1、专题八定语从句关系代词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose (of whom/of which)人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)which物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)as人或物主语、宾语Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长
2、给他们颁发毕业文凭。My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。1关系代词that与which的用法 (1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the ver
3、y, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩
4、你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时用that。Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车？Who is the boy that won the gold medal?赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。当先行
5、词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。There is a seat in the corner that is still available.在那个角落还有一个座位可用。(2)只用which不用that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of c
6、ourse, made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。 关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。2which与as引导非限制
7、性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等意思上意为“这一点”意为“正如，正像的那样”She was late for school again, which was unexpected.她上学又迟到了，这是始料不及的。She was late for school again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她上学又迟到了。名师指津as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such
8、名词as (像一样的，像之类的)；such (pron.)as (像一样的，像之类的)；the same名词as (和同样的)。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。命题点感悟 单句语法填空(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 m
9、inutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government started a soiltesting program_ gives specific fertiliz
10、er recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析：that/which空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soiltesting program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。(2017 浙江11月高考)The best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement, _ means youll just keep getting better and better.解析
11、：which空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。(2017全国卷)But Sarah，_ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.解析：who分析句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，故用关系代词who。(2017全国卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, _ is
12、 on the rooftop of their house.解析：which空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things _ were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。关系副词关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点
13、地点状语why原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.中国新歌声为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didnt study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。I still remember the day when I first c
14、ame to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。名师指津当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。命题点感悟 单句语法填空(2017浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen
15、rubbish and was spread over the garden，_ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.解析：where根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV sho
16、w in the mid1980s，_ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.解析：when先行词是表示时间的“the mid1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。(2015广东高考)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market _ pe
17、ople from the towns met regularly.解析：where根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词“the market”，且从句中少地点状语，故填关系副词where。“介词关系词”引导的定语从句1.“介词关系词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词(代词)介词关系代词主语可转化为“whose名词”结构数词(形容词最高级)of关系代词主语数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换介词(短语)关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换介词关系代词名词状语关系代词常用whi
18、ch 和whose介词关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或toRecently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。Lily might possibly come, in which case Ill ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。There
19、 is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。2“介词关系词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。(2)考查该结构中介词的选用一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词和介词的搭配习惯；从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯；句子意思表达的需要。专题过关训练 .单句语法填空1Get yourself familiar with local laws
20、 and customs of the countries to which_you are travelling.2At that time I was in Texas and I had a friend whose family business was running hotels.3To the Egyptians, green was a color which/that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven.4This woman has set a good exa
21、mple to her son, who is a really lucky guy.5The watch, which_was a gift from his father, was very important to him and he was determined to find it.6The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.7He wrote some of his most popular w
22、altzes, among which_was the wellknown favourite The Blue Danube.8Everywhere there are new freeways, tunnels and bridges which/that_carry the ever increasing traffic under or over the river.9Reading has a lot of advantages, one of which is that it helps you develop reading skills.10From this experien
23、ce I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that/which helps us to seek the truth.11My house is about three kilometers far away from Xian Muslim Street which/that is full of local foods.12At the same time, another student, who saw everything, went up to help.13My father was easily cheate
24、d, which surprised me.14Actually, it is important for us to communicate with our parents because they are the dearest people in our life, who care for us all the time.15Take part in activities at school, through which you can make more friends.运用语法写靓句1正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。(
25、language learning, be discovered, happen, talk much)A_lot_of_language_learning,_as_has_been_discovered,_is_happening_in_the_first_year_of_life,_so_parents_should_talk_much_to_their_children_during_that_period.2我发现一个老人躺在地上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。(find sb. doing, take . to)I_found_an_old_man_lyi
26、ng_on_the_ground_and_I_took_him_to_the_hospital_in_a_taxi_immediately,_which_was_why_I_was_late_that_morning.3我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们一切都奉献给了我们。(in ones thirties, devote oneself to)The_teachers_of_our_school,_most_of_whom_are_in_their_thirties,_have_devoted_themselves_to_us.4经常听些英语歌曲或看些英语电影，这有助于提高你的听力
27、和口语技能。(listen to)Often_listen_to_English_songs_or_watch_English_movies,_which_can_help_improve_your_listening_and_speaking_skills.5他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的。(the only one, win the first prize, in a row)He_is_the_only_one_of_the_students_who_has_won_the_first_prize_(for)_three_times_in_a_row.6参观西湖是一次难忘的经
28、历，一次我将永远珍惜的经历。(visit, value for the rest of my life)Visiting_the_West_Lake_is_an_unforgettable_experience,_one_I_will_value_for_the_rest_of_my_life.语法填空(2019河北衡水中学模拟)Have you ever had a case _1_ a mistake helped you understand an idea or a skill? For me, it was sailing. I took a sailing class when I
29、 was in high school. No matter how many times I read the _2_ (explain), I could not understand the difference between a “tack” and a “jibe” two methods of turning a boat one much _3_ (safe) than the other. Later, one day, when I was sailing, a heavy wind blew up. We needed to head back, _4_ I mistoo
30、k the “tack” for the “jibe” and pushed the boat in the wrong direction. Before I realized _5_ (I) mistake, it was late. Luckily, no one _6_ (hurt). Only after this experience did I _7_ (clear) understand the sailing phrase “turning on the wind” that I _8_ (read) so many times in the textbook. I neve
31、r confused a “jibe” with “tack” again! Now I often share this story _9_ my students after they have made mistakes. I hope they can learn something from their mistakes and correct them instead of _10_ (regret) all day. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者通过一次航海经历才领悟到“tack”与“jibe”的区别。1where先行词是case，定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用关
32、系副词where。2explanation(s)由空格前的定冠词the可知此处需用名词形式。explanation是可数名词，再根据“how many times”可知应用其复数形式。3safer根据句中的“than”可知此处应用比较级形式。4but前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故填but。 5my修饰名词mistake应用形容词性物主代词作定语。6was hurt此处叙述的是过去发生的事，且“no one”与hurt之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。7clearly修饰动词understand应用副词形式。8had read从句动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，因此表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。9withshare sth. with sb.“与某人分享某物”。10regretting介词of后应用动名词形式。