1、辽宁盘山县2016高考英语阅读理解二轮训练（4）及参考答案阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 (Chemistry and Biology)About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a low of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to his equation, chemical reactions are increasing
2、ly unlikely to occur as temperature approaches absolute zero, and at absolute zero, reactions stop. However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temper
3、atures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and c
4、hemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its act
5、ivation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. S chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished
6、only by going over the potential barrier between the well, the height of which remain constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two
7、 wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hy
8、pothesis about a cold prehistory of life: formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of inter
9、stellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hupothesis, Hoyle and Wickramashinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their
10、 conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.1. The author is mainly concerned with A. describing how the prin
11、ciples of classical chemistry were developed. initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reaction required for the development of life.C. explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns.D. clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemis
12、try.2. In which of the following ways are the mentioned chemical reactions and tunneling reactions alike?A. In both, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells. In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another
13、.C. In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.D. In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.3. The authors attitude toward the theory of a cold prehistory of life can best be described
14、 asA. neutral. . skeptical.C. mildly positive. D. very supportive.4. Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe?A. Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules. Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.C. Cosm
15、ic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.D. The galactic clouds are the places where prebilogical evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.Vocabulary1. Arrhenius equation 阿雷尼厄斯方程式2. Arrhennius (Svante August) 18591927 瑞典理化学家。1903年获诺贝尔化 学奖3. quantum-mechanical effect 量子机械效应4
16、. quantum mechanic 量子力学5. tunnel 挖隧道。这里指贯穿势垒6. tunnel through, onto 穿到进到，贯穿7. repulsive 排斥8. activation energy 活化能量9. formaldehyde 甲醛10. polysaccharide 多糖醇，聚合酶11. cellulose 纤维素12. starch 淀粉13. galactic 银河的，巨大的14. come into play 开始活动/起作用难句译注1. However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although
17、 the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the p
18、rinciples of classical chemistry.2. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.3. Recently
19、researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.写作方法与文章大意 文章论述了“贯穿势垒效应”，采用对比手法。先是经典化学定理和贯穿势垒效应之比较。说明两者使用的温度界限不同。低温时贯穿势垒效应作用取代经典力学。最
20、后贯穿势垒现象和生活领域之关系。答案祥解1. C. 说明现在化学研究如何能和更广泛的生物学领域有关。最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系。“极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有K的几度光景，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。”后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。”他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方，发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。”A. 描述经典化学
21、定理如何发展。 B. 开展一场有关生命进化所需的那种化学反应的辩论。 C. 搞清楚经典化学定理所固有的模糊点。2. B. 两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁。见第二段第三句起“化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。位垒之高度为常数（固定不变）。这种跃迁叫做能量活化。在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。”A. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅。 C. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒。 D. 两类反应中，没有一种化学反
22、应的速率取决于能量活化。 这三项都不对， 见上文。3. C. 有点肯定。 见第1题答案注释译文。因为证实了作者之假设。A. 中立。 B. 怀疑的。 D. 非常支持。4. A. 星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子。见第1题C答案注释译文。B. 星际甲醛分子可以通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合。 C. 宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子。 D. 大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方。这三项也可从第1题C答案注译译文看出其错误点。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。As students and teachers returned to school
23、 on Monday after the publication of performance ratings(等级) for 18,000 teachers, many parents said they were giving the reports serious thought. Yet there was an equal measure of skepticism among parents that test scores have any relationship with teachers competence.Some said they already knew how
24、good a teacher was by walking into the classroom or by monitoring their childrens progress. “Im the kind of person who likes to see for themselves,” a father in Queens said.Others worried about how their fellow parents, perhaps ones with sharper elbows, might respond. Will they demand a new teacher?
25、 Move their children to a new school?Elizabeth Sane, the mother of a fourth grader at the Ella Baker School, a kindergarten-through-eighth-grade school on the Upper East Side, said that her daughter was switched to a different teachers class over the summer, and that it was “like adding salt to the
26、wound” when she saw the high ratings for her daughters previous teacher. Her daughters teacher this year did not receive a rating because he previously taught high schoolMs. Sane said that the rating was not the only factor that influenced how she assessed a teachers performance, but that the data u
27、sed for teacher evaluations mattered.But other parents dropping their children off at the Ella Baker School said they did not trust teacher ratings based on test scores any more than they wanted their childrens learning measured only by the state exams.“Some people take it as the final word, but it
28、doesnt change who they are as teachers. The ratings arent accurate, and the whole student testing thing needs to be thrown out,” said Lydia Delgado, whose child is in the second grade.41. Paragraph 1 tells us that A. All the teachers received a rating given by the students.B. All the teachers will r
29、eceive a rating at the end of each semester,C. Most parents took the teachers ratings seriously.D. About half of the parents doubted the ratings to be reliable.【答案】D 【解析】细节理解题。根据Yet there was an equal measure of skepticism among parents that test scores have any relationship with teachers competence
30、.有些父母怀疑评级的可靠性，故选D。42.What does the underlined part “with sharper elbows” mean?A. With the ability to change the situation.B. With a good relationship with the school.C. With a stong will to succeed.D. With strong elbows physically.【答案】A【解析】词义猜测题。根据might respond可推测有能力改变形势，故选A。43.Paragraph 4 shows tha
31、t Elizabeth Sane A. was on the side of giving ratings to the teachers.B. regretted having sent her daughter to another class. C. didnt think her daughters previous teacher was better.D. wanted her daughter to return to her previous class.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据her daughter was switched to a different teac
32、hers class over the summer, and that it was “like adding salt to the wound”她后悔把她的女儿送到了另一个学校，故选B。44. Which of the following statements is true?A. The teacher ratings were decided by the test scores of the students.B. Ms. Sane evaluated a teachers performance only by the rating.C. Lydia Delgado didnt
33、think the students scores should be kept.D. To give ratings to teachers will come to an end in the near future.【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据teacher ratings based on test scores老师的排名基于学生考试的分数，故选A。45.The attitude of the author towards the way to assess teachers competence is .A. supportive B. criticalC. indiffere
34、nt D. objective【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。supportive赞成的； critical批评的；indifferent中立的；objective客观的。 根据全文的内容来看作者只是客观陈述的别人的一些看法，没有提出自己的具体的观点，故选D。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。The Homeless World Cup is an international football event, where teams made up entirely of people who are homeless compete.
35、The event has been held annually since 2003. It was at the end of 2001 that Mel Young, a famous expert in the media industry, came up with the idea of the Homeless World Cup. 18 months later the first event took place in Austria. It was such a success that people decided to do more.There are some in
36、teresting and special rules of the event. For example, players(male or female at least 16 years old) must have been homeless at some time after the previous years World Cup or make their main living income by selling newspapers in the street or be asylum（政治避难） seekers . Anyone can take part, regardl
37、ess of his or her abilities There are at most 4 players per team to compete in the field. Games are 14 minutes long.In 2007, 48 nations, 500 players took a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to represent their countries for true spirit and glory in Copenhagen, Denmark. The winner in 2007 was Scotland. T
38、he 2008 Homeless World Cup took place in Melbourne, Australia. And in 2009 it was held in Milan. The latest Homeless World Cup was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in September 2010. Paris 2011 Homeless World Cup takes place Augustfollowed by the Mxico City 2012 Homeless World Cup.The success of the c
39、ompetition has been in two aspectsto attract the worlds attention to the problems of homelessness and also to help participants live a better life. According to a survey by the Homeless World Cup Organization after 2006 Homeless World Cup, 92% of the players had a new motivation for life, 93 players
40、 successfully got rid of their dependency on drugs and alcohol, 44% improved their housing situation and 72% continued to play football.36. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. The first Homeless World Cup took place in 2003.B. The Homeless World Cup was held every other year
41、.C. The host country of the 9th Homeless World Cup was Australia.D. Anyone who is homeless can take part in the Homeless World Cup. 37. The aim of the Homeless World Cup is to _. A. promote the cause of footballB. help the homeless live a better lifeC. draw attention to those living in povertyD. cal
42、l on homeless people to unite and compete for honor38. What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. Most players moved out of poverty.B. Homeless players became professional footballers.C. 93% of the players were independent of drugs and alcohol.D. The Homeless World Cup helped homeless people change their lives.39. What would be the best title for this passage? A. To End Homelessness.B. Football For Everyone.C. Hope For The Homeless.D. Beating Homelessness Through Football.【参考答案】3639、ABDD