1、高考资源网（） 您身边的高考专家专题三阅读理解题组一细节理解 Passage 1 (2019江苏镇江一模)Over the past few years, smart home tech has become more and more accessible and its increasingly easy to find that youve bought a product that includes smart home features. So what does a modern smart home look like, and how can you start buildin
2、g one? You could get to start making your home smarter by the following gadgets.Ecobee 4*Measuring both occupancy and temperature, its sensors signal your Ecobee to automatically switch to the right mode.*It only takes about 30 minutes, thanks to an easy-to-follow installation guide and an in-app st
3、ep-by-step walkthrough.*Easily adjust temperature using your voice with built-in Alexa or from wherever you are using your mobile devices.Amazon Smart Plug*Amazon Smart Plug works with Alexa to add voice control.*Schedule lights, fans, and appliances to turn on and off automatically, or control them
4、 remotely when youre away.*Its simple to set up and use. Plug in, open Alexa app, and start using your voice.The Philips Hue White Smart Bulb*It works with Amazon Alexa to support dimming through voice control.*Schedule your own custom lighting scenes. Set the smart bulbs to turn on and off at a pre
5、-set time.*To install, simply screw (拧) the smart bulbs into your desired light location.*Control smart-bulb-equipped lamps and overhead lights via the Philips Hue App.August Smart Lock Pro*It works with Alexa for voice control (Alexa device sold separately).*Control keyless access. It locks automat
6、ically behind you, and unlocks as you approach.*Install in about 10 minutes with just a screwdriver (螺丝刀).1.What do the four gadgets have in common?A.Useful Philips Hue App.B.Beautiful lighting scenes.C.Easy installation and simple set-up.D.Pleasant temperature.2.This passage is intended to .A.intro
7、duce the gadgets of smart homeB.provide advice on home decorationC.compare the gadgets with othersD.show the popularity of the gadgets答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。近年来,智能家居技术变得越来越方便使用。作者介绍了可以让家变得更智能的四样小配件。1.C细节理解题。根据Ecobee 4部分的第二点中的an easy-to-follow installation guide and an in-app step-by-step walkthrough,Amazon
8、Smart Plug部分的第三点中的Its simple to set up and use,The Philips Hue White Smart Bulb部分的第三点中的To install, simply screw the smart bulbs和August Smart Lock Pro部分的第三点Install in about 10 minutes with just a screwdriver.可知,它们的共同特点是都很容易安装,故选C项。2.A推理判断题。第一段引出话题,智能家居技术变得越来越方便使用,接着作者主要介绍了四样可以让家变得更智能的小配件,故选A项。Passage
9、 2 (2019江苏江都中学、扬中高级中学、溧水高级中学期初联考)Airborne dust is normally seen as an environmental problem, but the lack of it is making air pollution over China considerably worse.A new study suggests less dust means more solar radiation hits the land surface, which reduces wind speed. That lack of wind in turn l
10、eads to an accumulation of air pollution over heavily populated parts of China. The researchers found that reduced dust levels cause a 13% increase in human-made pollution in the region.Hundreds of millions of people across China continue to be impacted by air pollution from factories and coal-fired
11、 power plants. Studies suggest that the dirty air contributes to 1.6 million deaths a year, about 17% of all mortality. But this new research says that the human-induced pollution is being made worse or better by naturally occurring dust that blows in from the Gobi Desert. Using models to simulate 1
12、50 years of wind and dust patterns in the region, the researchers found that the dust deflects significant amounts of sunlight. Without it, more heat from the Sun hits the land. Differences in the temperatures between land and sea cause the winds to blow. Without the dust, the land warms up more and
13、 that changes the temperature differential with the sea leading to weaker breezesand more air pollution.“There are two dust sources. One is the Gobi and the other is the highlands of northwest China, but we found the Gobi had much more influence,” said lead author Yang Yang, from the Pacific Northwe
14、st National Laboratory in Washington State, the US. “Less dust in the atmosphere causes more solar radiation to reach the surface. It weakens the temperature difference between the land and the sea and impacts the circulation of the winds and causes stagnation over eastern China and that causes an a
15、ccumulation of air pollution.”Another study has recently shown a link between declining Arctic sea ice and a major air pollution event in China in 2013. The authors of the new study believe that both theories could be true.“Our study has the same mechanism: the weakening of winds causes more polluti
16、on, and what is behind this needs to be studied,” said Yang Yang. “We have two views on this kind of weakening of winds. They found the sea ice, and we found the dust-wind interaction can also lead to weakening of the wind. I think both of them are important.”The researchers believe that the study m
17、ay inform broader questions about how natural and human-created aerosols interact.Many parts of the world, in addition to China, are now suffering from increased levels of air pollution and understanding how dust, winds and emissions work together may help limit some of the worst impacts of dirty ai
18、r.One of the key lessons from this study is that the absence of dusty conditions could mean the air you are breathing is worse for you, not better.1.According to the new study, the formation of air pollution over heavily populated parts of China is due to .A.the accumulation of dustB.the lack of tem
19、perature C.the high level of living standardsD.the shortage of wind2.Whats the right sequence of cause and effect leading to the air pollution?the worse circulation of the winds more heat from the sun lessening temperature between the land and the sealess dusta worse stagnationA.B.C.D.3.What can be
20、inferred from the passage?A.Millions of people die of diseases caused by dirty air every year in China.B.The theory of the consequences caused by declining Arctic sea ice is less scientific.C.The new study must invite questions about how natural and human-created aerosols interact.D.The absence of d
21、usty conditions means a much healthier environment. 答案语篇解读本文是一篇科普说明文,介绍了一项新的研究,即尘埃减少可能意味着空气会变得更糟,而不是更好。1.D细节理解题。根据第二段第二句That lack of wind in turn leads to an accumulation of air pollution over heavily populated parts of China.可知,风的缺乏反过来导致中国人口稠密地区空气污染的累积。故选D项。2.C细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Without the dust, the l
22、and warms up more and that changes the temperature differential with the sea leading to weaker breezesand more air pollution.可知,如果没有灰尘,陆地会变暖,这会改变与海洋的温差,从而导致微风减弱,造成更多的空气污染。故选C项。3.A推理判断题。根据第三段第二句Studies suggest that the dirty air contributes to 1.6 million deaths a year.可知,每年中国有上百万的人死于空气污染;根据第五段内容可知,关
23、于北极海冰减少所造成后果的理论也可能是正确的,B项less scientific表述有误;根据倒数第三段The researchers believe that the study may inform broader questions.可知,C项中must表达太绝对;根据最后一段.the absence of dusty conditions could mean the air you are breathing is worse for you, not better.可知,缺少尘埃,意味着你呼吸的空气更糟糕,D项错误。故选A项。Passage 3 (2019江苏南通一模)When a
24、 driver slams on the brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian crossing the road illegally, she is making a moral decision that shifts the risk from the pedestrian to the people in the car. Self-driving cars might soon have to make such ethical (道德的) judgments on their ownbut settling on a universal mora
25、l code for the vehicles could be a tough task, suggests a survey.The largest ever survey of machine ethics, called the Moral Machine, laid out 13 possible situations in which someones death was unavoidable. Respondents were asked to choose who to spare in situations that involved a mix of variables,
26、 young or old, rich or poor, more people or fewer. Within 18 months, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories.When the researchers analysed these answers, they found that the nations could be divided into three groups. One contains North Ame
27、rica and several European nations where Christianity has been the dominant (占支配地位的) religion; another includes countries such as Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan, with strong Confucian or Islamic traditions. A third group consists of countries in Central and South America, such as Colombia and Brazil.
28、The first group showed a stronger preference for sacrificing older lives to save younger ones than did the second group, for example.The researchers also identified relationships between social and economic factors in a country. They found that people from relatively wealthy countries with strong in
29、stitutions, such as Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally than did respondents in nations with weaker institutions, such as Nigeria or Pakistan.People rarely face such moral dilemmas, and some critics question whether the possible situations posed in th
30、e online quiz are relevant to the ethical and practical questions surrounding driverless cars. But the researchers argue that the findings reveal cultural differences that governments and makers of self-driving cars must take into account if they want the vehicles to gain public acceptance.At least
31、Barbara Wege, who heads a group working on autonomous-vehicle ethics at Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, says such studies are valuable. Wege argues that self-driving cars would cause fewer accidents, proportionally, than human drivers do each yearbut that people might focus more on events involving rob
32、ots.Surveys such as the Moral Machine can help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents that might develop trust. “We need to come up with a social consensus,” she says, “about which risks we are willing to take.” 1.Why is it difficult to set universal moral rules for programmin
33、g self-driving cars?A.Social values always change with time.B.Moral choices vary in different cultures.C.Drivers have a preference for sacrificing the weak.D.Car makers are faced with decisions on life or death.2.The researchers conducted the study by .A.using a massive online quiz worldwideB.compar
34、ing different cultures and customsC.dividing the respondents into three groupsD.performing a series of controlled experiments3.According to the study, in which country are drivers more likely to hit a pedestrian crossing the road illegally?A.Nigeria. B.Colombia.C.Finland. D.Indonesia.4.Barbara Wege
35、would probably agree that .A.self-driving cars will greatly improve the traffic environmentB.accidents caused by self-driving cars might receive more attentionC.problems involving self-driving cars might shake the public trust in societyD.car makers neednt take the risk of solving self-driving car e
36、thical dilemmas答案语篇解读文章主要讨论了这样一个话题:由于各国各地区的文化差异,为无人驾驶汽车制定一个普遍的道德规范是一项艰巨的任务。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句.but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task.及第三、四段可知,文化差异使得为无人驾驶汽车制定一个普遍的道德规范成为一项艰巨的任务。根据第三段第四句The first group showed a stronger preference for sacrificing older lives to s
37、ave younger ones than did the second group.可知,不是所有的驾驶员都偏向同情弱者;A、D两项文中没有涉及。故选B项。2.A细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句Within 18 months, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories.可知选A项。3.C细节理解题。根据第四段第二句.such as Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who
38、 stepped into traffic illegally.可知选C项。4.B推理判断题。倒数第二段第二句只提到cause fewer accidents, proportionally 不等于greatly improve,A项错误;根据倒数第二段最后一句.but that people might focus more on events involving robots.及最后一段第一句Surveys such as the Moral Machine can help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accid
39、ents that might develop trust.可知,在Barbara Wege看来,无人驾驶汽车引发的事故可能会受到更多的关注,B项正确;根据最后一段第一句中的that might develop trust可知,无人驾驶汽车产生的问题可能不会动摇公众对社会的信任,反而可能会加强这种信任,C项错误;D项中的car makers neednt take the risk在文中没有提到。故选B项。题组二推理判断与意图态度Passage 1 (2019江苏苏锡常镇教情调查一)Alarming headlines suggest one in four teenage girls in
40、the UK are self-harming, motivated by sex discrimination and pressures to look good in a selfie (自拍) society. These stories come from a report by the UK charity the Childrens Society, based on an ongoing survey of 11,000 children aged 14. Among the girls, 22 per cent said they had self-harmed while
41、boys 9 per cent.But while the term self-harm improves images of teenagers cutting themselves, that may, thankfully, be only the most extreme end of a broader range. In this survey, participants were merely asked if they had “hurt themselves on purpose in any way”. Some could have answered yes for th
42、ings like punching (击拳) a wall in dissatisfaction or deliberately getting falling-down drunk. Others could have thought the question including mental hurt. Such self-destructive behavior would naturally be of concern to parents, but wouldnt be that unusual for teenagers. Max Davie, a health promotio
43、n officer, does believe that self-harm among teens is somewhat on the risebut thinks the question in this survey was not specific enough to reveal its real universality.The latest headlines join an ongoing account about a mental health crisis in todays youth. Some blame cutbacks in social services,
44、while others point to a loosening of sexual standards putting teens at risk. For those cautious about new technologies, it is social media or the latest popular computer games.But such reports also deserve some skepticism. Claims of high rates of depression are usually based on surveys with very loo
45、se and non-medical criteria. Thankfully, clinical depression is still rare in this age group.In fact, a different and regularly repeated survey has found no change in 11-to-15-year-olds happiness with life as a whole between 1995 and 2016. Nor did their satisfaction with their appearance change, whi
46、ch makes it strange to blame the selfie culture for the apparent self-harm increase. This survey, called Understanding Society, even found improvement in happiness with family and schoolwork over that period. These more optimistic findings were also in the latest Childrens Society report but were bu
47、ried at the bottom of their press release.Davie thinks the rise in self-harm may not be due to a rise in unhappiness, but simply that this age group now sees self-harm as a more culturally acceptable way to express extreme sufferings. “It may be that previously people didnt know that this was someth
48、ing you could do. If people are talking about something and normalizing it, its probably more likely that their peers will do it.”If that is the case, it is all the more reason not to make self-harm seem more common than it really is.1.In response to the survey reported by the Childrens Society, the
49、 author believes . A.the survey is unscientific as it asked very specific questionsB.the self-destructive behavior of teens is worrying to parents C.the number of self-harming teens is alarming because of selfiesD.the images of teens self-harm are becoming more specific2.What does Max Davie think of
50、 self-harm among teenagers?A.The situation is too worrying. B.The rise is somewhat beneficial. C.The problem is actually widespread.D.The phenomenon is not so universal.3.What can we know from the survey called Understanding Society?A.Teenagers in the past lived a happier life. B.Selfie culture is r
51、esponsible for the increase of self-harm.C.There is no connection between self-harm and selfie.D.With selfie teenagers are more satisfied with their appearance.4.The last two paragraphs mainly imply that .A.self-harm results from too much pressureB.self-harm is the result of social developmentC.teen
52、s need correct guidance from the outsideD.teens should avoid following peers examples答案语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。根据很多新闻报道,自残现象越来越普遍。但是作者认为情况并非如此。另外有人认为自残是自拍文化造成的,作者也对这一观点进行了反驳。1.B细节理解题。根据第三段第三句Such self-destructive behavior would naturally be of concern to parents.可知,这种自毁行为很自然会让父母担忧,故选B项。根据第三段最后一句.but thinks the
53、 question in this survey was not specific enough to reveal its real universality.可知,调查的问题不够具体,且此处为Max Davie的观点,故A项错误;根据第六段第二句.makes it strange to blame the selfie culture for the apparent self-harm increase.可知,作者认为年轻人自残与自拍关联不大,C项错误;根据第二段第一句中的the term self-harm improves images of teenagers cutting th
54、emselves 可知,self-harm一词改善了自残者的形象,而不是becoming more specific,排除D项。2.D推理判断题。 根据第三段最后一句.but thinks the question in this survey was not specific enough to reveal its real universality.可知,Davie认为青少年自残现象确实在增长,但是这个调查的结果不能明确地反映如今自残的普遍性。故选D项。3.C推理判断题。根据第六段第一句中的no change in 11-to-15-year-olds happiness with li
55、fe as a whole between 1995 and 2016可知,从1995年到2016年,青少年的幸福感整体并没有变化;再根据该段第二句中的which makes it strange to blame the selfie culture for the apparent self-harm increase可知,把自残这一现象明显的增长归因到自拍文化是很奇怪的。由此可知,自残与自拍没有联系,故选C项。4.C推理判断题。根据最后两段的内容可知,如今人们认为自残是一种在文化上可接受的表达极端情绪的途径,而且似乎已经被正常化,这是自残现象增加的真正原因。由此可见,外部的引导非常重要,
56、故选C项。Passage 2(2018江苏镇江上学期学情调研)The rate of deaths related to Alzheimers (阿尔茨海默)disease jumped by 54.5 percent over 15 years, according to a new report from the U.S., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).The disease currently affects an estimated 5.5 million people in the U.S., but that n
57、umber is expected to rise dramatically in people over the age of 65 to 13.8 million in 2050.The researchers examined death certificate data from the National Vital Statistics System to reach their findings.Keith Fargo, director of the scientific program at the Alzheimers Association, said that the s
58、tudy highlighted the need for support and research into treatment for Alzheimers disease.“Its the only cause of death in the top 10 that does not have a way to prevent it or stop it,” Fargo told ABC News.CDC researchers did not study why there was an increase but reported the result of the phenomeno
59、n might be that more people were surviving to old age. They found from 1999 to 2005 the greatest increase in the death rate related to Alzheimers disease was in people over the age of 85.Fargo said he was discouraged to see in the report that 24.9 percent of people with Alzheimers disease were dying
60、 at home rather than in a medical facility.“Before you die people become completely bed bound,” said Fargo. “It requires an intense level of caregiving to the end.”Fargo said the fact that more people were dying at home indicated that people did not have the resources to get appropriate help at long
61、-term care facilities like nursing homes. Fargo said providing that level of care could burden the caregivers both emotionally and physically. The CDC estimates caregivers provided 18.2 billion hours of unpaid care to dementia(痴呆)patients in 2015.“The caregivers for Alzheimers disease have $9 billio
62、n more in Medicare claims of their own, in addition to the claims of their loved ones,”Fargo said. “Caregiving is so stressful that it causes a lot of physical suffering.”The CDC researchers point out that increasing rates of Alzheimers disease will mean more people need support to care and treat th
63、ese patients.“Until Alzheimers can be prevented, slowed, or stopped, caregiving for persons with advanced Alzheimers will remain a demanding task,” the authors wrote. “An increasing number of Alzheimers deaths coupled with an increasing number of patients dying at home suggests that there is an incr
64、easing number of caregivers of persons with Alzheimers. It is likely that these caregivers might benefit from interventions such as education, and case management that can reduce the potential burden of caregiving.”1.Which statement is true according to the passage?A.There exist ways to prevent or s
65、top Alzheimers disease.B.Alzheimers disease affects a total of 13.8 million Americans.C.Not all Alzheimers patients can afford to live in care facilities.D.People under the age of 65 will not develop Alzheimers disease.2.What might have caused the increase in the number of Alzheimers patients?A.The
66、ineffective treatment.B.The limited medical facilities.C.The growing aging population.D.The lack of health care.3.Which of the following can best describe the job of the caregivers for Alzheimers disease?A.Unskilled but worthwhile.B.Tough and competitive.C.Painstaking but well-paid.D.Stressful and t
67、ime-consuming.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。美国疾病控制和预防中心的研究人员指出,随着老年痴呆症的发病率增加,需要更多的人来照料和治疗老年痴呆症患者。1.C推理判断题。根据第八段中的Fargo said the fact that more people were dying at home indicated that people did not have the resources to get appropriate help at long-term care facilities like nursing homes.可推断出,并非所有的老年痴呆症患者都能负担得起住在
68、护理机构的费用,所以C项与原文相符。故选C项。2.C细节理解题。根据第五段CDC researchers did not study why there was an increase but reported the result of the phenomenon might be that more people were surviving to old age. They found from 1999 to 2005 the greatest increase in the death rate related to Alzheimers disease was in people
69、 over the age of 85.可知,不断增长的人口老龄化是导致这一现象的可能性因素。故选C项。3.D推理判断题。根据第九段中的“Caregiving is so stressful that it causes a lot of physical suffering.”以及最后一段第一句中的“Until Alzheimers can be prevented, slowed, or stopped, caregiving for persons with advanced Alzheimers will remain a demanding task”的理解可推断出,老年痴呆症患者的
70、护理工作是一件既要承受压力又要耗费时间的工作。故选D项。Passage 3(2018江苏省连云港市一模)If every public interaction were filmed, would the world be a better place? Common sense suggests it would, and to some extent, we already live in such a world, with closed-circuit television cameras everywhere and smartphones in every pocket.Howev
71、er, the routine filming of everyday life is about to go to the next level. A number of countries are rolling out body cams for police officers and other public-facing agencies such as school. Private citizens are getting in on the act too:Cyclists increasingly wear headcams as an insurance against a
72、ggressive drivers. As camera technology gets smaller and cheaper, it isnt hard to foresee a future where were all filming everything all the time, in every direction. Would that be a good thing?The available evidence suggests that it discourages behavior such as police brutality. Another upside is t
73、hat it would be harder to get away with crimes or to escape blame for accidents. But a world of cameras could have subtle negative effects. The flood of data we pour into the hands of Google, Facebook and others has already proved a mixed blessing. Those companies would no doubt be willing to upload
74、 and store our body-cam data for free, probably with the assistance of machine learning algorithms(算法)but at what cost to privacy and freedom of choice? Body-cam data could also create a legal mine field. Disputes over the validity and interpretation of police footage(执法镜头)have already surfaced. Eve
75、ntually, events not caught on camera could be treated as if they didnt happen, like a tree falling in the forest. Alternatively, footage could be faked or doctored to escape blame or incriminate others.Of course, theres always the argument that if youre not doing anything wrong, you have nothing to
76、fear. But most people have done something embarrassing, or even illegal, that they regret and would prefer hadnt been caught on film. People already inspect their social media feedsor avoid doing anything inadequate in publicfor fear of damaging their reputation. Would widespread application of body
77、 cams have a further frightening effect on our freedom? The always-on-camera world could even threaten some of the natures that make us human. We are natural gossips and backbiters, and while those might not be desirable behavior, they oil the wheels of our social interactions. Once people assume th
78、ey are being filmed, they are likely to shut up. We are nowhere near that point yet where everyone will feel they need one as an insurance policy, but we should think hard about whether we really want to say lights, body cams, and action.1.What is the benefit of filming to average people?A.Promoting
79、 the widespread use of smartphones in public.B.Fighting crimes or bad behavior by providing solid evidence.C.Guaranteeing cyclists and pedestrians more safety on roads.D.Encouraging better performance of the police and teaching staff.2.In the authors view, the data flooding into tech giants is fairl
80、y .A.comfortingB.puzzlingC.worryingD.satisfying3.Certain undesirable behavior is important because it .A.functions as an insurance policyB.warns us not to be caught on filmC.prevents inadequate social behaviorD.motivates human daily communication答案语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。现代社会中摄像头无处不在,这一方面让不良行为无处藏身,但是另一方面又侵犯了别人
81、的自由和隐私,也让利用镜头做伪证成为可能。1.B细节理解题。根据第三段中的Another upside is that it would be harder to get away with crimes or to escape blame for accidents.可知,监控的好处之一是让罪犯逃脱或逃避事故责任变得更难,即为和罪犯或不良行为做斗争提供证据,故选B项。 2.C观点态度题。根据第三段中的The flood of data we pour into the hands of Google, Facebook and others has already proved a mix
82、ed blessing.可知,这是一件好坏参半的事;接着作者就在下面列举了它的消极影响,比如对人身自由权和隐私权的侵犯,镜头有可能是伪造的来逃避责任等,尤其是第四段,作者采取了让步的论证方式,论述了即使你没做错事,没什么感到好害怕的,但是绝大部分人都会感到难堪。由此可见,作者对于数据涌进科技巨头公司是持担心的态度,故选C项。3.D细节理解题。根据最后一段中的We are natural gossips and backbiters, and while those might not be desirable behavior, they oil the wheels of our socia
83、l interactions.可知,一定的不良行为是重要的,因为它能推进社会的相互作用,意思就是促进了人类的日常交流,故选D项。题组三词义猜测Passage 1 (2019江苏泰州一模)Going to university is supposed to be a mind-broadening experience.That assumption is possibly made in contrast to training for work straight after school. But is it actually true? Jessika Golle of the Unive
84、rsity of Tbingen, Germany, thought she would try to find out.Her result, however, is not quite what might be expected. It shows that those who have been to university do indeed seem to leave with broader and more inquiring minds than those who have spent their immediate post-school years in vocation
85、al training for work. However, it is not the case that university broadens minds. Rather, work seems to narrow them.After studying the early career of 2,095 German youngsters, Dr. Golle reached the conclusion.During the period under investigation, Germany had three tracks in its schools: a low one f
86、or pupils who would most probably leave school early and enter vocational training, a high one for those almost certain to enter university, and an intermediate one, from which there was a choice between the academic and vocational routes.The team used two standardized tests to assess their voluntee
87、rs. One was of personality traits and the other of attitudes. They administered both tests twiceonce towards the end of each volunteers time at school, and then again six years later.Of the original group, 382 were on the intermediate track, and it was on these that the researchers focused. Of them,
88、 212 went to university and the remaining 170 chose vocational training and a job.When it came to the second round of tests, Dr. Golle found that the personalities of those who had gone to university had not apparently changed. Those who had undergone vocational training and then got jobs were not t
89、hat much changed in personality, eitherexcept in one crucial respectthey had become more responsible.That sounds like a good thing, compared with the common public image of undergraduates as a bunch of pampered layabouts (娇生惯养的闲人). But changes in attitude the researchers recorded were more worrying.
90、 In the university group, again, none were detectable. But those who had chosen the vocational route showed marked drops in interest in tasks that are investigative and enterprising in nature.And that might restrict their choice of careers. Some investigative and enterprising jobs, such as scientifi
91、c research, are, indeed off limits to the degreeless.But many, particularly in Germany, with its tradition of vocational training, are not. The researchers mention, for example, computer programmers, finance-sector workers and entrepreneurs as careers requiring these attributes.If Dr. Golle is corre
92、ct, and changes in attitude brought about by the very training Germany prides itself on are narrowing peoples choices, that is indeed a matter of concern.1.Compared with students going to university, those choosing the vocational route .A.show more changes in their attitudesB.find it more difficult
93、to land suitable jobsC.are more interested in tasks related to scienceD.are more responsible and do their work better2.The underlined word “detectable” in Para. 9 can be replaced by “”.A.desirable B.predictable C.noticeableD.changeable3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A.Univ
94、ersity graduates dont need to receive training at all. B.Germany should change the tradition of vocational training. C.People without a degree may find a limit to their choices of careers.D.In comparison with vocational training, universities can greatly broaden peoples minds.4.In which column of a
95、magazine can you find the passage?A.Science. B.Culture. C.Economy. D.Education.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。研究人员通过对德国年轻人的调查发现,读大学未必是一种开阔眼界的经历。研究人员从个性特征和态度两个方面对志愿者进行了评估,发现选择职业培训的人会变得更加认真负责,但是对探究型和开创型任务的兴趣明显下降。1.A细节理解题。根据第九段第二句But changes in attitude the researchers recorded were more worrying.可知,志愿者态度上的变化更令人感到担心;再
96、根据第九段最后一句But those who had chosen the vocational route showed marked drops in interest in tasks that are investigative and enterprising in nature.可知,选择职业培训的那些人对探究型和开创型任务的兴趣明显下降。读大学的人没有明显的变化,相对于他们,选择职业培训的人态度发生了较大的变化。故选A项。2.C语义猜测题。根据第八段第一句中的the personalities of those who had gone to university had not
97、 apparently changed可知,读大学的人个性变化不明显。根据画线词所在句中的again可知,读大学的人态度变化也是不明显的。desirable值得拥有的;predictable可预料的;noticeable显著的;changeable可变的。noticeable符合句意,故选C项。3.C推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第二句Some investigative and enterprising jobs, such as scientific research, are, indeed off limits to the degreeless.可知,一些探究型和开创型的工作(比如科学研
98、究)确实是没有学位的人无法从事的。即没有学位可能限制人们的职业选择,故选C项。A、B项本文未提及,可排除;根据第三段倒数第二句However, it is not the case that university broadens minds.可知,读大学并没有开阔人们的眼界,D项错误。4.D推理判断题。本文介绍了对读大学的人和选择职业培训的人在个性和态度上的变化的对比研究。 德国人一向以自己的职业培训为骄傲,但研究结果发现职业培训带来的态度上的变化可能限制了人们对职业的选择。读大学还是选择职业培训属于教育问题。故选D项。Passage 2 (2019江苏苏锡常镇教情调查二)Our home
99、galaxy (星系), the Milky Way, makes for a pretty space picture, and it looks normal at a distance. But a new 3D map reveals a surprise: .The Milky Way is a spiral (漩涡型的) galaxy, in which stars and gas clouds exist mainly in its spiral “arms”. Our massive neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy (仙女座), is also s
100、piral. Spiral galaxies usually appear very flat and easy to see through a telescope, said the researchers.Using 1,339 large, pulsating (脉冲的) stars to make a 3D map of the Milky Way, researchers discovered instead that the galaxys disk of stars is increasingly twisting,most likely due to the spinning
101、 of the disk. And the farther the stars are from the center, the more twisted they become.Previously, astronomers saw evidence of hydrogen clouds becoming warped (弯曲的) in the Milky Way. This isnt completely abnormal, because astronomers have noticed the same pattern of progressively twisting spirals
102、 in about a dozen other galaxies. But it does help them make more sense of our galaxy.Because we live in this galaxy, that makes it harder to observe, and dust and starlight make it even more difficult when using telescopes. Trying to determine what our galactic center looks like is similar to tryin
103、g to find the center of a forest youre standing in.“It is extremely difficult to determine distances from the Sun to parts of the Milky Ways outer gas disk without having a clear idea of what that disk actually looks like,” lead study author Xiaodian Chen of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijin
104、g said in a statement.From afar, the Milky Way appears like a thin rotating (旋转的) disk of stars, orbiting the center every few hundred million years. In the center, hundreds of billions of stars and dark matter hold the galaxy together.But as you move toward the outermost reaches of the galaxy, the
105、gravitational glue of the center fades. In the outer disk, this keeps hydrogen gas from being restricted, which contributes to an S-shaped warping.“Somewhat to our surprise, we found that in 3D our collection of 1,339 stars and the Milky Ways gas disk follow each other closely. This offers new insig
106、hts into the formation of our home galaxy,” Richard de Grijs, senior study co-author and professor at Macquarie Universitys Department of Physics and Astronomy, said in a statement. “Perhaps more importantly, in the Milky Ways outer regions, we found that the S-like stellar (星的) disk is warped in a
107、progressively twisted spiral pattern.”So the massive inner disks rotational force causes the outer disk to warp, the researchers concluded.“This research provides a crucial updated map for studies of our galaxys stellar motions and the origins of the Milky Way,” said Licai Deng, co-author and senior
108、 researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in a statement.1.Which of the following might be the missing sentence in the first paragraph?A.The Milky Way is being warped and twisted by its stars.B.The Milky Way is spiral and orbiting itself all the time.C.The formation of our home galaxy is due t
109、o the force of gravity.D.The origin of the Milky Way lies in its rotational force.2.What does the underlined “this” refer to?A.The Milky Way.B.The gravitational glue.C.The fading of gravity.D.The outermost reach of the galaxy.3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A.The galaxy we
110、live in is unique for its special spirals.B.The stars in the center of the Milky Way are more twisted.C.The distance from the sun to other stars is already known to scientists.D.The rotation of its inner center forces the Milky Way to twist.4.What is the significance of this finding?A.It reveals why
111、 the Milky Way is a flat and spiral galaxy.B.It leads to a breakthrough of using 3D technology in space research.C.It proves a previous way of observing the Milky Way while we are living in it.D.It contributes to our knowledge about the Milky Way.答案语篇解读本文是一篇科普性说明文。文章介绍了一张最新的银河系的3D地图。该地图揭示了关于银河系的一些令人
112、惊讶的东西,这项研究有利于我们更好地了解银河系。1.A推理判断题。根据横线前的But a new 3D map reveals a surprise可知,一张新的3D地图揭示了一个令人惊讶的东西,句子用了冒号,说明后面应是surprise的具体内容。同时横线处所填内容应该是随后段落的中心内容。根据第二段内容可知,银河系是旋涡状的;根据第三段第一句中的the galaxys disk of stars is increasingly twisting可知,银河系让人惊讶的地方是spiral或twisted,而非其他。A项中的warped也表示弯曲或扭曲,与twisted相符合,故选A项。2.C语
113、义猜测题。根据倒数第四段第一句But as you move toward the outermost reaches of the galaxy, the gravitational glue of the center fades.可知,当我们移往银河系最外部分,即离中心最远的部分时,中心的重力吸引力就会逐渐消失。在外部,重力的消退使得氢气不受限制,因此this指重力吸引力的消退,故选C项。3.D细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知,巨大的内盘的旋转力使得外盘弯曲,与D项内容相符,故选D项。4.D推理判断题。根据最后一段中的This research provides a crucial
114、updated map for studies of our galaxys stellar motions and the origins of the Milky Way.可知,这个研究为我们研究银河系的星体运动和银河系的起源提供了一个重要的最新的地图,即有利于我们很好地了解银河系,故选D项。Passage 3(2018江苏省南京市高三上学期学情调研)Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol is an absolute classic. And even if you dont want to write exactly like Dickens, theres
115、 somethinga technique, an idea, a theme, etc.that every writer can pull from Dickens writing.“Make them laugh, make them cry and make them wait.” was Dickens motto and his method. Unfortunately, the use of humor escapes many writers today, especially those who seek to write serious fiction. Dickens
116、was a master of high humor, satire, puns, wordplay, and a curious method of characterizing that made fun of his own creations even as he fleshed them out with life.You can use the same techniques employed to such good effects by Dickens to add humor to your work. Try to exaggerate your characters a
117、bit. Underline passages that strike you as particularly funny. Then use a similar tone or approach when describing one of your own characters, especially people you wish to make fun of. This type of humor will not, it is important to stress,detract from the high tone or seriousness of your subject.
118、Instead, it will add a much appreciated human element to otherwise serious writing.The second element of Dickens famous motto focuses on his use of strong emotions. As Aristotle pointed out in his Poetics, emotional appeals are one of the chief devices of the lecturer and, by extension, of the novel
119、ist. Novels werent invented back in Aristotles time, but drama was, and he pointed to examples from the ancient Greek dramatists where arousing the audiences pity and fear was planned in advance by the dramatist. In a similar way, a novelist can learn from Dickens how to make readers feel strong emo
120、tions.We may find it harder to cry, but Dickens was a master of situations that brought on the sympathy needed to cause readers emotion. The very memorable death of Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) had greatly moved American readers. In composing that scene, he went back in his mind to the grea
121、t pain he had suffered when he watched helplessly as seventeen-year-old Mary Hogarth, his sister-in-law, died in his arms some years earlier. The message is clear:to create emotion you must feel emotion.In a wonderful little book,Charles Dickens as Serial Novelist (1967), Archibald C. Coolidge Jr. s
122、ays the serial (连载小说) form of publication put certain pressure on Dickens that forced him to solve typical novelists problems (such as how to maintain readers interest) in strikingly bold ways. One of his most important techniques and one which is often overlooked by writers who prefer literary fict
123、ion is the use of an element of mystery and suspense. Dickens called it his mystery story technique. An example of the mystery that runs through BleakHouse (1853) is the identity of Esthers mother. By the time the truth is revealed, the reader is worked up to great interest.To provide a mystery in y
124、our mainstream novel, you might choose some aspect of the story that can be concealed from the reader. Then do not reveal too much.only tell as much as is needed. You can use the same Dickensian mystery story technique in your own work. You can even lead readers in the wrong direction, provided one
125、of the characters reasonably believes the wrong thing, as Pip does when he suspects that his benefactor (捐助者)is Miss Havisham. Sometimes, the less you tell, the more readers love it. So, by all means, make them wait.1.The underlined phrase “detract from” in Paragraph 3 means“”.A.make fun ofB.lay emp
126、hasis onC.reduce the level ofD.adopt the technique of2.Aristotles idea is mentioned in Paragraph 4 to .A.explain the similarities between novels and dramasB.show ancient Greek dramatists ability to use strong emotionsC.display Charles Dickens talent for using strong emotions in his worksD.emphasize
127、the necessity of using strong emotions in writing novels3.What is the purpose of using Dickensian mystery story technique?A.To mislead the target readers.B.To portray the main characters.C.To maintain readers interest.D.To reveal important information.4.What is the best title of the passage?A.Write
128、Just like Charles DickensB.Analyze Charles Dickens PersonalitiesC.Highlights of Charles Dickens WorksD.Introduction to Charles Dickens Writing Techniques答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了狄更斯写作的过人之处,即幽默、强烈的情感和设置悬念,这三点是值得年轻作家学习的。1.C词义猜测题。画线词语所在句中“it is important to stress”是插入语,然后根据下一句Instead, it will add a much a
129、ppreciated human element to otherwise serious writing.中的“Instead”可推断出，“detract from”意为“减损,使逊色”,此处指“这种幽默不会影响你的主题的高音调或严肃”。故选C项。 2.D写作意图题。根据第四段中的As Aristotle pointed out in his Poetics, emotional appeals are one of the chief devices of the lecturer and, by extension, of the novelist.以及本段最后一句的理解可知,此处提到亚
130、里士多德的思想是为了强调在写小说时使用强烈情感的必要性。故选D项。3.C细节理解题。根据最后一段中的Sometimes, the less you tell, the more readers love it. So, by all means, make them wait.可知,使用狄更斯式的神秘故事技巧的目的是让读者一直保持兴趣。故选C项。4.A主旨大意题。分析文章的结构可知,这篇文章采取的是总分的结构,文章开始就介绍了狄更斯写文章的过人之处,即幽默、强烈的情感和设置悬念,这三点是值得年轻作家学习的地方。所以A项准确地概括了文章的主题,故选A项。题组四主旨大意与篇章结构Passage 1
131、 (2019江苏扬州一模)Cooperation at work is generally seen as a good thing. The latest survey by the Financial Times of what employers want from MBA graduates found that the ability to work with a wide variety of people was what managers wanted most. But managers always have to balance the benefits of teamw
132、ork, which help ensure that everyone is working towards the same goal, with the dangers of “groupthink” when critics are reluctant to point out a plans drawbacks for fear of being kept out of the group. The disastrous Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961 was a classic case of groupthink. Skeptics we
133、re reluctant to challenge John F. Kennedy, the newly elected American president.Modern communication methods mean that cooperation is more frequent. Workers are constantly in touch with each other via e-mail messaging groups or mobile calls. But does that improve, or lower performance? A new study b
134、y three American academics, tried to answer this question. They set a logical problem (designing the shortest route for a travelling salesman visiting various cities). Three groups were involved: one where subjects acted independently; another where they saw the solutions posted by team members at e
135、very stage; and a third where they were kept informed of each others views only intermittently.The survey found that members of the individualist group reached the premier solution more often than the constant cooperators but had a poorer average result. The intermittent cooperators found the right
136、result as often as the individualists, and got a better average solution. When it comes to ideal generation, giving people a bit of space to a solution seems to be a good idea. Occasional cooperation can be a big help: most people have benefited from a colleagues brainwave or (just as often) wise ad
137、vice to avoid a particular course of action.Further clues come from a book, Superminds, by Thomas W. Malone of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He says that three factors determine the collective intelligence of cooperating groups: social intelligence (how good people were at rating the em
138、otional states of others); the extent to which members took part equally in conversation (the more equal, the better); and the cooperation of women in the group (the higher, the better). Groups ranked highly in these areas cooperated far better than others.In short, cooperation may be a useful tool
139、but it doesnt work in every situation.1.The author cites the example of the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in Paragraph 1 to .A.prove that team players are skilled at communicationB.show that teamwork cannot always be beneficialC.prove that critics are unwilling to challenge anybodyD.show that the dan
140、ger of groupthink is not very serious2.The underlined phrase “intermittent cooperators” in Paragraph 3 refers to .A.those who do not cooperate with each otherB.those who are seldom informed of each others viewsC.those who cooperate with others occasionallyD.the constant cooperators with a poor avera
141、ge result3.Which of the following factors makes a team cooperate better according to the fourth paragraph?A.Group members cooperating all the time.B.Group members in a good emotional state. C.Equal distribution of men and women.D.Equal participation in the communication.4.Which can be the best title
142、 of the passage?A.When Teamwork WorksB.What Teamwork Is AboutC.Why Teamwork Operates D.A Useful Tool: Cooperation答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。合作可能是一种有用的工具,但它并不适用于所有情况。文章对此进行了讨论,什么情况下团队合作有用,并且指出了有哪些影响因素。1.B推理判断题。根据第一段第三句.with the dangers of “groupthink” when critics are reluctant to point out a plans drawbacks for
143、 fear of being kept out of the group.可知,当批评者不愿意指出计划的缺点,担心被排除在团队之外时,“集体决策”的危险也会出现。作者用the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba的例子就是为了说明teamwork不总是有益的,也有不足和风险,故选B项。2.C细节理解题。根据第二段第六句Three groups were involved: one where subjects acted independently; another where they saw the solutions posted by team members at
144、 every stage; and a third where they were kept informed of each others views only intermittently.可知,实验中有3个小组,intermittent cooperators指的是第3个小组,即断断续续了解对方意见的合作者,故选C项。3.D细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二句中the extent to which members took part equally in conversation (the more equal, the better)可知,队员越平等参与谈论,效果越好,故选D项。A项未提
145、及;根据倒数第二段第二句中social intelligence (how good people were at rating the emotional states of others)可知,人们对他人情绪状态的评价影响着团队合作,B项错误;根据同一句中and the cooperation of women in the group (the higher, the better)可知,女性在团体中的合作程度越高越好,C项错误。4.A主旨大意题。根据最后一段In short, cooperation may be a useful tool but it doesnt work in
146、every situation.可知,合作可能是一种有用的工具,但它并不适用于所有情况。文章对此进行了讨论,什么情况下团队合作有用,并且指出了有哪些影响因素。故选A项。Passage 2 (2019江苏镇江一模)Weve all heard the saying: Practice makes perfect! In other words, acquiring skills takes time and effort. But how exactly does one go about learning a complex subject such as tennis, calculus,
147、or even how to play the violin? An age-old answer is: Practice one skill at a time. A beginning pianist might rehearse scales (音阶) before chords (和弦). A young tennis player practices the forehand before the backhand. Learning researchers call this “blocking”, and because it is common and easy to sch
148、edule, blocking is dominant in schools, training programs, and other settings.However another strategy promises improved results. Enter “interleaving”, a largely unheard-of technique that is catching the attention of cognitive (认知的) psychologists and neuroscientists. Blocking involves practicing one
149、 skill at a time before the next (for example, “skill A” before “skill B” and so on, forming the pattern “AAABBBCCC”), while in interleaving one mixes practice on several related skills together (forming for example the pattern “ABCABCABC”).Over the past four decades, a small but growing body of res
150、earch has found that interleaving often outperforms blocking for a variety of subjects, including sports and category learning. Yet there have been almost no studies of the technique in unplanned, real world settingsuntil recently. New research in schools finds that interleaving produces dramatic an
151、d long-lasting benefits for an essential skill: math. Not only does this finding have the potential to transform how math is taught, it may also change how people learn more generally.Researchers are now working to understand why interleaving produces such impressive results. One important explanati
152、on is that it improves the brains ability to tell apart between concepts. With blocking, once you know what solution to use, or movement to do, the hard part is over. With interleaving, each practice attempt is different from the last, so rote (死记硬背) responses dont work. Instead, your brain must con
153、tinuously focus on searching for different solutions. That process can improve your ability to learn critical features of skills and concepts, which then better enables you to select and produce the correct response.A second explanation is that interleaving strengthens memory associations. With bloc
154、king, a single strategy, temporarily held in short-term memory, is sufficient. Thats not the case with interleavingthe correct solution changes from one practice attempt to the next. As a result, your brain is continually engaged in regaining different responses and bringing them into short-term mem
155、ory. Repeating that process can strengthen neural connections between different tasks and correct responses, which improves learning.Both of these accounts imply that increased effort during training, either to discriminate correct responses or to strengthen them, is needed when interleaving is used
156、. This corresponds to a potential drawback of the technique, namely that the learning process often feels more gradual and difficult in the beginning. However, that added effort can have better, longer-lasting results.1.What can we learn from the new strategy of “interleaving”?A.Studying related ski
157、lls together has many impressive results.B.Learning relevant skills together contributes to people mastering skills quickly.C.Focusing on different skills at a time saves people time and efforts in the beginning.D.Mixing up skills distracts peoples attention, thus lessening efficiency.2.Why does int
158、erleaving produce impressive results?A.It can be scheduled easily.B.It focuses on rote responses.C.It is temporarily held in short-term memory.D.It enables you to learn critical features of skills and concepts.3.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.Blocking involves practicing one skill at a ti
159、me before the next.B.A correct solution often changes from one practice attempt to the next.C.Practicing one skill at a time plays an important role in learning a complex subject.D.Studying related skills or concepts together is an effective way to train your brain.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了interleaving(交
160、错学习)这种学习方式的好处及其有效的原因。1.A推理判断题。根据第三段第三句New research in schools finds that interleaving produces dramatic and long-lasting benefits for an essential skill: math.及第四段第一句Researchers are now working to understand why interleaving produces such impressive results.可推断,interleaving即studying related skills t
161、ogether能产生巨大而持久的好处和令人印象深刻的结果,故选A项。2.D细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句中的That process can improve your ability to learn critical features of skills and concepts可知,应选D项。3.D主旨大意题。纵观全文,文章探讨了interleaving这种学习方式的好处及有效的原因。A、B项只是文章论述的细节,不是文章主题;C项中的Practicing one skill at a time与本文的主旨不符,故选D项。Passage 3(2018江苏徐州二模) The most impo
162、rtant determining factor of success or failureat work and in lifeis self-awareness, the ability to understand who we are, how others see us, and how we fit into the world.For millions of years, the ancestors of humans evolved painfully slowly. However, about 150,000 years ago there was an explosive
163、development in the human brain where, among other things, we gained the ability to examine our own thoughts, feelings and behaviour, as well as to see things from others point of view. Not only did this transformation create the foundation for art, spiritual practices and language, but it came with
164、a survival advantage for our ancestors, who had to work together in order to survive.Though we may not face the same day-to-day threats to our existence, self-awareness is no less critical. There is strong scientific evidence that people who know themselves and how others see them are happier. They
165、are smarter, superior students. They raise more mature children. They also tend to be more creative, confident and less aggressive.But for most people it is easier to choose self-delusion (自我欺瞒) rather than the cold hard truth. Our increasingly “me” focused society makes it easier to fall into this
166、trap. Recent generations have grown up in a world obsessed with self-esteem (自负), constantly being reminded of their special qualities. Not only are our assessments often flawed (有缺陷的), but we are usually terrible judges of our own performance and abilitiesfrom leadership skills to achievements at s
167、chool and work. Whats scary is that the least competent people are usually the most confident in their abilities.How can we avoid this fate? We must work on two specific types of insight. Internal self-awareness is an inward understanding of our passions and aspirations, strengths and weaknesses and
168、 so on. And external self-awareness, knowing how others see you, means understanding yourself from the outside.It would be easy to assume that someone with internal self-awareness would also be externally awarethat being in touch with our feelings and emotions helps us turn into how were seen. Stran
169、gely, research has often shown no relationship between the twosome studies have even revealed an inverse (相反的) one.For those looking to gain true insight, remember that other people often see us more objectively than we see ourselves and that self-examination can have hidden pitfalls (陷阱) that make
170、insight actually impossible.1.The first three paragraphs center around .A.the intelligence gap between modern men and their ancestorsB.the sharp contrast between self-awareness of today and the pastC.the necessity of a shift in self-awareness to satisfy the need todayD.the significance of self-aware
171、ness in human survival and advancement2.Whats the problem with “me” focused society nowadays?A.Peoples performance and abilities are overlooked.B.Its difficult to obtain an objective assessment of ourselves.C.Competent people tend to be unconfident of their leadership skills.D.Modern people fail to
172、bring their special qualities into full play.3.What does the writer stress in this passage?A.Knowing how others see us is the key to success.B.Understanding ourselves inward contributes to a better fate.C.Self-examination helps us gain true insight into ourselves.D.Internal self-awareness and extern
173、al self-awareness are closely related.答案语篇解读本文为议论文。文章阐述了自我意识在人类生存和发展中的重要性,并分析了别人对我们的看法往往比我们的自我看法更客观和真实。由此指出,了解别人是如何看待我们的,这是成功的关键。1.D主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句Not only did this transformation create the foundation for art, spiritual practices and language, but it came with a survival advantage for our ancestors
174、, who had to work together in order to survive.及第三段第一句Though we may not face the same day-to-day threats to our existence, self-awareness is no less critical.可知,自我意识在人类的生存和发展中无比重要。这是前面三段的主旨。故选D项。2.B细节理解题。根据第四段第一、二句But for most people it is easier to choose self-delusion (自我欺瞒) rather than the cold h
175、ard truth. Our increasingly “me” focused society makes it easier to fall into this trap. 可知,对于大多数人来说,选择自我欺骗比面对冷酷的事实要容易些,因而客观的自我评价由于逃避而很难获得。故选B项。3.A推理判断题。根据第一段可知,自我意识是个人在工作和生活中获得成功的决定性因素,从最后一段可知,其他人经常比我们自己更客观地看待我们。由此推断出,了解别人是如何看待我们的,这是成功的关键。故选A项。题组五阅读理解D篇专练Passage 1 (2019江苏南京、盐城三模)British children us
176、ed to play conkers (板栗游戏) in the autumn when the horse chestnut trees started to drop their shiny brown nuts. They would select a suitable chestnut, drill a hole in it, thread a piece of string through the hole and then swing their conker at that of an opponent until one of them broke. But the game
177、has fallen out of favour. Children spend less time outdoors and rarely have access to chestnut trees. Besides, many schools have banned conkers games, worried that they might cause injuries or nut allergies.That sort of risk aversion(规避风险) now spreads through every aspect of childhood. Playgrounds h
178、ave all the excitement designed out of them to make them safe. Many governments, particularly in societies such as America, have tightened up their rules, requiring parents to supervise (监管) young children far more closely than in the past. Frank Furedi of the University of Kent, a critic of modern
179、parenting, argues that allowing children to play unsupervised or leaving them at home alone is increasingly described as a symptom of irresponsible parenting.In part, such increased caution is a response to the huge wave of changes. Large-scale urbanization, smaller and more mobile families, the mov
180、e of women into the labor market and the digitization of many aspects of life have unavoidably changed the way that people bring up their children. There is little chance that any of these trends will be changed, so todays more intensive (精细化的) parenting style is likely to go on.Such parenting pract
181、ices now embraced by wealthy parents in many parts of the rich world, particularly in America, go far beyond an adjustment to changes in external conditions. They mean a strong bid to ensure that the advantages enjoyed by the parents generation are passed on to their children. Since success in life
182、now turns mainly on education, such parents will do their best to provide their children with the schooling, the character training and the social skills that will secure access to the best universities and later the most attractive jobs.To some extent that has always been the case. But there are mo
183、re such parents now, and they are competing with each other for what economists call positional goods. This competition starts even before the children are born. The wealthy classes will take their time to select a suitable spouse and get married, and will start a family only when they feel ready fo
184、r it.Children from less advantaged backgrounds, by contrast, often appear before their parents are ready for them. In America 60% of births to single women under 30 are unplanned, and over 40% of children are born outside marriage. The result, certainly in America, has been to widen already massive
185、social inequalities yet further.All the evidence suggests that children from poorer backgrounds are at a disadvantage almost as soon as they are born. By the age of five or six they are far less “school-ready” than their better-off peers, so any attempts to help them catch up have to start long befo
186、re they get to school. America has had some success with various schemes involving regular home visits by nurses or social workers to low-income families with new babies. It also has long experience with programmes for young children from poor families that combine support for parents with good-qual
187、ity child care. Such programmes do seem to make a difference. Without extra effort, children from low-income families in most countries are much less likely than their better-off peers to attend preschool education, even though they are more likely to benefit from it. And data from the OECDs PISA pr
188、ogramme suggest that children need at least two years of preschool education to perform at their best when they are 15.So the most promising way to ensure greater equality may be to make early-years education and care far more widely available and more affordable, as it is in the Nordics. Some gover
189、nments are already rethinking their educational priorities, shifting some of their spending to the early years.Most rich countries decided more than a century ago that free and compulsory education for all children was a worthwhile investment for society. There is now an argument for starting presch
190、ool education earlier, as some countries have already done. In the face of crushing new inequalities, a modern version of that approach is worth trying.1.What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?A.More attention is placed on childrens safety.B.More and more parents are becoming irresponsible.
191、C.Children are no longer interested in outdoor activities.D.Parents are advised to spend more time with their children.2.Which of the following about intensive parenting style is TRUE?A.The chances are that this style could be changed.B.Financial pressure forces parents to be stricter.C.Rich familie
192、s adopt such style to keep their advantages.D.Such style is largely influenced by the size of the family.3.What does the underlined sentence imply?A.Economists offer practical advice to guide parenting.B.A happy marriage secures childrens social positions.C.Unfair division of social resources drives
193、 parents mad.D.Parents are struggling for their childrens edge over peers.4.Which is the proper measure to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor?A.Parents are persuaded to give birth to babies in their later years.B.Funds are provided for poor children after they are admitted to school.C.New
194、babies in low-income families are sent to nurses or social workers.D.Children from low-income families are ensured to receive early education.5.Whats the authors attitude towards investment in pre-school education? A.Supportive.B.Disapproving. C.Skeptical. D.Unconcerned.6.The author begins the passa
195、ge with the game of conkers to .A.show competition overweighs cooperationB.imply educational inequalities should be brokenC.make readers aware of the rules of the gameD.indicate the game has lost its appeal to children答案语篇解读作者以板栗游戏为例,介绍了英国学校对儿童安全的关注及学前教育的今昔对比,从而引出当今精细化的育儿方式背后隐藏的阶级教育差距,引发人们对教育不平等的思考和
196、关注。1.A推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句Besides, many schools have banned conkers games, worried that they might cause injuries or nut allergies.及第二段内容可知,学校、政府等各个层面都对儿童的安全越来越重视,故选A项。2.C细节理解题。根据第四段第二句They mean a strong bid to ensure that the advantages enjoyed by the parents generation are passed on to their children.可
197、知,富人们这么做是为了确保父母这一代所享有的优势传给他们的孩子,故C项正确;根据第三段最后一句There is little chance that any of these trends will be changed,.可知,这种精细化育儿模式不太可能改变,故A项不正确;B、D两项文中没有提及。3.D语义猜测题。根据第五段画线句后两句This competition starts even before the children are born. The wealthy classes will take their time to select a suitable spouse an
198、d get married, and will start a family only when they feel ready for it.可知,这场比赛甚至在孩子出生之前就开始了。富裕阶层会花时间选择一个合适的配偶并结婚,只有当他们做好准备的时候才会生孩子。由此可见,这么努力是为了给孩子争取比同龄人更大的优势,故选D项。4.D细节理解题。根据倒数第三段第三句America has had some success with various schemes involving regular home visits by nurses or social workers to low-in
199、come families with new babies.可知,低收入家庭生了孩子后,会有护士和社会工作者经常来访,而不是把新生儿送到护士或社会工作者那儿去,C项错误;根据倒数第二段可知,提供广泛的和多数人支付得起的早期教育,对缩小贫富差距很有帮助。A、B两项文中没有提及。故选D项。5.A推理判断题。根据最后一段,尤其是最后一句In the face of crushing new inequalities, a modern version of that approach is worth trying.可知,作者认为加强对学前教育的投资是值得尝试的,故选A项。supportive支持的
200、;disapproving不赞成的;skeptical怀疑的;unconcerned不关心的。6.B推理判断题。文章开头,作者以板栗游戏为例,介绍了英国学校对于儿童安全的关注及学前教育的今昔对比,从而引出当今精细化的育儿方式背后隐藏的阶级教育差距,引发人们对教育不平等的思考和关注。因此,板栗游戏的例子实质在告诉读者,教育不平等需要被打破,故选B项。Passage 2 (2019苏北七市二模)UN scholars have calculated that within the next 10 years the degradation (退化) of farms and grassland c
201、ould turn 50 million people into migrants. Another UN agency calculated that in the last 25 years, another 3% of the planets forests had been burned or cut down. Once you have read Gaia Vinces book, you start to register the scale of change in a fast-changing world. Adventures in the Anthropocene ho
202、lds a mirror up to humanity and says: look what you have done to the world, the only world you will ever have. The Anthropocenethe Age of Manis a proposed new name for the Quaternary (第四纪) Period that we now live in, and it includes what has come to be called the Great Acceleration, in which during
203、the last 65 years, whatever humans did, they did it faster and more effectively, and on a greater scale, while at the same time reproducing more and dying much less. Did it take 50,000 years to reach a population of one billion? Just in the last 10 years, another billion people appeared on the plane
204、t, and by the end of this century, it could be home to 9, or 10, or 11 billion souls, each of whom will hope for the minimum to sustain health and contentment. Many of them will demand a lot more, which is where the problems begin. To build cities, pave highways and establish factories, humans decad
205、es ago became the greatest earth-moving force on the planet: they each year shift more rock and soil than the wind and the rain, the rivers and the glaciers (冰川) combined. Cities now cover 2% of the planets land: by 2030, this will be 10%. Over the next 80 years, the species will build a city for on
206、e million people every 10 days. To keep these cities functioning, humans will consume 18 terawatts of energy and by 2020, around 5 billion of them will have smartphones and Internet access, and already people who are miserably poor can see, at a fingers touch, what they want, and in the course of tr
207、ying to get it, consume more resources and cause destruction to the ecosystem. Anyone who reads this book will have no excuse for not thinking about it. Vince doesnt just collect the statistics of exploitation and destruction; she goes to see for herself what they mean. Like a good reporter, she tri
208、es to see both sides: she explores both the human destruction and the beneficial and sometimes amazing solutions that human wisdom can deliver. She does the legwork too: she climbs up steep mountainsides in Nepal, and in Ladakh, looks at hydroelectric plans in Patagonia, walks through the forest to
209、get closer to a tiger, steps out in the slums near Cartagena in Colombia, and slips down an Amazon tributary in a dugout. Everywhere in the world, the ice is disappearing, but in Ladakh, an engineer has worked out a way to make artificial glaciers to store the water for summer growth, and in doing s
210、o has given the villagers not just security but a new kind of hope. In every chapter, there are excellent stories like this, glimpses (一瞥) of the other world that perhaps we could have made for ourselves. Necessarily, to get around a topic that involves all human history and all geography too, she h
211、as to be brief, and so in every chapter, she leaves you wanting more. This is usually considered to be a good thing. Good or not, it is difficult to see. And if she helps readers understand a little better the loss and suffering that lies behind the exploitation of the rare earth, then it becomes in
212、 every sense a good book. 1.The statistics in the first paragraph are meant to . A.rid people of their concerns about the earthB.stress the gravity of the destruction of the earthC.clarify peoples misunderstandings of the earthD.warn people of the contradictory reports about the earth2.The underline
213、d part in Paragraph 3 most probably means . A.more trees were planted and fewer of them diedB.people produced much more than they consumedC.the birth rate was higher and the death rate was lowerD.more animals were raised and the survival rate was higher3.According to the author, the construction of
214、cities and infrastructures will . A.create more job opportunities for citizensB.narrow the gap between the rich and the poorC.promote globalization and economic developmentD.cause overconsumption and ecological destruction4.Why does the book set people thinking?A.Vinces own exploration makes her des
215、cription persuasive. B.Vinces adventures provide information about mysteries. C.The book contains some practical solutions from reporters. D.The book arouses peoples curiosity about some countries. 5.Gaia Vince writes the book to . A.justify the need of humans for a satisfying lifeB.advocate uncivil
216、ised life and fast developmentC.share her adventures across the world with the readersD.reveal all we have destroyed may yet be able to save6.What is the authors attitude toward Gaia Vinces work?A.Cautious. B.Ambiguous.C.Casual. D.Appreciative.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了Gaia Vince的一本书,书中内容反映出Vince试图看到两个方面:
217、探索人类的破坏以及人类智慧所能提供的有益的、惊人的解决方案。1.B推理判断题。从第一段内容可知,在未来10年内,农场和草地的退化将使5000万人变成移民;在过去的25年里,地球上又有3%的森林被烧毁或砍伐。这些数据都是为了强调人类对地球破坏的严重性,故选B项。2.C语义猜测题。根据第三段内容可知,本段谈论的是人类世的特征,其中they did it faster and more effectively, and on a greater scale说明这个时代一切都在加速发展;根据第四段第一、二句Did it take 50,000 years to reach a population o
218、f one billion? Just in the last 10 years, another billion people appeared on the planet, and by the end of this century, it could be home to 9, or 10, or 11 billion souls.可知,人口也在快速增长;因此第三段最后一句中的while at the same time reproducing more and dying much less承上启下,指出人口增长快,死亡少,故选C项。3.D细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句.and in
219、 the course of trying to get it, consume more resources and cause destruction to the ecosystem.可知,城市和基础设施建设过程中,会消耗更多的资源,而且会破坏生态系统。故选D项。4.A推理判断题。根据第六段中Anyone who reads this book will have no excuse for not thinking about it. Vince doesnt just collect the statistics of exploitation and destruction; sh
220、e goes to see for herself what they mean.可知,Vince不仅收集了开发和破坏的数据,她还亲自去探索它们的含义,这表明了她所写内容有说服力,促使读过这本书的人思考,故选A项。5.D主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段第三句.she tries to see both sides: she explores both the human destruction and the beneficial and sometimes amazing solutions that human wisdom can deliver.可知,Vince试图看到两个方面:探索人类的破
221、坏以及人类智慧所能提供的有益的、惊人的解决方案。故选D项。6.D推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句And if she helps readers understand a little better the loss and suffering that lies behind the exploitation of the rare earth, then it becomes in every sense a good book.可知,本文作者对这本书持欣赏、肯定的态度。cautious小心的;ambiguous模棱两可的；casual不在乎的;appreciative欣赏的,感激的。故选
222、D项。Passage 3(2018江苏常熟调研)Computer security is a contradiction in terms. The arrival of the “Internet of Things” will see computers baked into everything from road signs and MRI scanners to artificial body parts and insulin(胰岛素) pumps. There is little evidence that such equipment will be any more trus
223、tworthy than desktop computers. Hackers have already proved that they can take remote control of connected cars and pacemakers.However, it is tempting to believe that the security problem can be solved with yet more technical wizardry(魔法) and a call for further watchfulness. And it is certainly true
224、 that many firms still fail to take security seriously enough. That requires a kind of lasting insistence which does not come naturally to non-tech firms. Actually, there is no way to make computers completely safe. Software is hugely complex. Across its products, Google must manage around 2 billion
225、 lines of source codeerrors are unavoidable. The average program has 14 separate bugs, each of them a potential point of illegal entry. Such weaknesses are worsened by the history of the internet, in which security was an afterthought.This is not necessarily in despair. The risk from cheats, car acc
226、idents and the weather can never be avoided completely either. But societies have developed ways of managing such riskfrom government regulation to the use of legal liability(责任) and insurance to create more safer behaviour.Start with regulation. Governments first priority is to control from making
227、the situation worse. Terrorist attacks often bring calls for codes to be weakened so that the security services can better monitor what individuals are up to. But it is impossible to weaken codes for terrorists alone. The same protection that guards messaging programs like WhatsApp also guards bank
228、business and online identities. Computer security is best served by encoding that is strong for everyone.The next priority is setting basic product regulations. A lack of professional knowledge will always block the ability of computer users to protect themselves. So governments should promote “publ
229、ic health” for computing. They could insist that internet-connected contents be updated with fixes when faults are found. They could force users to change default(默认) usernames and passwords. Reporting laws, already in force in some American states, can require companies to report when they or their
230、 products are hacked, which encourages them to fix a problem instead of burying it.Most important, the software industry has for decades disclaimed liability for the harm when its products go wrong. Such an approach has its benefits. Silicon Valleys fruitful “go fast and break things” style of innov
231、ation is possible only if firms relatively have freedom to put out new products while they still need perfecting. But this point will soon be illegal. As computers spread to products covered by established liability arrangements, such as cars or domestic goods, the industrys disclaimers will increas
232、ingly be against existing laws.Firms should recognize that, if the courts do not force the liability issue, public opinion will. Fortunately, the small but growing market in cyber-security insurance offers a way to protect consumers while preserving the computing industrys ability to innovate. A fir
233、m whose products do not work properly, or are repeatedly hacked, will find its insurance rising, urging it to solve the problem. A firm that takes reasonable steps to make things safe, but which is damaged nevertheless, will ask for an insurance payout that will stop it from going bankrupt(破产). It i
234、s here that some problems could perhaps be negotiated. Once again, there are examples: when countless claims against American light-aircraft firms threatened to bankrupt the industry in the 1980s, the government changed the law, limiting their liability for old products.One reason computer security
235、is so bad today is that few people were taking it seriously yesterday. When the internet was new, that was forgivable. Now that the consequences are known, and the risks posed by bugs and hacking are large and growing, there is no excuse for repeating the mistake. But changing attitudes and behavior
236、 will require economic tools, not just technical ones.1.The first paragraph mainly tells us .A.computers are used more widelyB.computers may never be secureC.future computers are less trustworthyD.computer hackers are almost everywhere2.Which is the reason for the computer security problem nowadays?
237、A.People tend to rely on technical solutions.B.Technology firms take security less seriously.C.Warnings from relevant departments are absent.D.The software developers lack afterthoughts.3.What will happen if codes are weakened according to the passage?A.Terrorist attacks are sure to occur more often
238、.B.Security services cant monitor peoples behaviour.C.Important information may not be guarded safely.D.Computer users wont grasp the professional knowledge.4.The underlined part in the 6th paragraph implies .A.the liability rules can be established soonB.users probably enjoy more new productsC.firm
239、s can legally escape promoting innovationD.courts havent power to interfere firms freedom5.What can we know about cyber-security insurance?A.It frees consumers from being attacked from hackers.B.It offers firms funds to improve the ability of innovation.C.It protects firms willing to solve problems
240、from the collapse.D.It increases the economic burden of the technology firms.6.Whats the authors preferred solution to computer security?A.Raising users full awareness of encoding.B.Reporting hackers attacks to high-tech firms.C.Urging firms to further improve faulty products.D.Strengthening economi
241、c means further.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要是关于计算机安全究竟借助技术手段还是经济手段更为有效。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段中的There is little evidence that such equipment will be any more trustworthy than desktop computers.可知,第一段主要是为了引出全文对于计算机安全问题的讨论。故选B项。2.A推理判断题。根据第二段中的However, it is tempting to believe that the security problem can be solved w
242、ith yet more technical wizardry(魔法)and a call for further watchfulness.可推断出,人们往往会依赖技术手段来解决计算机的安全问题,故A项正确。3.C推理判断题。根据第四段中的The same protection that guards messaging programs like WhatsApp also guards bank business and online identities.可知,像WhatsApp之类的消息传递程序的保护同样也保护银行业务和在线身份,所以C项与原文相符。4.B推理判断题。根据第六段中的S
243、ilicon Valleys fruitful “go fast and break things” style of innovation is possible only if firms relatively have freedom to put out new products while they still need perfecting. But this point will soon be illegal.可知,给这些软件技术公司相对宽松自由的空间,则便于它们完善产品,这样用户就有可能会进一步享受到更多新产品,这是目前的状况,但很快可能就违法了。故选B项。5.C细节理解题。
244、根据第七段中的A firm whose products do not work properly, or are repeatedly hacked, will find its insurance rising, urging it to solve the problem.可知,网络安全保险保护那些愿意解决问题的公司免遭倒闭。故选C项。6.D细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句But changing attitudes and behavior will require economic tools, not just technical ones.可知,保护计算机安全应改变态度行为并依靠经济工具,而不仅仅是技术工具,故选D项。- 43 - 版权所有高考资源网