1、语法解读Grammar Passive voice被动语态被动语态主要由助词be+v.-ed构成,be动词的形式由句子主语决定。及物动词有被动语态;不及物动词因为没有宾语,不能构成被动语态。助记歌诀 谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。1.被动语态主要用于以下几种情况:动作的承受者是谈话的中心,强调或突出动作承受者的作用。只知道动作的承受者,不知道动作的发出者。为了某种缘故,比如礼貌、婉转、修辞上的需要而不说出动作发出者是谁的情况。2.一般现在时与一般过去时的被动语态:一般现在时的被动语态结构:is/am/are+动词的过去分词。一般过去时的被动语态结构:w
2、as/were+动词的过去分词。3.注意下面各种情况的被动语态:1)具有双宾语的句子改为被动语态时一般把代表人的宾语改为被动句的主语。注意此类句子改为被动语态时,也可以把代表物的宾语作为被动语态的主语,注意添加适当的介词for或to。如:I gave him a book.He was given a book by me.A book was given to him by me.我给了他一本书。2)复合结构中如果是名词、形容词、副词、代词、介词短语作宾语补足语,改为被动语态时保持不变。如:They named the baby Tom.The baby was named Tom.他们给小
3、孩取名为汤姆。3)在make,hear,watch,notice等动词后,如果有动词不定式作宾语补足语,须将不定式中的to省去,但改为被动语态时,to不能省。如果-ing形式作宾语补足语,则形式不变。如:We made him go home.He was made to go home.我们让他回家了。We all heard the boy crying.The boy was heard crying by all of us.我们都听到了孩子在哭。4)谓语部分由“动词+介词”构成,改为被动语态时不能丢掉后面的介词。如:They take good care of the childre
4、n.The children are taken good care of.孩子们被照顾得很好。5)表示状态的动词如fit(适合),hold(容纳),own(有)等不能构成被动语态。Grammar Subject and verb agreement主谓一致主谓一致是英语句式的基本要求,只有牢记谓语变化规律,才能帮助学生掌握句子的基本特征,正确使用英语常用句式。助记歌诀 英语谓语动词变化歌英语句式变化多,动词句中不能缺。be动词,行为动词,一起跟着主语变。be动词,am,is,are,随着主语有变化,我是am,你是are,is跟着他、她、它,若是单数用is,若是复数都用are。若是三单作主语,
5、后跟行为动词有变化,一般动词后加s,特殊情况单独记。若是s不见了,跑到前面变Does,摇身一变一般疑问句。肯定回答Yes,he/she does.否定回答No,he/she doesnt.所谓主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。英语中主谓一致可依据三条原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。1.语法一致(1)不定式、动名词、词组、句子作主语时说的是同一件事,谓语动词用单数。但如果不是同一件事,则用复数。如:What he said and what he did are different.他说的和他做的不同。(2)但是what引导的主语从句中,谓语动词形式要根据what从句所指代
6、的内容(多通过表语来体现)来判断,如果表语为单数形式,谓语动词要用单数形式;如果表语为复数形式谓语动词也要用复数。如:What he gave us are lots of books.他给我们的是很多的书。(3)两个主语由with/as well as/together with/besides/rather than/but等来连接时,谓语动词的数由最前面的主语来确定。如:The teacher as well as the students has seen the film.老师和学生们看过这部电影。(4)用and,both.and.连接的并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式;若and连接
7、的并列单数主语的前面分别有each,every,no或many a等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我们国家每一个男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。但是and连接的并列主语如果是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时谓语动词为单数,and后面的名词没有冠词。如:bread and butter,knife and fork,cart and horse。The writer and worker is going to give us a talk.这位工人作
8、家将给我们作报告。(5)倒装句谓语动词的数应与主语一致。如:Here comes the bus.车来了。但如果副词位于句首,主语为代词时,则主语在动词前。如:Here you are.给你。(6)由each,some,any,no,every构成的复合词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:Each of the children has a present.每一个孩子都有礼物。但是each作同位语时谓语动词形式要由主语决定,如主语为复数概念则谓语动词用复数。如:They each have a gun.他们每个人都有枪。(7)a lot of,plenty of,all,some,half,no,
9、the rest of,分数或百分数+名词作主语时,谓语动词由后面名词的数来决定。如:More than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water.地球的70%被水所覆盖。(8)一些只有复数形式的名词如clothes,scissors,trousers,shorts,glasses等作主语时,谓语动词为复数。如:My clothes are being washed.正在洗我的衣服。但此类词作主语如被pair,kind来修饰时,则根据pair,kind的数来决定谓语动词的数。(9)关系代词who,what,which在
10、定语从句中作主语时,动词与先行词保持一致。如:He is one of the students that study hard.他是用功学习的学生之一。但是先行词如果由the only,the very,just the,the right,the等修饰且关系代词who,what,which在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词为单数。如:He is the only one of the students that has this kind of book.(在此句中,“that”指代“the only student”,故谓语动词为单数。)2.意义一致 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的词语作主语
11、,往往把它们作为一个整体来看待,故谓语动词用单数。如:Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparation.有三个星期的准备时间。下列名词虽具有复数形式,但表示单数概念,它们作主语时,谓语为单数:1)学科名词:mathematics,physics,politics,economics(经济学),classics(古典文学),electronics(电子学);2)国家、机构名词:the United States,the United Nations(联合国),Philippines(菲律宾);3)报刊名词:The New Y
12、ork Times纽约时报,The Times泰晤士报,The Sunday Times星期日泰晤士报4)means(手段),works(工厂),species(种类)单复数同形,谓语动词视具体情况而定。(在下面两个句子中,means前面的修饰词起了决定作用)如:Every means has been tried.每一种方法都试过了。All means have been tried.所有的方法都试过了。作主语用的集体名词有committee,family,army,class,police,staff(全体职员),group,crowd,team等,作为一个不可分割的整体看待时,谓语动词用
13、单数;若就其中的各个成员来考虑,谓语动词为复数。做此类题目时要注意分析语境,弄清其确切含义。如:My family enjoy sports.我们全家都喜欢运动。My family has moved into the new house.我家已搬进了新房子。people,police等名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数,但people指民族时例外。the+adj.表示一类人的结构作主语时,谓语动词用复数。这种结构表示物时,谓语动词用单数。如:The young are required to respect the old.年轻人应该尊敬老年人。3.就近一致 由or,either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.等连接的并列主语,谓语动词应与最靠近它的主语一致。如:Either he or I am wrong.不是他错了就是我错了。Were you or he on duty?是你还是他值班?