1、Section Discovering Useful Structures.简单句的五种基本句型英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：SV主谓结构SVO主谓宾结构SVP主系表结构SVIODO主谓双宾结构SVOOC主谓宾补结构说明：S主语，V谓语，P表语，O宾语，IO间接宾语，DO直接宾语，OC宾语补足语。掌握好这些基本句型，就可以为灵活运用语言打下良好的基础。下面分别讲解这五种句型。一、SV主谓结构在这一句型中，动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。有的句子中，不及物动
2、词可以有状语修饰。这些不及物动词常见的有：appear，apologize，arrive，come，die，disappear，exist，fall，happen，rise，等等。如：The sun is rising.太阳正在升起。Ill try.我将试一试。Did you sleep well？(well作状语，修饰不及物动词sleep)你睡得好吗？The engine broke down.发动机坏了。The students work very hard.学生们学习很努力。The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。注意：在此句
3、型中，有少数不及物动词表达被动含义，表达主语本身所具有的特性，不用被动语态。The book sells well.这本书很畅销。The window wont shut.那扇窗户关不了。Cheese cuts easily.奶酪很容易切。二、SVO主谓宾结构这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语，作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：Do you know these people(them)？(名词或代词做宾语)你认识这些人(他们)吗？I cant express myself in English.(反身代词作宾
4、语)我无法用英语表达自己。He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)他露出了奇怪的笑容。We cant afford to pay such a price.(不定式作宾语)我们担负不起这样的价格。Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(动名词作宾语)你介意等几分钟吗？I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(从句作宾语，即：宾语从句)我希望我没说伤害你的话。注意：并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况作宾语，不同的动词有不同的用法，所以，在学习动词时，一定要掌握其用法。注意：跟不定式t
5、o do 作宾语的动词有：打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect)假装(pretend)喜欢(would like)祝愿(wish)决定(decide)同意(agree)设法(manage)说服(persuade)拒绝(refuse)好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)试图(attempt)失败(fail)买得起(afford)注意：常要求接“疑问词不定式”作宾语的动词(短语)有ask，consider，decide，discover，explain，find out，forget，guess，know，learn，remember，tell，think，un
6、derstand，wonder等。注意：只接动词的ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词(短语)有：admit承认appreciate感激avoid避免consider考虑 delay耽搁 dislike嫌恶enjoy喜欢 escape避免 excuse原谅fancy想不到 feel like意欲 finish完成forgive原谅 give up放弃 cannot help情不自禁imagine设想 include包括 keep保持mention提及 mind介意 miss逃过put off推迟 practice练习 resist抵制risk冒险三、SVP主系表结构这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下
7、列两类：表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be，look，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，keep，remain，等等。表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become，get，grow，turn，go，come，prove，等等。Mr Brown is an engineer.(名词作表语)布朗先生是一名工程师。Gradually he became silent.(形容词作表语)他渐渐地变沉默了。She remained standing for an hour.(现在分词作表语)她站了一个小时。The question remained unsolved.(过去分词
8、作表语)这个问题仍然没有解决。The machine is out of order.(介词短语作表语)这台机器出故障了。The television was on.(副词作表语)电视开着。His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式作表语)他的计划是让这件事情成为秘密。My job is repairing cars.(动名词作表语)我的工作是修车。The question is what you want to do.(从句作表语，即：表语从句)问题是你想干什么。注意：在下面的句子中，形容词作表语，在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。Im happy
9、to meet you.我很高兴遇见你。They are willing to help.他们很乐意帮助。We are determined to follow his example.我们决定以他为榜样。四、SVIODO主谓双宾结构 在此句型中，动词可以称作双宾语动词，在英语中，这样的动词并不多，在学习时，要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语，其中间接宾语在前，一般表人，直接宾语在后，一般表物。这类句型有三种情况。第一种情况，间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语，to表示：朝着，向着，对着。需要借助介词to的动词有：bring，give，lend，hand，offer，pass，promise，
10、return，send，show，teach，tell，write等。He handed me a letter.He handed a letter to me.他递给我一封信。She gave me her telephone number.She gave her telephone number to me.她把她的电话号码给了我。第二种情况，间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语，for表示：为(某人)，替(某人)。需要借助介词for的动词有：bring，buy，cook，find，get，make，order，save，spare等。She sang us a folk song. Sh
11、e sang a folk for us.她给我们唱了一首民歌。She cooked us a delicious meal.She cooked a delicious meal for us.她给我们做了一顿可口的饭菜。第三种情况，直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。Tell him Im out.告诉他我外出了。Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?你能告诉我格林小姐住哪儿吗？五、SVOOC主谓宾补结构在此句型中的动词，叫作可以跟复合宾语的动词，在英语中，这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起被称作复合宾语。这个句式
12、是英语中比较复杂的一个句式，因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。He found his new job boring.(形容词作宾补)他发现他的新工作很无聊。They called their daughter Mary.(名词作宾补)他们给女儿起名字叫玛丽。This placed her in a very difficult position.(介词短语作宾补)这使她处于一个困难的位置。We went to her house but found her out.(副词作宾补)我们去了她的家但发现她外出了。What do you advise me to do？(不定式作宾补)你建议我干什么事情
13、？We thought him to be an honest man.(to be作宾补)我们认为他是一个诚实的人。He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式作宾补)他相信他们已经讨论了那个问题。He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的进行式作宾补)他相信她正在说着真相。Did you notice him come in？(不带to的不定式作宾补)你注意他进来了吗？I saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词作宾补)我看见她正和南希聊天。He wa
14、tched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词作宾补)他看到钢琴被抬到了楼上。注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用it作形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。He felt it his duty to mention this to her.他觉得向她提及这件事是他的职责。分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。I think it best that you should stay with us.我认为你最好和我们待在一起。分析：it是形式宾
15、语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。注意：1习惯用语的使用在英语中，有很多动词习惯用语，在学习的过程中，要注意它们的使用，不必分析单独每个词的使用。如：We are short of money.(be short of中short作表语)我们缺少钱。She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble作make的宾语)她总是给她的朋友惹麻烦。He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions作词组
16、carry out的宾语)他执行了我们对这封信的指示。We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是宾语，to stop是宾语补足语)00我们正等着雨停。2在英语中，大多数动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词，而且还会有一些固定词组，因此一个动词可以用于几种句型。如：askDid you ask the price？(直接接名词作宾语)你问价格了吗？She asked them their names.(接双宾语)她问了他们的姓名。I asked James to buy some bread.(接宾语加不定式作宾语补足语)
17、我要求詹姆斯买一些面包。May I ask to speak to Fred.(接不定式作宾语)我可以和弗莱德通电话吗？Didnt you ask him in？(在此句中和副词in连用)难道你没让他进来吗？He has asked for an interview with the President.(组成固定词组ask for)他已经要求对总统进行一次采访。.There be句型1“There be主语(某人/某物)介词短语”，表示“(在)某地有某人/某物”。这里的be的单复数形式要采取“就近一致”原则，即和靠近be的主语保持一致。谓语动词be可以有时态的变化。具体地说，there后面第
18、一个主语，若是单数时，be就用is/was；若是复数时be就用are/were。如：There are three people in my family.我家有三口人。There is a pen and two books on the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔和两本书。There will be a concert in the park tonight.今晚在公园将有一场音乐会。2there be与have的替换。there be表示所属关系时可与have替换。There is nothing but a book in my bag.I have nothing but a boo
19、k in my bag.我的书包里只有一本书。There are forty students in our class.Our class has forty students.我们班有四十名学生。3there be后接表示物的主语时，后面常接不定式作定语，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。There is a lot of work to do.有许多工作要做。4there be后接表示人或动物的主语时，后面常接v.ing形式作定语。There are some children playing downstairs.几个孩子在楼下玩呢。5与其他词连用，构成复合谓语。如：There seem
20、s to be something the matter with her.她好像有点不对劲。Is there going to be any activity tonight?今晚有什么活动吗？There may be a heavy rain this afternoon.今天下午可能有一场大雨。There used to be a cinema here before the war.战前这里有一个电影院。6there be句型中be根据所表达的句意需要，也可以使用诸如：live，follow，remain，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物动词。如：Once upon a
21、 time，there lived a fisherman on the island.从前在那个岛上住着一位渔民。There came a knock at the door.有敲门声。At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.在山顶上矗立着一座旧寺庙。Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else.从前有一个国王，他喜欢新衣服胜过一切。There stands a high mountain in the middle of th
22、e woods.丛林中矗立着一座高山。7there be结构的反意疑问句应与there be对应，而不是依据主语。如：There is a radio on the table，isnt there? 桌上有台收音机，是吗？There arent any fish in the river，are there? 河里没有鱼，是吧？8习惯用语theres no good/use.(没有好处/没有用的)后常接v.ing形式。如：There is no good making friends with the dishonest men.和不诚实的人交朋友是没有好处的。9用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不
23、定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being。You wouldnt want there to be another war.(不定式的复合结构)你不希望再发生一次战争吧。The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(动名词的复合结构)老师对他的作业中没有错误很满意。There being nothing else to do，we went home.(独立主格结构)没有其他事可做，我们就回家了。.请判断下列句子的结构类型(SV主谓结构，SVO主谓
24、宾结构，SVP主系表结构，SVIODO主谓双宾结构，SVOOC主谓宾补结构)1He is running.主谓结构2The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry.主谓宾补结构3The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions.主谓双宾结构4She seemed angry.主系表结构5My father bought me a beautiful present.主谓双宾结构6Why do you keep your eyes closed？主谓宾补结构7Will you t
25、ell us an exciting story？主谓双宾结构8We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.主谓宾补结构9I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.主谓宾补结构10Can you push the window open？主谓宾补结构.There be 句型专项练习 (用be的正确形式填空)1There is a piano against the wall.2There are some flowers on the desk.3There is some tea in the cup.4T
26、here are two tins of coke in the bag.5There are three buildings and a beautiful garden in our school.6There is some meat，some bread and some apples on the table.7There is a picture and a clock on the wall.8There will_be a volleyball match in our school the day after tomorrow.9There are no factories，hospitals and schools here.10There may be something wrong with your watch.11There isnt any mail for you today.12There arent any letters in the mailbox today.13How many kinds of animals are there in this area?