1、第六讲定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句1who，whom和whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人， 但who在从句中作主语或宾语， whom在从句中作宾语； 二者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时， who/that不可省略； 作宾语时， whom/who/that可以省略。 Ive become good friends with Li Hua who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year. 我与在去年英语演讲比赛中结识的李华成了好朋友。 I have many friends to w
2、hom Im going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。 The person I want to talk about with you is Tu Youyou, the one who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.我想与你讨论的人是屠呦呦，2015年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的人。(2)whose表所属关系， 一般指人，也可指物， 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which; 指人时相当于of whom。 The school shop, whose customer
3、s are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生， 放假时商店关门。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 The boy who is reading the book is my brother.正在读书的男孩是我弟弟。 典例 (2017全国卷语法填空)But Sarah，_has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.wh
4、o解析：所填词引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指人，故用who。2that，which引导的定语从句(1)which指物， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可， 在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语， 作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. 她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2)在限制性定语从句中， 关系代词只用that不用which的情况： 先行词为不定代词anythin
5、g, nothing, something, everything，all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。 I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault. 我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。 先行词是形容词最高级或序数词， 或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 先行词被th
6、e only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, all等修饰时。 The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。 先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。 They will never forget the things and persons that theyve seen or heard of during their long journey. 他们将永远不会忘记在他们
7、的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。 (3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。 The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。当从句中的介词提前， 构成“介词关系代词” 结构时。 We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个比以前容易获得更多信息的时代。 典例
8、(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things _ were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.that/which解析：分析句子结构可知，things后是定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指物，应用that或which。3as引导的定语从句(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same先行词as.”结构中。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are
9、 made in China. 像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句， 定语从句说明整个句子， 可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。 She has been absent for the meeting again, as is expected.她又缺席会议了，这在
10、预料之中。典例 (2018浙江瑞安第一次四校联考)The air quality in the city, _is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.as解析：句意：正如报告中所表明的，在过去的两个月里，城市的空气质量有所改善。此处as引导的是非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，指代整个主句。which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。 单句语法填空1Tibet is such a place_ all the people across the world are dreaming of vi
11、siting.as解析：句意：西藏是一个全世界所有的人都梦想游览的地方。定语从句的先行词为a place，其前有such修饰，应用关系代词as引导。2(2016江苏卷)Many young people, most of_were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.whom解析： 句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为whom。3(2015四川卷)The books on the desk，
12、_covers are shiny，are prizes for us.whose解析： 句意：桌子上那些封面闪亮的书是为我们准备的奖品。该句的主句是“The books are prizes for us.”。此处whose引导的定语从句修饰限定先行词books；“封面(covers)”是那些书的，因此要用whose表示所属关系；此处的whose covers等于 the covers of which。4_ was known to all，the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.As解析：逗号前为定语从句，所
13、以要用关系词引导；It是指示代词，不能起到连接的作用；又因这个定语从句在先行词前，结合语境可知只能用As，在句首要大写。关系副词引导的定语从句1where引导的定语从句where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on.which”。 A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。当先行词为situation, case, stage, poi
14、nt，activity, atmosphere等抽象名词， 且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时， 常用关系副词where引导。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 2when引导的定语从句when表示时间， 在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during. which” 结构。 (湖南卷)I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book a
15、nd know my feelings for her.我正期盼着那一天的到来， 那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。3why引导的定语从句why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词forwhich”结构。 Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting？ 你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？ (1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。 This is t
16、he mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在从句中作宾语)这是我去年参观过的那个山庄。 I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关系词在从句中作状语)我永远不会忘记我父亲从美国回来的那天。(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。 I dont like the way (that/
17、in which) he speaks to his mother.我不喜欢他与他母亲说话的方式。 典例 (2017浙江卷6月语法填空)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长) through it.where解析：所填词引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作
18、状语，先行词是表示地点的the garden，故填where。单句语法填空1(2016全国卷语法填空)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，_I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.when解析： 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，故填关系副词w
19、hen。2(2015广东卷语法填空)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market _people from the towns met regularly.where解析：_people from the towns met regularly是定语从句，修饰先行词market，关系词在定语从句中作状语，故填where。“介词关系词” 引导的定语从句1介词和关系代词的确定介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可
20、以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：(1)先行词的意义；(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。 Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to“献身，致力于”) Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶
21、，它的价钱很合理。2“of关系代词”引导的定语从句在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系时可以用of which/whom。 He had a lot of friends，none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。3“介词where”引导的定语从句有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。 Hi
22、s head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)典例 (2016浙江卷6月)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _has been proved.which解析： 句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学
23、家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个得到了证明。先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用“代词介词关系代词which”引导。故答案为which。单句语法填空1(2017江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.whose解析：考查定语从句。purposes与the World Food Programme存在“所属”关系，此处指“世界粮食计划署的目的之一”，且空处在句中作定语，因此填whose。2(2015重庆卷)He wrote
24、many childrens books，nearly half of _were published in the 1990s.which解析：此题的先行词是childrens books，指物，因此关系词用which。此处是“代词介词which”型的非限制性定语从句。3(浙江卷)The children, all of _ had played the whole day long，were worn out.whom解析： 该定语从句的先行词为children，定语从句的引导词在从句中作介词of的宾语，只能用whom。单句语法填空1(2017全国卷)They are interested
25、 in planting vegetables in their garden, _ is on the rooftop of their house.which解析：句意：他们对在园子里种菜很感兴趣，这个园子在他们房子的屋顶。后半句是非限制性定语从句，关系代词作主语，故填which。2(2017北京卷)The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.that/which解析：句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。根据句意，定语从句缺少宾语，先
26、行词是事物，关系代词用that或which。3(2017江苏卷)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to D|S20, half of _ it used to charge.what解析：句意：我们选择了这家旅馆，因为一夜的价格降到了20美元，是它过去收费的一半。考查名词性从句。空处在句中引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作charge的宾语，因此填what。 half of what it used to charge意为“它过去所收价格的一半”。4This woman has set a good ex
27、ample to her son, _is a really lucky guy.who解析：考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为her son，故用who。5Over the years, I have met some interesting people.Two of the most interesting people were two elderly sisters，Joan and Bernice，_way of talking about people inspired me.whose解析：考查定语从句。whose引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作
28、定语，先行词为Joan and Bernice。6The shelter, _is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkoks night market，has become an attraction itself.which解析：考查定语从句。先行词是The shelter，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用which。7The old man turned his business over to his younger son, _made his elder son discouraged
29、.which解析：句意：那位老人把生意交给了小儿子，这使他的大儿子很沮丧。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面一整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语，故填which。8I will never forget such a beautiful village _I spent my childhood with my grandparents.where解析： 句意：我永远不会忘记那个如此美丽的村庄，在那里我和祖父母一起度过我的童年。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where引导，相当于in which。9There they met people from o
30、ther parts of the country, _had also volunteered to help.who解析： 句意：在那里他们遇到了从这个国家其他地方来的人，他们也是自愿来帮忙的。分析句子结构可知，设空处应是非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词是people，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词who。10(2018浙江台州书生中学月考)Bob is in a hopeless situation，_we will keep a very close eye on.which解析： 句意：鲍勃现在正处于绝望的境地，我们将持续密切关注。此处是非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词是situatio
31、n，从句中介词on后面缺少宾语，故填which。11(2018浙江平阳二中期中)Take an active part in the activities you enjoy_you can make many friends.where/and解析： 句意：积极参加你喜欢的活动，在这些活动中你能交到很多朋友。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是activities，在句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。也可填and，构成“祈使句and陈述句”结构。12Those who can achieve high grades in class tend to be weak in
32、handling some practical problems，_ is often the case.as解析： 句意：那些能在课堂上取得高分的人往往不擅长解决实际问题，这是常有的事情。as is often the case意为“这是常有的事情”，为固定用法。13Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, _ might not be served until 8 oclock at night.which解析： which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。14Altogether I had five roommates，two of _ arrived later.whom解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，应用whom引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作介词of的宾语，修饰先行词five roommates。15One day，Margaret told me her grandma was coming and her parents would want my basement room back，_ didnt surprise me.which解析：分析句子结构可知，which在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，且在从句中作主语。