1、unit 1 ArtGrammar 虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood教案一：分类1在英语中有三种语气，陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气2 虚拟语气表示说话的人的一种愿望、意见、命令、要求，有时候是一种非真实的假设、料想或者是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。二、形式虚拟语气经常用在if引导的条件状语从句中，在条件句中做出和事实不相符的一种假设。a.和现在事实相反的假设If从句主句主语+动词过去式+其它(be动词用were)主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形+其它如：If I were you, I would study hard.If he had enough
2、 money, he would buy a computer.b.和过去事实相反的假设If从句主句主语+had done+其它主语+had been done+其它（被动）主语+would/should/could/might +have done主语+would/should/could/might +have been done(被动)如：If you had come five minutes earlier, you would have met him.If they had been treated in time, they would not have died.c.和将来事
3、实相反的假设If从句主句主语+were to do+其它主语+动词过去式+其它主语+should+动词原形+其它主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形如：If I were to do it, I would do it in another day.If it rained tomorrow, we wouldnt be able to go on picnic.d.混合条件句混合条件句是指条件句是对过去事实相反的假设，而主句则表示现在的某种情况。If从句主句主语+had done+其它主语+would/should/could/ might +be+表语主语+wo
4、uld/should/could/might +be+doing主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形三、注意事项如果从句中有were、had或者should时，则可以省略if，并将were、had或者should提前至句首，构成部分倒装，但如果是否定句，则否定词not不提前。如：Were I to be young again, I would study medicine.=If I were to be young again, I would study medicine.Had you not left so early, you might have mi
5、ssed the train.=If you had not left so early, you might have missed the train.用介词短语代替条件状语从句，常用的介词有with, without, but for.如：Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =But for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =If it had not been for your help, we co
6、uldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =Had it not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.在句中出现了表示转折的连词，如or, or else, otherwise等，如果句意和事实不符也要用虚拟语气。如：You did what you were asked to, otherwise you would have been punished.如果句子中有短语for fear that, lest, in case时，要用should+
7、动词原形来表示虚拟，should可以省略。如：He is working hard for fear that he fail.如果句子前半部分是虚拟，句中出现了but，后面句子则不用虚拟语气。如 :I would have come earlier, but I didnt know that you were waiting for me. The house would have been burnt down but the firefighters arrived in time.四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用1.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中 a.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中，不表示“和事实相
8、反的假设”而表示说话者的一种意愿、决心、要求、命令和建议。“一、二、三、四”“一坚持insist二命令order, command三建议advise, suggest, propose四要求ask, require, request, demand”虚拟形式“在从句谓语动词前加should，should可以省略。My teacher suggested that I (should) spend more time learning English.注意：当suggest翻译成“暗示、表明”；insist翻译成“坚持认为、坚持说”，坚持的是一种事实，而不是表示一种命令或者要求时，不应该用虚拟语
9、气，应该用陈述语气。The smile on her face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.The man insisted that he had never stolen the monry. b.在would rather后的宾语从句中也要用虚拟语气。would rather对现在、将来虚拟：一般过去时(did/be用were)对过去的虚拟：过去完成时 (had done0I would rather you came tomorrow.I would rather they didnt hear of the news.
10、c. wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。对现在虚拟一般过去时(did/be用were)对过去虚拟过去完成时(had done)对将来虚拟过去将来时(would do)I wish I were a flying bird and could fly freely in the sky.I wish I had met that film star yesterday.How I wish it would be fine tomorrow!注意：how I wish=if only(要是就好了)，虚拟和wish虚拟用法一致。2.虚拟语气用在主语从句中a. It is
11、/was +adj.+ that+主语+should do (should可以省略)adj:advisable,amazing,astonishing,better,clear,certain,desirable,good,interesting,impo-ssible,normal,necessary,possibleIt is natural that he (should) think so.It was necessary that the plan should be planned carefully.b. It is/ was+ n.+ that+主语+should do(sho
12、uld可以省略)表示“惊奇、怀疑、遗憾”等意义的名词词组，如: a fact, a good thing, a pity, a shame, a wonder 表示“请求、命令、建议、决心”等意义的名词，如advice, demand, decision, order, proposal, requirement, suggestion It is a pity she should say so.It was her order that the matter should be discussed. It is/was+过去分词+that+主语+should do(should可以省略)用
13、在该句型中的动词过去分词表示“请求、命令、建议”等。It is requested that Miss Li should give a performance at the party.It is (high) time that+主语+did/should do，should不可以省略到做的时间了。3.虚拟语气用在表语从句中用在advise, idea, order, plan, suggestion, demand, proposal等后面的表语从句，需用“should do”构成谓语，should可以省略。What I suggest is that we should start t
14、he work at once.His order is that the meeting should be called off.4.虚拟语气用在同位语从句中当demand, insist, decide, determine, recommend, suggest这些动词的名词形式后跟同位语从句时，要用虚拟语气，用should do表示虚拟。Not all of them agreed to my suggestion that more money should be given to them.His request that he should be given a rise wa
15、s turned down at the meeting.5.虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中，in order that, so that用情态动词I got up early this morning so that I could catch the bus to Boston.6.在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中a. as if, as though引导的状语从句是否用虚拟取决于从句所描绘的情况，如果情况与事实相符就可以不用虚拟，否则就要用虚拟语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.She acted as if nothing ha
16、d happened.b.对将来的虚拟 as if/as though+主语+would/could/should/might +do（动词原形）It looks as if the old man could live another 10 years.c.对现在的虚拟 as if/as though+主语+did(动词过去式)The old man is lying on the ground as if he were dead.d. as if/ as though+主语+were doing(对现在进行虚拟)They ran as fast as they could as if a ghost were chasing them.e. as if/as though+主语+had done(对过去事实的虚拟)He ate as if he hadnt had a meal for years.