1、Reference for Teaching.异域风情1.Cats in EgyptIt seems that there is no middle ground when it comes to cats.People either love them or hate them.These feelings are not new either.All through history,cats have been worshiped or hated.A study of ancient writings and evidence found in tombs indicates that
2、for the past 5000 years,cats have been kept as pets in China,Arabia,Egypt,and India.This may not seem very long compared to the fact that dogs have been domesticated for 50 000 years.The period in which cats have been domesticated may be quite short,but it has definitely had its high and low points.
3、Cats were at their highest position of domesticated life in ancient Egypt.There were more cats living in Egypt during the time of the pharaohs than in any other place in the world since that time.This high concentration of cats was probably due to the laws protecting the animal.Cats were associated
4、with the moon goddess,Bast,so the Egyptians worshiped them as holy animals.If anyone was caught killing a cat,the person could be put to death.Families in Egypt also mourned the death of a cat and had the body of the dead cat wrapped in cloth before it was finally laid to rest.This respect for cats
5、carried over to the Roman Empire where cats were the only animals allowed into temples.This fact was probably due to the ability of cats to keep the temples free of mice and rats.With the coming of the Dark Ages in Europe,the place of cats in society took a turn for the worse.Because they were assoc
6、iated so closely with the “old religions” in Egypt and in the Roman Empire,christians began to associate cats with pagan beliefs.Cats had a reputation as helpers of witches.When a person was accused of being a witch,a cat would often be put on trial with the person.The cat would be tortured to try a
7、nd make the person tell the truth,and usually the cat and the person would end up being burned in a bonfire or drowned.Bonfires of collected cats were not uncommon during this time.The days of hunting witches have ended,but a few myths about cats still hold out.For a while,people in some places used
8、 to bury live cats in cement under new buildings for good luck.As well,many people today continue to believe that black cats are bad luck.If a black cat walks in front of a person,that person must take extra care in the near future to watch out for dangerous situations.Regardless of superstition,cat
9、s remain a popular pet today.Some authorities on cats maintain that a cat can never truly be domesticated because it may turn wild and run away at any time.However,this claim has not deterred people from keeping cats in their homes.One-third of homes in the United States have cats,and one out of eve
10、ry three of these homes keeps both a dog and a cat living.In large cities,many people in apartments have found that cats make much better pets than dogs.2.American Black BearsAmerican black bears appear in a variety of colors despite their name.In the eastern part of their range,most of these bears
11、have shiny black fur,but in the west they grow brown,red,or even yellow coats.To the north,the black bear is actually gray or white in color.Even in the same litter(一胎所生的小动物),both brown and black furred bears may be born.Black bears are the smallest of all American bears,ranging in length from five
12、to six feet,weighing from three hundred to five hundred pounds.Their eyes and ears are small and their eyesight and hearing are not as good as their sense of smell.Like all the other bears,the black bear is timid,clumsy and rarely dangerous,but if attacked,most can climb trees and cover ground at gr
13、eat speed.When angry or frightened,it is a formidable(可怕的) enemy.Black bears feed on leaves,herbs,roots,fruit,beries,insects,fish and even larger animals.One of the most interesting characteristics of bears,including the black bear,is their winter sleep.Unlike squirrels,woodchucks,and many other woo
14、dland animals,bears do not actually hibernate.Although the bear does not eat during the winter months,sustaining itself from body fat,its temperature remains almost normal,and it breathes regularly four or five times per minute.Most black bears live alone,except during mating(交配) season.They prefer
15、to live in caves,hollow logs,or dense thickets(灌木丛).A litter of one to four cubs is born in January or February after a gestation(怀孕) period of six to nine months,and they remain with their mother until they are fully grown or about one and a half years old.Black bears can live as long as thirty yea
16、rs in the wild,and even longer in preserves（禁猎地) set aside for them.3.The BuffaloThe buffalo is the largest North American animal.It weighs as much as 2000 pounds.It lives with other buffalo in groups or herds.Two hundred years ago,there were 60 million buffalo.They lived all over the center of Nort
17、h America.There were thousands of herds.One herd was twenty miles long and twenty miles wide.The buffalo followed the grass and the Indians followed the buffalo.The Indians used the buffalo for many things.They used it for meat.Sometimes they ate fresh meat.Sometimes they dried the meat in the sun.T
18、hen they ate it later.The Indians also used the skin,or hide of the buffalo.From the hide they made tents,clothes,shoes,hats,and rope.They wasted nothing.But times changed.People from other lands came to America.These immigrants crossed the country in wagon trains(货车).They killed the buffalo for foo
19、d and hides.More and more people came.And everyone wanted leather.Hunters with guns killed the buffalo only for their hides.They wasted everything else.These hunters were very good at their job.By 1900,there were fewer than thirty buffalo alive.Today,there are about 30 000 buffalo in America.But her
20、ds are very small.You can see them in states like Wyoming.Sometimes you can buy buffalo meat at a restaurant.But you will never see a herd of buffalo as big as a city.知识归纳1.强调句型强调句型的结构形式为“It+be的适当形式+被强调成分+that/who+其他”。在该句型中，it无实际意义，且不可用this或that替换；若原句的谓语用了现在时或将来时，则be动词用is；若原句的谓语动词用了过去时，用be动词用was。有时为
21、了表达需要，也可在be前加上may/might/must等情态动词；若被强调部分是人，引导词用who或that均可；若是强调其他部分，则一律用that。翻译时常加上“正是；就是”等字眼，以突现其强调含义。It is China that will host the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.正是中国将在北京举办2008年奥运会。It was the film HERO that made him know Zhang Yimou.就是电影英雄使他认识了张艺谋。用法透视(1)强调角度及运用强调主语、宾语或状语It was John who/that broke the g
22、lass yesterday.（强调主语）It is me who/that you should help.（强调宾语）It was at the gate that he told me the news.（强调地点状语）强调状语从句It was before they got to the cinema that the film had already begun.（强调时间状语从句）It was because Li Ping was ill that he didnt come to school last week.（强调原因状语从句）It is where you come f
23、rom that you should return to.（强调地点状语从句）It is as you like that you must do everything.（强调方式状语从句）强调含有“not.until.”结构的句子时，要用“It is/was not until.that.”结构。that后的句子要用肯定句，且须用陈述语序。It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.强调含有定语从句的主语、宾语或状语。It was in the library that was founded by Mr William
24、s that they finished reading the famous novel.强调句型和“It is/was+具体时间+when-clause”句型的区别该句型意为“当某事发生时，时间在”。在该句型中it指时间，且表示时间的词组前无介词，主句的时态和从句的时态是一致的。主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。若表时间的词组前有介词，则转化为强调句型。It was 12:00 when they returned home.他们回家时已经十二点了。It was at 12:00 that they returned home.他们就是在十二点回家的。(2)句型转换及主谓一致变为一般
25、疑问句（把主句中的be动词或情态动词提到句首即可）Could it be last week that he went to Beidaihe for summer camping?变为特殊疑问句（须用“特殊疑问句+be或情态动词+it+that.?”结构）Where was it that you were born?When could it be that he went to our country?变为否定疑问句（须在主句上进行变化）Couldnt it be by plane that he went to France?强调句型的反意疑问句（须与主句一致）It was at el
26、even last night that I knew the good news,wasnt it?强调句型的主谓一致问题（即使被强调部分是复数含义，主句的谓语动词仍然用单数形式）It is they who often help me with my lessons.It was these books that they bought the day before yesterday.2.独立主格结构(1)独立主格结构的形式独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或
27、动作。名词/代词+形容词I heard that she got injured in the accident,my heart full of worry.我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。He stood silent in the moonlight,his door open.月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那里。名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。The rain having stopped,he went out for a walk.雨停了，他出去散步。名词/代词+过去分词More
28、 time given,we should have done it much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。The boy stood there,his right hand raised.那个男生站在那里，高举右手。名词/代词（主格）+不定式Here are the first two volumes,the third one to come out next month.这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。The two boys said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to his fr
29、iends.两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。名词/代词+介词短语The huntman entered the forest,gun in hand.那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。名词/代词+副词Nobody in,the thief took a lot of things away.由于无人看管，小偷拿走了许多东西。Lunch over,he left the house.But he was thinking.
30、吃过午饭后，他离开了屋子。但他还在思考。（2）独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。表示时间Her work done,she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。表示条件The condition being favourable,he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。表示原因There being no taxis,we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good cond
31、uctors,silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。.词语辨析1.argue,discuss,debate(1)argue重在就自己的看法、立场进行论证说理，以说服他人。而discuss重在交换意见，进行讨论，不含有说服对方的成分。I argued with him for a long time,but he refused to listen to the reason.我和他辩论了好长时间，但他拒不服理。There is no need arguing about this matter.不必就此事辩论了。The wome
32、n were discussing hats.女人们在谈论帽子。Im going to discuss the question with him.我打算和他讨论一下这个问题。（2）argue可接名词或that从句，不可接what,when,whether等引导的从句和不定式。discuss可接名词、动名词、不定式短语和when,whether,what等引导的从句，但不可接that从句He argued that the experiment could be done in another way.他争辩说实验可以用另一种方式来进行。Have you discussed when you
33、will start the project?你们讨论过何时开始此项工程了吗？（3）debate着重指在正式场合，和意见对立的一方进行全面的，彻底的辩论，重在各述理由，双方交锋。后接名词和连接代（副）词引导的不定式短语；不接that从句。The subject was hotly debated.这个题目曾经被热烈地辩论。Senater Johnson says they are going to debate a proposed amendment today.参议员约翰逊说他们今天要辩论一个已经提出的修正案。2.near,nearby(1)nearby通常指空间上的接近，用作形容词时，前
34、置、后置均可，也可用作副词。He gave his seat on the bus to an old man standing nearby.在汽车上他把自己的坐位让给了一位站在他边上的老人家。He went to a nearby hotel (=a hotel nearby).他到附近的旅馆去了。(2)near可指时间、空间、年龄、关系、程度等的“接近”，既可用作形容词又可用作副词。用作副词时，其前面通常有修饰语。They were very near to us.他们离我们很近。（距离）Christmas is near.圣诞节临近了。（时间）He must be getting ne
35、ar retiring age.他快到退休年龄了。（年龄）She lives quite/very near.她住得很近。（quite或very修饰副词near）.能力训练1.句型转换，每空一词，使两句意思相同。(1)In the old society it was rare that a poor mans son went to college.In the old society it was rare _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to college.答案：for a poor mans son to go(2)It being Sunday,the library was clos
36、ed._ _ _ _,the library was closed.答案：As it was Sunday(3)As there was nothing to do,we went home._ _ _ _ _,we went home.答案：There being nothing to do(4)They discovered that he was an enemy spy.They discovered_ _ _an enemy spy.答案：him to be(5)She found that it was easy to get on with the new classmates.
37、She found_ _ _ _ _ _the news classmates.答案：it easy to get on with(6)The conference is very important to everyone.The conference is_ _ _to everyone.答案：of great importance2.单句改错(1)How was it that made you so angry with me?答案：将how改为what。此句为强调句型的特殊疑问句形式，若去掉强调结构，则句子应为：What made you so angry with me?疑问词在句
38、中作主语，故不能用how。（2）It only remains of you to sign.答案：将of改为for。It only remains for sb.to do sth.是一个句型，意思是“某人所要做的只是”。(3)He did his homework so carefully that not a single mistake he made.答案：将he made改为did he make。此句中用了so.that.引导的结果状语从句。not为否定词，放在句首（包括从句）时，句子要采用部分倒装的语序。根据句意及主句的时态可以断定要用过去时。(4)It is I who is
39、 to blame for it.答案：将第二个is改为am。在强调句型中强调句子的主语时，从句中的谓语动词应该与被强调的主语在人称和数上保持一致。(5)You should make it a rule to leave things which you can find them again.答案：把which改为where。因为此处是状语从句，而非定语从句。另外注意此句型结构：made it+n.+不定式。此处where引导状语从句表示地点，修饰动词leave。（6）It was the New Years Day that Tom left for New York.答案：将that改为when，或在定冠词前加介词on。这个句子可以作两种解释：强调句型，强调时间状语on the New Years Day,介词on不能省去，否则句子不成立；复合句，其中包含一个由when引导的时间状语从句，it表示时间。(7)Everything taking into consideration,her plan seems more practicable.答案：将taking改为taken。此处为独立主格结构作状语，everything和动词take在逻辑上存在动宾关系，有被动的意思，所以应该用过去分词。