1、语法精讲 情态动词情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度,如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有一定的含义,无人称和数的变化( have to除外),和动词原形一起构成谓语,是所谓的“辅助性”动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语。1情态动词的意义和用法(1)can,could表示能力,意为“能;会”,can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无阻力地去做某件事。could为can的过去式,表示过去的能力。By the time she was five, she could read English.她五岁时就能读英文了。You never know what you can do till
2、 you try.直到你尝试过,否则你永远不知道自己能做什么。表示请求或许可,在疑问句中,could可以代替can,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,但回答时都要用can。Can/Could I speak to your manager now?现在我能跟你们的经理谈谈吗?Yes,you can./No, you cant.好的,可以。/不,不可以。表示惊讶、怀疑等,常用于否定句和疑问句中。How can you be so careless?你怎么能这么粗心?You cant be serious!你一定是在开玩笑!can或could的否定形式构成的习惯用法。cant.too/enough.再也
3、不为过cant help but dohave no choice but to do不得不做cant help doing.情不自禁做“cant.比较级”结构表示最高级含义We cant thank you too much for what you have done for us.对于你为我们所做的一切,我们不胜感激。You cant be careful enough when crossing the road.过马路时再小心也不为过。I cant help but wait till the last minute.我不得不等到最后一刻。I cant agree with you
4、more.我非常同意你的看法。特别注意can与be able to的用法区别can只有一般过去时这一种时态变化,而be able to有多种时态。Ill be able to pass the exam next time.下次我能够通过考试。(一般将来时)Ive been able to keep in touch with her.我一直能跟她保持联系。(现在完成时)表示过去某时成功做成某事时,不用could,而用was/were able to (do sth.),相当于managed to do sth.和succeeded in doing sth.。After many attem
5、pts, he was able to pass the driving test.经过多次努力,他终于通过了驾照考试。(2)may,might表示请求或许可,在疑问句中,might可以代替may,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉。Might/May I smoke in this room?我可以在这个房间里吸烟吗?No,you mustnt/cant.不,不行。May/Might I take this magazine out?我可以把这本杂志借走吗?Yes, you may/can.好的,可以。(3)must,have tomust常译为“必须;一定”,强调说话人的主观看法,认为有义务或有必
6、要做某事;have to常译为“不得不”,强调客观需要,含有不得不或被迫之意。All passengers must wear safety belts.所有乘客必须系安全带。There is no bus here,and you have to go on foot.这里没有公共汽车了,你得步行前往。mustnt意为“不许”,表示禁止;dont have toneednt意为“不必”,表示没有必要。must用于一般疑问句时,其否定回答应用neednt或dont have to。Must we hand in our homework today?我们今天必须上交作业吗?No,you don
7、t have to.不,不必。The law says drivers mustnt drive after drinking.法律规定禁止司机酒后驾车。must表示说话人的态度,意为“偏偏;非得”。If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.如果你非得走的话,至少也要等到暴风雨结束之后再走。(4) shall,shouldshall用于主语是第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示说话者征求对方的意见或向对方请示。Shall I wait for you at the gate?我在门口等你好吗?特别注意Shall I.?多有利于对方;Ma
8、y I.?多有利于自己。shall用于主语是第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示命令、威胁、警告、允诺等。You shall have the book when I finish reading.我读完之后你就能拿到这本书。(表允诺)You shall be punished if you break the rules.如果你违反规则,就会受到惩罚。(表警告)shall用于规定、法令、条约等文件中表示义务或规定(第三人称作主语),意为“必须;应该”。All payments shall be made in cash.所有款项都必须以现金支付。The new regulations shall t
9、ake effect on March 1st.新法规将于3月1日生效。should表示义务、责任、劝告、建议等,意为“应该;应当”。We shouldnt play mobile phones when crossing the road.我们过马路的时候不应该玩手机。should表示惊讶、遗憾等感情,意为“竟然”。Its surprising that you should have failed to pass such an exam.真令人吃惊,这样的考试你竟然都没通过。特别注意should与ought to的用法区别should表示主观看法、建议;ought to通常反映客观情况。
10、表示义务、责任时,两者差别甚微。We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。We ought to respect the old.我们应该尊敬老人。(5)will,would表示愿望、意愿、意志或决心,意为“要;愿”。She wont give in to the enemy.她决不向敌人屈服。She said she wouldnt be coming to the library any more.她说她再也不会到图书馆来了。表示习惯性动作、必然趋势或固有属性,意为“就会;老是;总是”。As is known to all, fish will die without w
11、ater.众所周知,鱼离开水就会死。On summer evenings,they would sit outside,chatting.夏日的夜晚,他们总会坐在外面聊天。表示征求意见或提出请求,多用于主语是第二人称的疑问句中,would比will语气更委婉。Would you tell me how to get to the shopping mall?你能告诉我怎么到购物中心吗?表示物体的功能或倾向性。The car wont start.车就是发动不起来。(6)used to意为“过去常常”,表示过去习惯性的动作或状态。2表推测的情态动词的用法(1)can可以表推测,用于肯定句时,表示
12、理论上的可能性,至于实际情况如何不作考虑,而且没有具体的时间意义,其否定式cant是语气最强的否定推测,翻译为“不可能,一定不”;can也可用于疑问句中表推测。could have done表示过去本能够做某事却没有做,含有惋惜或责备的语气,意为“本来是可以的”。cant/couldnt have done表示对过去事实的否定推测,意为“不可能已经”。cant比couldnt的语气更强一些,但当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时的时候,从句要用could/couldnt。Everyone can make mistakes.每个人都可能犯错。You cant be hungry,for you had
13、 lunch only two hours ago.你不可能饿,因为你两个小时前才吃的午饭。He did not regret saying what he had done but felt that he could have expressed it differently.他不后悔说了他所做的事,但是他觉得他本可以用不同的方式去表达。He couldnt have watched TV yesterday for he would have an exam.昨天他不可能看电视,因为他要考试了。(2)may和might表推测时既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于否定句。用于肯定句时意为“可能”;
14、否定式may not/might not意为“可能不”;might的可能性比may更小,语气更委婉一些。may/might have done表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测,语气较弱,用于肯定句时表示“可能已经”,还可以表示“本来可能或可以做某事但没有做”,含有轻微的责备或遗憾口吻,其否定式may/might not have done表示“可能不会”。The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。If y
15、ou have an office job, you might not be getting outdoors enough, and your health might suffer.如果你有一份办公室工作,你可能不经常到户外去,那么你的健康就有可能受到影响。What a pity! Considering his ability and experience,he might have done better.真遗憾!考虑到他的能力和经验,他本可以做得更好的。(3)must表推测时只用于肯定句,意为“一定”或“肯定”,所作的推测几乎接近事实,语气最肯定。must have done表示对
16、过去事实有把握的肯定推测,语气最强,只用于肯定句中,意为“肯定(已经)”。He has been working all day.He must be very tired.他一整天一直在工作,所以他肯定非常累。Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He must have drunk too much at the party last night.哈里感觉不舒服,他肯定是在昨晚的聚会上喝多了。【随堂自测】.用适当的情态动词填空Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, _ easily reach the books on the
17、top shelf.It was really annoying that I _ not get access to the data bank you had recommended.Cant you stay a little longer?Its getting late. I really _ go now. My daughter is at home alone.The door _ not open, no matter how hard she pushed.One of our rules is that every student _ wear school unifor
18、m while at school.In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you _ take care of your luggage.Metals _ expand when heated.Youd better pull over if you _ answer a phone.You cant imagine such a gentleman _ be so rude to a lady.I _ go to a summer camp during the summer vacation, but I am not
19、sure.Lily, though too young to go to school, _ easily recite 200 poems.Can I inform my best friends of the result?No, I want to keep it a secret. You _ tell anyone.选择括号内适当的词(组)并用其正确形式填空There _ (would/used to) be a temple, but now there are only high buildings.I suggest you _ (should/could) visit the
20、 Three Gorges Dam. Its fascinating.We _ (must/have to) return by the end of February. We started to work again in March.Everyone _ (must/have to) obey the law.During the vacation, he _ (shall/would) visit me every other day.They _ (would/might) be away for the weekend but Im not sure.完成句子迈克尔不可能是一个警察
21、,因为他太笨了。Michael _ a policeman, for he is much too stupid.我的家乡3月份通常很暖和,但有时可能会相当冷。It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but _ sometimes.莉莎很可能不想去旅行,因为她讨厌旅游。Liza _ to go on the trip, for she hates travelling.虽然这听起来可能像一个简单的任务,但还是需要非常细心。Although this _ a simple task, great care is needed.你是什么意思呢?只有1
22、0张票?应该有12张才对。What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? _ twelve.灯还是亮的,所以他一定在家。The light is still on, so he _.去做你现在能做的事,否则你可能永远也不能做它们了。Do what you can now or you _ do them at all.听到这个令人激动的消息,她禁不住大笑起来。She _ when she heard the exciting news.肯定是有人打开了笼子,狮子不可能自己逃出去的。Somebody _ the cagethe lion _ on it
23、s own.快点!汤姆一定在学校门口等我们。Hurry up! Tom _ for us at the school gate.谢谢你上周的努力工作,我认为没有你的话我们不可能完成这项任务。Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we _ the task without you.昨天他没来学校,难道他生病了?He didnt come to school yesterday. _?我找不到我的钥匙了。我可能昨天把它们落在学校了。I cant find my keys. I _ them at the school ye
24、sterday.灯没开着,他们不可能在家。Theres no light onthey _.他篮球打得很好。他一定经常练习。He plays basketball very well. He _ it a lot.语法精讲情态动词【随堂自测】.can句意为:塞缪尔,我们班最高的男生,能轻松地够到书架顶层的书。表示能力,应用can。could句意为:非常令人恼火的是,我无法进入你推荐的数据库。由前面的was可知,时态为一般过去时,应填can的过去式could。must句意为:你不能再多待一会儿吗?天色晚了。我现在真的该走了。我女儿一个人在家。此处指说话人觉得自己“必须”该走了,故用must。wo
25、uld句意为:不管她多用力地推,门就是打不开。由从句中的pushed可知,时态为一般过去时,故此处应用would,表示一种倾向性。shall句意为:我们有一条规定是每个学生在校期间必须穿校服。shall用于第三人称时,表示规定,意为“必须”。must/should句意为:在像机场和火车站这样拥挤的地方,你一定要看好自己的行李。must表示出于主观意志而必须要做某事;也可用should表建议,表示“你应该看好自己的行李”。will句意为:金属遇热会膨胀。表示固有属性或必然趋势用will。must句意为:如果你非要接电话,那你最好靠边停车。表示“偏要,非要”用must。should句意为:你无法想
26、象这样一位绅士竟然对女士这么无礼。表示说话者的惊讶语气用should,意为“竟然”。may/might句意为:暑假我可能会去参加一个夏令营,但还不确定。根据句中的“I am not sure”可知,设空处填may/might。can句意为:尽管莉莉太小不能去上学,但她能轻松背出200首诗。根据句意可知此处表示一种能力,故填情态动词can。mustnt/cant根据句中的“keep it a secret”可知,此处指不能告诉任何人。.used to此处表示“曾经有过”,根据后面的“but now”可知,现在不是过去的样子了,所以选择used to。should由于主句中的suggest表建议,
27、故宾语从句中谓语要用“should动词原形”形式的虚拟语气,故填should。had to根据第二句中的started可知,时态为一般过去时。此处表示客观上“不得不”,故had to符合句意。must句意为:每个人都必须守法。would表示过去经常做某事,应用would,意为“总是”。might根据后面的“Im not sure”可知,此处表示没把握的猜测,应用might。.cant becan用于否定句中表示“不可能”。can be rather cold此处用can表示理论上的可能性。may/might not wantmay和might在此表示“可能”。may/might sound l
28、ikemay/might在此表推测,意为“可能”。There should/ought to beshould/ought to表推测,意为“应该”。must be at homemust用于肯定句表示有把握的推测,意为“肯定”。may/might not be able tomay/might not表推测,意为“可能不”。couldnt help laughingcant help doing sth.意为“情不自禁做某事”。must have openedcouldnt have escaped第一空表示对过去情况有把握的肯定推测,表示一定发生了某事;第二空表示对过去情况的有把握的否定推
29、测,表示不可能发生了某事。must be waiting根据句意可知,本句表示对现在有把握的肯定推测,故用情态动词must;根据句中的Hurry up可知,此处表示汤姆正在等,应用must be doing。could have finishedcouldnt have done表示“不可能已经”,该句中的not前置到think之前。Can he have been illcan用于疑问句中表推测,意为“难道”,而且这句话是对过去的推测,故用can have done结构。may/might have left表示对过去事实不大肯定的推测,表示“可能已经”。cant be at home此处表示推测,指“不可能”,且情态动词后应接动词原形。must have practised此处表示对过去行为的肯定推测,应用must have done。