1、语法初识原句感知自主探究1.Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 2However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.3Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to Am
2、erica by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.4That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.5It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but si
3、mply a mixture of many races and cultures.(1)what在例句1和that在例句3中引导宾语从句。(2)that 在例句2、5中引导主语从句，that不可省略。例句2、5中it为形式主语。 (3)why在例句4中引导表语从句。语法剖析主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身则放在句子末尾。引导主语从句的连词有that, whether, who, what, whatever等。1that引导的主语从句that在主语从句中不充当任何成分，无任何含义，只起连接作用，但that不能省略。that从句很长时，有
4、时可用it作形式主语。That she passed the exam made us very happy.她通过了考试使得我们非常高兴。That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. It surprised us all that he finished writing the composition in such a short time.他能在这样短的时间内写完作文让我们感到吃惊。常用句型(1)It be 形容词(possible, strange, natural, i
5、mportant, necessary .)that从句It is necessary that people should learn to face the reality.人们有必要学会面对现实。(2)It be 名词词组(a pity, a fact, a wonder, an honour, no wonder .)that从句It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health.吸烟危害健康，这是事实。(3)It 不及物动词(seem, occur, happen .)that从句It occurred to me that I would
6、 travel to Europe.我突然想到要去欧洲旅行。(4)It be 过去分词(said, thought, believed, supposed, reported .)that从句It is reported that he has won the game. 据报道他赢得了比赛。即时演练1把下列句子改为含有主语从句的复合句English is being accepted as an international language, which is a fact.It is a fact that English is being accepted as an internati
7、onal language.That we all should attend the meeting is important.It_is_important_that_we_all_should_attend_the_meeting.You didnt go to see such a wonderful play. Its a pity.Its_a_pity_that_you_didnt_go_to_see_such_a_wonderful_play.2whether/if引导的主语从句whether连接从句时，从句的句意完整，但是语气不肯定，表示怀疑。whether不能省略，意为“是否
8、”，在句首时不能用if替换。Whether he will come or not is still a question. It is still a question whether/if he will come.他是否会来仍然是个问题。Whether hell come to the meeting or not makes no difference. It doesnt make any difference whether hell come to the meeting or not.他是否会来并不重要。即时演练2单句改错If the plan will be carried
9、out is still unknown.IfWhetherThat he passed the exam was not certain.ThatWhether3wh引导的主语从句which, whichever, when, whenever，what, whatever, why, how等均称为wh引导词，它们可以引导主语从句。How he got the prize is known to all.所有人都知道他是如何获奖的。What he said at the meeting was very inspiring.他在会上说的话非常鼓舞人心。Why Tom was late is
10、 still unknown.汤姆迟到的原因仍然不明。点津如果是疑问句，就只能用it作形式主语。Hasnt it been decided yet when and where well hold the sports meet?我们何时何地开运动会还未决定吗？即时演练3单句语法填空What surprises me most is that he is too vain.Where Ill have my dinner depends on the money in my pocket.Which part of the country he will travel to needs dis
11、cussing.I think what impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.在复合句中充当宾语的句子称为宾语从句。宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词和非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)和某些形容词的宾语。1tha
12、t 引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that只起引导词作用，在句中不作成分，在口语和非正式文体中常省去。如果从句是并列句时，只有第一个连词that可以省略，第二个分句前的that不能省略。Everyone knows that the earth is made up of material.每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。He said (that) the text was important and that we should recite it.(第二个that不能省略)他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该背诵它。2if/whether引导的宾语从句动词后的宾语从句用if或wh
13、ether引导均可，但介词后的宾语从句只能用whether引导。Could you tell me whether/if it snows in winter in Australia?你能告诉我澳大利亚的冬天是否会下雪？Everything depends on whether you are for it.每件事情都取决于你是否赞成它。3wh引导的宾语从句who/whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how等引导宾语从句时，在从句中担当一定的成分，从句要用陈述语序。Pay attention to what the teacher said
14、.注意老师说的话。We havent decided when well set off for home.我们还未决定何时动身回家。4宾语从句的注意事项(1)如果动词宾语后有补语，那么要使用it作形式宾语，然后把宾语从句放在补语之后。We think it possible that you can finish the work today.我们认为你今天能够完成这项工作。(2)在like, enjoy, love, hate, take等表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词后跟宾语从句时，需跟形式宾语 it。I take it that you will agree with us.我认为你会赞成我们
15、的。(3)demand, order, suggest, advise, insist, request等表示“要求、命令、建议”的动词后的宾语从句的谓语常用“(should)动词原形”。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。(4)若主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，且句子为一般现在时，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语前，从句谓语用肯定式
16、。I dont think this dress fits you well.我认为这裙子不是很合你的身。(5)时态的呼应与语序在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序，时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则：如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态。Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring?你能确定爱丽丝把金戒指放到什么地方了吗？Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night?你知道他昨晚八点和谁一起说话吗？如果主句谓语是一般过去时，宾语从句要用表示
17、过去的某一时态。He said he would come to see us the next day.他说他明天将来看我们。I wanted to know whether he had been to Beijing.我想知道他是否去过北京。如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、真理等，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一般现在时。The teacher said the sun rises in the east.老师说太阳从东方升起。即时演练4(1)用适当的连词填空It is difficult for us to imagine what life was like for slaves
18、in the ancient world. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell how close you may be to victory.He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.It depends on whether you can do the work well.(2)完成句子The teacher suggested that_we_(should)_finish_reading (我们读完) the novel in fiv
19、e minutes.I dont like_it_that (喜欢) you have invited us to such a boring activity.We havent discussed yet where_we_are_going_to_place_(我们打算在哪儿放置) our new furniture.We think_it_possible_that (认为可能) we can reach the top of the mountain.在复合句中充当表语的句子被称为表语从句。引导表语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词大致一致。 1that引导的表语从句that引导表语
20、从句时，本身无实际意义，也不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但通常不省略。 My dream is that I will have my own company in the future. 我的梦想就是将来有自己的公司。2whether引导的表语从句(此时通常不可用if代替whether)The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是这事值不值得做。3wh引导的表语从句That is what we want to say.那就是我们想要说的。4几类常见的表语从句句型：(1)It looks/seems as if . 好像；仿佛(2)This
21、is because . 这是因为(3)The reason why . is that . 的原因是(that不能换成because)(4)That is why . 那是为什么(5)The question/problem is whether/when/where .问题是是否/何时/在哪里(6)His dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that .他的梦想/建议/目标/目的是This is because each year millions of smokers die from this habit.这是因为每年都有上百万的吸烟者死于这个习惯。The
22、reason why he didnt come to school was that he was ill.他没来学校的原因是他生病了。The question is whether we can finish the work in time.问题是我们能否及时完成这项工作。点津在动词“坚持(insist)、命令(order, command)、建议(suggest, advise, recommend)、要求(demand, require, request, ask)”后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词形式引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用“sho
23、uld do”的形式。His advice is that everyone (should) do his best to help the poor girl. (表语从句)He advised that everyone (should) do his best to help the poor girl. (宾语从句)He gave some advice that everyone (should) do his best to help the poor girl.(同位语从句)他建议每个人都应该尽力帮助那个可怜的女孩。It was advised that everyone (s
24、hould) do his best to help the poor girl.(主语从句)有人建议每个人都应该尽力帮助那个可怜的女孩。即时演练5用适当的连词填空China is no longer what it used to be.Go and get your coat. Its where you left it.The problem is who we can get to replace her.The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus.The question is whether we
25、 should ask them for help.链接高考单句语法填空1(2017北京高考)Every year, whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.解析：句意：每年，任何一个做出漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。空格所在部分是主语从句，空格处缺少主语，故用连接代词。根据句意可知是人获奖，只能用主格代词whoever。2(2017江苏高考)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20
26、, half of what it used to charge.解析：句意：我们选择这家旅馆，因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，这是他们过去所收价格的一半。空处在句中引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作charge的宾语，因此填what。half of what it used to charge“它过去所收价格的一半”。3(2017天津高考)She asked me whether/if I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt.解析：句意：她问我是否已将那些书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有还。分析句子
27、结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，又根据句意可知此处表示“是否”，故用whether或if引导这个宾语从句。4(2017北京高考)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing where she was heading.解析：句意：简漫无目的地沿着绿树成荫的街道往前走，不知道要去哪里。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，作动词knowing的宾语，且从句中缺少地点状语，故应用where引导。5(2016江苏高考)It is often the case that_anything is
28、possible for those who hang on to hope.解析：句意：通常情况下，对于那些坚持梦想的人，一切皆有可能。此句为主语从句，从句中不缺少任何成分也不缺少意义，故使用that引导。6(2016北京高考)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.解析：句意：雨季最令人高兴的事情就是你完全可以远离尘埃。根据句子结构可知，本句是表语从句，且表语从句中主系表结构完整，故使用连词that引导表语从句，that在表语从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用
29、。7(2015全国卷)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.解析：“how thick the adobe walls needed to be”是宾语从句，作“figured out”的宾语。how修饰形容词thick。8(2015江苏高考)Where Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the
30、 public, but some wont accept it.解析：句意：中国伟大诗人李白的出生地大家都知道，但是一些人不接受。where引导主语从句，where在从句中作地点状语。9(2015北京高考)How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.解析：句意：我们如何理解事情与我们的感受有很大关系。本句考查主语从句，根据逻辑意义应该表示方式，故用how。10(2015重庆高考)We must find out when Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.解析：
31、句意：我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，以便我们可以为他预订房间。根据语境可知，此处表示“他来的时间”，故要用when来引导。针对演练.单句语法填空1.I wonder if/whether I can get some advice from you.2.I am worried about whether I hurt her feelings.3.Energy is what makes things work.4.The question is who can complete the difficult task.5.It has been found that plastics can
32、 widely be used in industries.6. What I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.7.Its said that whoever gains from house sales should pay the individual income tax.8.Having lived abroad for many years, I came back home with my family, feeling this is where we belong.9.It
33、is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.10.That you dont like him is none of my business.11.He didnt pass the exam this time. That was because he didnt follow the teachers advice.12.She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do whatever i
34、t takes to save her life.完成句子1That_you_didnt_know_the_rules wont be an excuse for your failure.不知道规则不能成为你失败的借口。2I find_it_necessary_that we should spend more time practising spoken English.我发现我们有必要花更多时间练习英语口语。3Whoever_wants_to_stay_in_a_hotel has to pay their own way.任何一个想要住旅店的人都必须自己付钱。4Before I go
35、shopping, Ill make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.在购物前，我要列一下孩子们下一个季节需要的东西。5What_excited_us_most_was that he had won the first place in the math competition.最使我们激动的是他在数学竞赛中获得了第一名。.短文改错About a month ago, I was walking alone on the beach in the evening. I have already finished m
36、y homework, and I wanted to relax. Suddenly, I saw two children stand on the beach. They seem to have found something made of metal, which was big and reddishbrown. When I took a look at it, I knew immediate that it was an old bomb! I told them to move away the bomb. Fortunately, I had a mobile phon
37、e around with me, so I called the police and told them that had been found. About 15 minutes late, the police arrived. I was praised for it but then I went home. The next day, I heard that the police had blown the bomb up. It had been on the sand for over 60 years!答案：第二句：havehad第三句：standstanding第四句：seemseemed第五句：immediateimmediately第六句：awayfrom或away后加from第七句：去掉around; thatwhat第八句：latelater第九句：butand第十一句：onin