieve our purposes,a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预),we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the pu
3、rpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality,one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine,this quality is not in-born,nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fac
4、t that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee,it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful,
5、then,we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined,super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own,with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researcher
6、s argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall,using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately,that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans,let alone super intelligent
7、 machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand,as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that
8、 humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will nev
9、er happen.On September 11,1933,famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated,with confidence,“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However,on September 12,1933,physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.【解题导
10、语】人工智能产品日新月异,层出不穷,但人们开始担心超智能机器的安全问题。因为情况一旦失控,后果将无法想象。1.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .A.run out of human controlB.satisfy humans real desiresC.command armies of killer robotsD.work faster than a mathematician答案:A解析:推理判断题。根据第一段内容,尤其是第二句“The real problem relates to the p
11、ossibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.”可推断出,人工智能产品的发展很可能将会超出人类的控制范围。2.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .A.prevent themselves from being destroy
12、edB achieve their original goals independentlyC.do anything successfully with given ordersD.beat humans in international chess matches答案:A解析:细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“A machine with a specific purpose has another quality,one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence.”可知,
13、有特殊用途的机器和生物一样,也会防止自身遭到毁灭。3.According to some researchers,we can use firewalls to .A.help super intelligent machines work betterB.be secure against evil human beingsC.keep machines from being harmedD.avoid robots affecting the world答案:D解析:细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Some researchers argue that we can.to affect th
14、e real world.”可知,一些研究人员认为,我们可以使用防火墙把机器人封闭起来,避免它们影响我们生活的现实世界。4.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A.It will disappear with the development of AI.B.It will get worse with human interference.C.It will be solved but with difficulty.D.It will stay for a decade.
15、答案:C解析:细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.”可知作者认为,超智能机器的安全问题不是不可以解决,但解决难度很大。B(2018江西南昌二模)Traditionally,robots have been hard,made of metal and other rigid materials.But a team of scientists at Harvard University in the US ha
16、s managed to build an entirely soft robotone that draws inspiration from an octopus(章鱼).Described in science journal Nature,the “Octobot” could pave the way for more effective autonomous robots that could be used in search,rescue and exploration.“The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a
17、foundation for a new generation of completely soft,autonomous robots,”the studys authors wrote.Robots built for precise,repetitive movements in a controlled environment dont do so well on rough terrains(地形) or in unpredictable conditions.And they arent especially safe around humans,because theyre ma
18、de out of hard and heavy parts that could be potentially dangerous to their users.So researchers have been working on building soft robots for decades.Theyve taken inspiration from nature,looking to animals from jellyfish to cockroaches,which are often made up of more flexible matter.But creating a
19、completely soft robot remains a challenge.Even if engineers build a silicone(硅酮) body,its still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts,such as a source of power.“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage,it holds great promise for several applications,such as se
20、arch-and-rescue operations and exploration,”Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli of the Italian Institute of Technologys Center for Micro-BioRobotics,wrote in a comment.“Soft robots might also open up new approaches to improving wellness and the quality of life.”【解题导语】本文是一篇科普说明文。美国哈佛大学的科学家受到章鱼的启发,制
21、造了软体机器人;这种机器人可以用于搜救、探险等行业,比常规机器人更安全;虽然软体机器人的开发和研究尚处在早期阶段,但是这种机器人必将更有利于人类。5.Whats the special feature of “Octobot”?A.Its soft.B.Its made of metal.C.Its very small.D.It looks like an octopus.答案:A解析:细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的“The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation o
22、f completely soft,autonomous robots”可知,Octobot是一种可以用作软体机器人基础部件的微型系统,因此Octobot的特点是柔软,故A项正确。6.Whats the disadvantage of traditional robots?A.Theyre hard to control.B.Theyre too heavy to move.C.They cant predict conditions.D.They cant behave well all the time.答案:D解析:推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知,传统机器人无法在崎岖的地形上或不可预测
23、的情况下很好地运行,此外,由于沉重的金属部件,传统机器人可能会对人体造成伤害,因此传统机器人并非总是很好地运行,故D项正确。7.One of the biggest challenges is to build Octobots .A.silicone bodyB.complex componentsC.precise movementsD.flexible power source答案:D解析:细节理解题。根据第五段中的第二句可知,即使工程师利用硅酮制造出了软体机器人的身体,但是建造柔韧性强的关键部件仍然面临巨大的挑战,比如动力来源,因此制造软体机器人最大的挑战之一是柔韧性强的动力来源,故D
24、项正确。8.Whats the possible application of “Octobot”?A.Medical research.B.Life rescue.C.Machine operation.D.House cleaning.答案:B解析:细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句中的“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage,it holds great promise for several applications,such as search-and-rescue operations and exploration”可知,
25、尽管软体机器人技术还处于早期阶段,但它给诸如搜索救援和探索等任务带来了很大的希望,故B项正确。.七选五阅读根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Avoid Internet Addiction1 Many people suffer from addiction to the Internet and have a hard time paying attention to the important things around them.How can we prevent ourselves from going online too much?
26、Admit you have an addiction.2 Realize more and more people in the world are becoming addicted.You are not the only one with this problem.Do not be embarrassed;find others with the same problem and help each other beat it.Limit your computer time.Make sure not to turn it on too many times a week.Befo
27、re using your computer,decide on a time limit such as 30 minutes.Set the clock and make sure that you get off the computer when the time is up.3Try using the computer at the library.You wont be as attracted to look at certain websites and they do have a limit on how long you can stay online.4 So you
28、 wont be as attracted to be on the Internet as at home.5 Go for a run with a friend or get exercise some other way.Keep up with the local events in your neighborhood.There may be talks,films,concerts and sports events etc.Find some,as long as it is not on the Internet,and get involved.A.You will be
29、happier if you use the Internet less.B.There is no use avoiding the truth.C.Also,it is a good place to get some good books and magazines to read.D.Get a hobby or an interest.E.Internet addiction affects a lot of people.F.Get your friends to remind you if youve been on a long time.G.Try to reduce the
30、 amount of time by 5 minutes each time.答案:15 EBGCD.短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。This morning I saw off my aunt at railway station.Th
31、ere were many passenger in the waiting room.I saw an old lady crying sad because she had lost her ticket and was not able to afford another one.I was thinking about helping her when a man come up to comfort her.Then he bought her a ticket with his own money.The old lady was so moving that she could
32、hardly say a word.She grasped her hand and asked for his name or address.But he only smiled and said,“Its my pleasure.” Then he left away quickly.I was greatly moved by so a man he warmed others with his love.答案:This morning I saw off my aunt at the railway station.There were many passengerpassenger
33、s in the waiting room.I saw an old lady crying sadsadly because she had lost her ticket and was not able to afford another one.I was thinking about helping her when a man comecame up to comfort her.Then he bought her a ticket with his own money.The old lady was so movingmoved that she could hardly say a word.She grasped herhis hand and asked for his name orand address.But he only smiled and said,“Its my pleasure.” Then he left away quickly.I was greatly moved by sosuch a man hewho warmed others with his love.