1、Section_Lesson 2 & Lesson 3Prereading原文呈现PIONEERS OF SCIENCEIf you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century, you would have a real dilemma on your hands. In just 100 years, the world changed completely. Amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications and transp
2、ort, not to mention our knowledge of the world and space. Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to surgical procedures replacing diseased organs with donated ones. Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones and the way we correspond went
3、 from writing letters to emailing. We started flying around the world and meanwhile， scientists figured out how to split the atom, previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery, it is possible to single out a
4、 few pioneers of the 20th century. Here are five of them.读文清障dilemma/dIlem/n.困境，进退两难的窘境in a dilemma处于进退两难的境地make a discovery发现communication n通讯not to mention更不用说knowledge n知识，学问range vi.(在一定范围内)变动，变化range from . to .从到不等microscope/maIkrskp/n.显微镜procedure/prsid/n.步骤；程序organ/n/n.器官donate/dneIt/vt.捐赠；赠
5、送replacing diseased organs with donated ones是现在分词短语作定语，修饰surgical procedures。correspond/krIspnd/vi.通信；符合meanwhile/minwaIl/adv.同时(meantime)figure out弄清楚，弄懂split/splIt/vi.分开，分离过去分词短语作定语，修饰the atom。single out挑选出，选拔出(for/as)科学发展的先驱者第12段译文如果要选择20世纪最重要的一个发现，你将会面对一个真正的难题。仅仅100年，世界就完全变了。医学、通讯和交通运输方面都有了惊人的发现
6、，更不用说我们对世界和空间的了解了。医学的进步包括从在显微镜下发现疾病的起因到用捐赠器官替代病变器官这样的外科手术过程。通讯随着移动电话的引入而改变，我们通信的方式也从写信变成发电子邮件。我们开始在世界各地飞行，同时，科学家们发现了怎样分离原子，而原子以前被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。虽然不可能选择最重要的发现，但是挑选出20世纪的几个先驱者是可能的。以下是他们中的5位。One of the 20th centurys premier scientists was Albert Einstein. In the summer of 1905, this outspoken young man
7、was rocking his oneyearold baby when he was suddenly inspired. “Emc2” was born. Emc2 showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy. Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time, mass or length are constant they change according to our experi
8、ence of them.Einstein had already become worldfamous when a young exlawyer, returning from the First World War， started work in California. Using the most highpowered telescope of the time， he began the long, slow process of exploring our galaxy. Edwin Hubble was about to make astronomys greatest br
9、eakthrough of the century. He discovered small areas of mist which were in fact galaxies like our own, millions of light years away from us, which proved that the universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought.premier/premi/adj.最重要的outspoken/atspkn/adj.直言的，坦率的be doing sth. when .是固定句式，意
10、为“正在做某事，这时”。“an amount of不可数名词”后跟谓语单数；“amounts of不可数名词”后跟谓语复数。theory of relativity相对论according to依照，根据worldfamous adj.世界闻名的had just/already done . when .刚刚/已经，这时/此时returning from .是现在分词短语作后置定语。highpowered adj.高性能的，马力大的telescope/telIskp/n.望远镜using . time是现在分词短语作方式状语。galaxy/lksi/n.星系mist/mIst/n.薄雾第34段
11、译文20世纪最重要的科学家之一是阿尔伯特爱因斯坦。1905年的夏天，这个直率的年轻人正在摇着他一岁大的孩子，突然灵感就产生了。“Emc2”诞生了。Emc2显示出了质量很小的物质怎样能产生出令人难以置信的巨大能量。之后爱因斯坦又在他的“相对论”中表明，甚至连时间、质量和长度也不是持久不变的根据我们对它们的了解，它们也会有所改变。就在爱因斯坦的名字响彻世界之时，从第一次世界大战的战场回来的一个年轻律师，开始了他在加利福尼亚的工作。用一台在当时倍数最高的望远镜，他开始了漫长的对我们的星系的探索。埃德温哈勃即将实现本世纪天文史上最大的突破。他发现小的雾区实际上是像我们自己的一样的星系，离我们有几百万光
12、年之远。这个发现证明了宇宙比我们以前想象的要大得多。In 1929, another farreaching finding was made by the son of a Scottish shepherd. Before he went on holiday, biologist Alexander Fleming left a dish with bacteria in it in his laboratory. When he came back, he noticed something strange. He doublechecked and saw a blue mould
13、in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed. This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin， which Fleming realised could be used to kill bacteria.A few years later, penicillin was being massproduced and helping to save the lives of millions. Fleming remained modest about th
14、e amazing outcome of his discovery. “Nature made penicillin，” he said, “I just found it.”During the Second World War, when Flemings discovery was first helping to cure people, the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles. The navy turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Ma
15、uchly, a physicist, to wrestle with the problem and produce a machine to do the job. Although they only finished after the war in 1946, it did not matter. This huge machine was the worlds first computer, but it was nothing like our computers today. It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and
16、weighed over 30 tonnes. With 18,000 tubes, thousands of circuits and 6,000 switches, it used so much energy that when it was turned on, the lights in the local town went out！farreaching adj.影响深远的，广泛的doublecheck v再检查mould/mld/n.霉，霉菌around which the bacteria had been destroyed是“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。penicill
17、in/penIsIlIn/n.青霉素，盘尼西林which Fleming realised could be used .是which引导的非限制性定语从句。which代替penicillin，作从句的主语。massproduce vt.大量生产be modest about对谦虚outcome/atkm/n.后果，结果cure/kj/vt.治愈navy/neIvi/n.海军missile n导弹turn to求助于wrestle/resl/vi.努力解决；摔跤；搏斗nothing like一点儿也不像circuit/skIt/n.电路so . that“如此以至于”，引导结果状语从句。该结果
18、状语从句中又包含了一个when引导的时间状语从句。第57段译文1929年，又一个意义深远的发现诞生了，发现者是一个苏格兰牧羊人家的儿子。去度假之前，生物学家亚历山大弗莱明把一个带有细菌的盘子放在实验室里。回来时，他注意到不同寻常的东西。他再检查了一下，发现盘子里有青色的霉斑，其周围的细菌都被消灭了。实际上这些青色的霉斑正是青霉素的自然形态，弗莱明意识到青霉素可能被用来杀灭细菌。若干年后，青霉素被大规模生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。他的发现具有令人难以置信的成效，但是弗莱明对此很谦逊。“大自然创造了青霉素，”他说，“我只是发现了它。”第二次世界大战期间，弗莱明的发现第一次被用来帮助治疗人们，这
19、时美国海军正在致力于寻找提高导弹命中率的方法。海军方面向工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利寻求帮助来解决问题并制造一台能完成这项工作的机器。虽然他们直到战后的1946年才研制出这台机器，但这无关紧要。这台巨大的机器是世界上的第一台计算机，但是它一点儿也不像我们今天的计算机。它长100英尺，高10多英尺，重30多吨。内含18 000个电子管，几千块电路板和6 000个开关。它消耗的能量特别多，以至于一开机时当地镇上的灯都会熄灭！These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human
20、life on earth, but sometimes breakthrough discoveries that have affected our lives today happened by mistake！ For example, we are all grateful for the handy microwave oven that allows us to prepare meals in minutes and we have Percy Spencer to thank. This inventor, with 120 patents to his name, disc
21、overed microwaves when he was experimenting with radars and noticed a chocolate melting in his pocket.There is no doubt about it. Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned， the world as we know it today would have been a completely different plac
22、e.be dedicated to doing致力于做quality n质量，品质，性质quantity n数量affect vt.影响(have an effect on)by mistake错误地be grateful for感激allow vt.允许allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事microwave/maIkrweIv/n.微波炉notice . doing注意到正在做There is no doubt about/that .毫无疑问whether lucky or planned是一个省略句，补全为whether it was lucky or it was p
23、lanned。as we know it today是as引导的方式状语从句。would have been在此是虚拟语气的用法，前面由without短语引出含蓄虚拟条件句。从句为过去式，则主句用“would have done”形式。第89段译文这些20世纪的先驱者们都致力于提高地球上人类生活的质量，但是，有时候，影响我们今天生活的突破性发现却是由于错误而发生！例如，我们都很感激方便的微波炉使我们能够在几分钟之内准备好饭菜，对此我们要感谢珀西斯宾塞。这个名下拥有120个专利权的发明家在用雷达做实验时注意到自己口袋里的一块巧克力在熔化，从而发现了微波炉。这一点是毫无疑问的，如果没有这些科技先驱
24、者们的突破，是否是由于幸运还是有所计划，我们今天所熟悉的这个世界将会是个完全不同的世界。PrereadingPlease match the words with their proper meanings.1rescueAorder or way of doing things2procedure Bto make a gift of sth. for a good purpose3donate Cto exchange letters4correspond Dthe result or effect of an action or event5meanwhile Eto appear in
25、 a radio or television programme and introduce the items in it6split Fto divide, or to make sth. divide into two or more parts7premier Gmost important8outcome Hto save or bring away sb./sth. from danger, loss, etc.9cure Iat the same time10present Jto make someone who is ill well again15_610_答案：15HAB
26、CI610FGDJELeadinCan you recognise these scientists in the pictures? Do you know their major discoveries? Please match the major discoveries with the scientists.Amade the worlds first flightBproved the Theory of Gravity to be trueCinvented an advanced steam engineDwas the inventor of telephone答案：DCAB
27、WhilereadingFastreading1Whats the main idea of Paragraph 1?To_mention_the_scientific_breakthroughs_in_the_20th_century./To_mention_the_most_important_discoveries_of_the_20th_century.2List five pioneers in the discoveries according to the text.Albert_EinsteinEdwin_HubbleAlexander_FlemingEckertMauchly
28、Carefulreading()True (T) or False (F)1Percy Spencer discovered microwaves by mistake.()2Einstein was at work when he thought of the equation “Emc2”()3The person who discovered penicillin was Alexander Fleming.()4Fleming had been studying bacteria in his laboratory when the discovery happened.()5Duri
29、ng the Second World War, Flemings discovery helped to cure plenty of people.()答案：15TFTFT()Fill in the blanks according to the text.Pioneers of ScienceIn the 20th century, amazing discoveries were made in medicine, communications and transport; humans knowledge of 1.the_world_and_space greatly increa
30、sed.PioneersDiscoveries/InventionsSignificanceAlbertEinsteinEmc2It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of 2.energy.3.Theory_of_relativityIt showed even time，mass and length change according to our experience of them.EdwinHubble4.Galaxies like our own, millions of li
31、ght years away from usIt proved that the universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought.5.AlexanderFlemingPenicillinIt helped to save the lives of millions.Eckert &MauchlyThe worlds first computerIt was produced to improve the 6.accuracy of the US Navys missiles.PercySpencer7.MicrowaveI
32、t helps us to prepare meals in minutes.StudyreadingAnalyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1We started flying around the world and meanwhile, scientists figured out how to split the atom, previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe.句式分析尝试翻译我们开始在世界各地飞行，同时，科学
33、家们发现了怎样分离原子，而原子以前被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。2He discovered small areas of mist which were in fact galaxies like our own, millions of light years away from us, which proved that the universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought.句式分析本句中有两个which，第一个which引导限制性定语从句，第二个which引导非限制性定语从句。尝试翻译他发现小的雾区实际上是像我们
34、自己的一样的星系，离我们有几百万光年之远。这个发现证明了宇宙比我们以前想象的要大得多。3Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology, whether lucky or planned, the world as we know it today would have been a completely different place.句式分析尝试翻译如果没有这些科技先驱者的突破，是否是由于幸运还是有所计划，我们今天所熟悉的这个世界将会是个完全不同的世界。.阅读理解AThe idea of cloni
35、ng your pet sounds like a laughable waste of money, because it is.But it starts to seem a little less laughable when your own beloved pet starts getting older.If I had had a few hundred thousand dollars to spare, I know I would have halfseriously considered it for my dear little cat, who died last y
36、ear.One couple that does happen to have a few hundred thousand dollars to spare is Barry Diller and Diane von Furstenberg, who have reportedly cloned their beloved Jack Russell Terrier (a kind of dog), Shannon, and now have two identical Jack Russell Terriers, named Deena and Evita.When your pet die
37、s, you just want your pet back, or at least as close a copy as you can get.So its really no surprise that of the around 600 dogs cloned by Sooam Biotech Research Foundation most were cloned for sad pet owners.The lab in Seoul, South Korea, is now the only place on the planet in the business of cloni
38、ng pet dogs for owners.But, in fact, the technology wont give you your pet back.There dont yet appear to be any studies on the behavior of cloned pets, but research on cloned cows and pigs has so far shown marked differences in behavior and even looks in cloned animals.The DNA is exactly the same, b
39、ut there are still differences in personality and appearance.Even if Diller and von Furstenburg raise their new dogs in the exact same environment in the exact same way that they raised Shannon, the new dogs will still behave differently.“The promise of pet cloning is that your cloned pet is going t
40、o behave and look like the one you already have and that will not be the case，” said Professor Jorge Piedrahita at NC.State.“Weve cloned animals that were raised in the same environment, but they still didnt act the same.”语篇解读：本文是议论文。尽管宠物克隆技术已经比较成熟，但克隆出来的宠物并不能与原来那个一模一样。1What can we learn about the l
41、ab in Seoul?AIt was set up by some pet owners.BIt has cloned hundreds of pet dogs.CIt charges nothing for its services.DIt has cloned a cat for the author.解析：选B细节理解题。由第二段中的“So its really no surprise that of the around 600 dogs cloned by Sooam Biotech Research Foundation most were cloned for sad pet
42、owners.”可知，这家实验室已经克隆了几百只宠物狗。2Why does the author mention the studies on cloned cows and pigs?ATo explain why farm animals are cloned.BTo discuss why pet cloning is so popular.CTo show cloned animals are very different from each other.DTo prove cloning is not a good way to bring pets from the dead.解析
43、：选D推理判断题。由第三段中的“but research on cloned cows and pigs has so far shown marked differences in behavior and even looks in cloned animals.The DNA is exactly the same, but there are still differences in personality and appearance.”可知，作者提到关于克隆牛和猪的研究是为了说明克隆出来的宠物会与原来那个宠物不一样，因此克隆并不是一个挽回自己原有宠物的好方法。3What will
44、the couple be likely to find out about their new dogs?ATheyll grow in a very strange way.BTheyll dislike their new environment.CTheyll act differently from Shannon.DTheyll have the same personality as Shannon.解析：选C细节理解题。由最后一段中的“the new dogs will still behave differently”可知，这对夫妇会发现他们的克隆狗与原来的Shannon在行
45、为举止上并不相同。4What was Piedrahitas attitude towards the labs promise of pet cloning?AHe disbelieved it.BHe was worried about it.CHe was cautious about it.DHe showed much interest in it.解析：选A推理判断题。由最后一段中的“that will not be the case”可知，Piedrahita并不相信这样的承诺。BI am a member of the Young Peoples Chorus (YPC) of
46、 New York City.The chorus is made up of children aged 8 to 18.Ive been in the chorus for almost five years, and I love the community of “young artists.” Every year, we give a big performance to raise money for the organization.Its the biggest concert of the year and is held at Lincoln Center.A lot o
47、f work goes into the final performance.First, we begin learning our music.We usually start by learning the notes, and then we add the words.Someone comes in to teach us the meaning and pronunciation of the lyrics (歌词) if the words are not in English.Next, we memorize the whole song, even if we only
48、sing part of it.One of the hardest pieces we sang this year was Tjak！， a song inspired by a Balinese Monkey Chant.It has four parts, each with a different rhythm.Once we add dynamics (力度变化) to our songs to give them life, its time to add choreography.Jacquie Bird, the director, tells us to connect t
49、he words we sing to our movements as we breathe and count in our heads.As we get closer to the concert night, the rehearsals (彩排) get tougher.Sometimes, we do a quick review, and sometimes we sing the whole song.My knees and arms start to ache.But once we get a break and some food, we come back feel
50、ing better.We rehearse on weekends for almost a month beforehand; every moment is important and worth it.The real excitement comes during the rehearsal, when we meet our guest artists.This year, YPC invited Mandy Gonzales, Alexandra Socha, and Time for Three to join us.After hearing that we would wo
51、rk with them, we jumped up and down backstage as quietly as we could.Showtime！We sang with musical guests and performed dances that seemed as if they came straight from a Broadway show.At the end of the night, we screamed with excitement backstage.For all of us, pulling off the biggest performance o
52、f the year felt great.语篇解读：本文是记叙文。作者讲述了自己所在的合唱团一年一次的大型表演的准备工作和演出情况。5Why is a big performance given yearly?ATo collect money for YPC.BTo pick excellent performers.CTo show kids talent for acting.DTo celebrate the success of YPC.解析：选A细节理解题。由第一段中的“Every year, we give a big performance to raise money fo
53、r the organization.”可知，每年一次的大型表演是为YPC筹集资金。6What does the underlined word “choreography” in Paragraph 4 mean?ALyrics.BGames.CVideos. DDances.解析：选D词义猜测题。由画线词之前的“Once we add dynamics to our songs”和画线词之后的“connect the words we sing to our movements as we breathe and count in our heads”可知，为了使歌曲富有活力，需要增加舞步
54、。7What excites the author most during the rehearsal?AGetting a rest after tough hours.BWorking with Jacquie.CMeeting guest artists.DHaving some food.解析：选C细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“The real excitement comes during the rehearsal, when we meet our guest artists.”和“After hearing that we would work with them, we ju
55、mped up and down backstage as quietly as we could.”可知，能结识特约嘉宾让作者感到非常兴奋。8How did the author feel at the end of the concert night?AShocked. BRegretful.CThankful. DOverjoyed.解析：选D推理判断题。由最后一段中的“At the end of the night, we screamed with excitement backstage.”可知，表演结束之后，作者和同伴们欣喜若狂。CWelcome to the Civic Art
56、 Museums Exhibit of West African Art, showing pieces from our collections.BackgroundThe peoples of West Africa, including the Yoruba, the Dogon, the Igbo, and the Akan, have a long art tradition.Tribes (部落) in the area have developed different styles of art and architecture that are suited to the cl
57、imate and available materials and based on their traditions.Gallery A: Photographs of Traditional West African ArchitectureThis section shows historical and contemporary photographs of traditional West African architecture.Of particular interest are the photographs of the Dogon village.The design of
58、 the Dogon village is based on the human figure.Certain types of buildings are placed in particular areas according to the Dogons complex philosophical (哲学上的) tradition.For example, the mens houses are placed in the “head” of the village, the leaders house is in the “chest，” and the womens houses ar
59、e in the “hands.”Gallery B: West African MasksThe art of mask making is well developed in West Africa.Masks are important to West African traditions and have clear social, political, and economic roles.However, most masks are worn only at particular times or on special occasions.For example, among t
60、he Dan and the Kota, certain people wear special masks to show their power when they act as judges and policemen within the community.Among the Bambara of Mali, headdresses are worn during planting and harvest celebrations.Gallery C: West African SculpturesWest African sculptures are made from mater
61、ials such as metal or wood.They are based on tribal traditions and are quite different.The Dogon are especially known for making figures of their ancestors.They believe their ancestors, called Nommo, came down from the sky at the beginning of time.Nommo figures are often shown with their hands reach
62、ing out to the sky.The collection contains several wonderful examples of Nommo sculptures.语篇解读：本文是应用文。文章介绍了Civic Art Museum的一个展览，并对每个展览馆的展品进行了概述。9What is special about Dogon houses?AThey are shaped like human beings.BThey are designed by the village leader.CThey are grouped according to tradition.DT
63、hey have many photographs inside them.解析：选C细节理解题。由Gallery A部分中的“Certain types of buildings are placed in particular areas according to the Dogons complex philosophical tradition.”可知答案。10West African masks _.Ahave recently developedBplay many different rolesCare mainly worn at harvest timeDshow the e
64、veryday life of the Dan解析：选B细节理解题。由Gallery B部分中的“Masks are important to West African traditions and have clear social, political, and economic roles.”可知，面具在各个领域均发挥着重要作用。11What do we know about the Dogon people?AThey are afraid of Nommo figures.BThey make statues of their ancestors.CThey believe they
65、 will return to the sky.DThey straighten their arms to show respect.解析：选B细节理解题。由Gallery C部分中的“The Dogon are especially known for making figures of their ancestors.”可知答案。.阅读七选五When were struggling with something, its natural to turn to others for help.Helping each other is a part of the giving and re
66、ceiving that makes up good relationships.Getting help sounds simple.But its not always easy to do._1_ Here are some examples of the kinds of attitudes that can stand in the way and ideas on how to get past them.Obstacle (障碍) 1：_2_Asking for help shows confidence.Its a sign of strength, not weakness.
67、You know what you need and youre not afraid to reach out for it.For example, instead of thinking: I dont want my coach to find out I cant learn that move well in case he thinks I shouldnt be on the team.Change it to: Ill show my coach how committed (效忠的) I am to the team and how hard I practice by a
68、sking him to share tips on how I can improve.Obstacle 2: Thinking you dont deserve help or support.Everyone needs help now and then._3_Accepting help can strengthen friendships and relationships.Everyone feels good when they can support a friend._4_ Share your feelings or a problem with someone who
69、listens and cares, not someone who judges, criticizes or blames you.Most of the time we can guess in which way people might react, but on rare occasions, they catch us off guard (让我们猝不及防)_5_ Its whats going on with the other person.ABe careful with the friends you are making.BBe careful in choosing
70、who you ask for help.CNo one can or should handle everything alone.DBelieving that needing help is a sign of weakness.ESometimes we stand in our own way without realizing it.FIf you do get rejected, its not because of anything you did.GConvincing yourself that needing help is a sign of strength.语篇解读
71、：本文是说明文。生活中每个人都有需要寻求帮助的时候，但是有时候恰恰是我们自己阻碍了寻求帮助的道路。1选E由上句“But its not always easy to do.”可知，寻求帮助不是一件容易的事情，有时候是我们自己阻碍了寻求帮助的道路，但是我们却没有意识到这一点。E项的“stand in our own way”与下句“stand in the way”呼应。2选D由下文“Its a sign of strength, not weakness.”可知，此处指的障碍是“我们有时候认为寻求帮助是懦弱的表现”。由本空前“Obstacle”可知，G项错误。3选C由上句“Everyone needs help now and then.”可知，每个人都有需要帮助的时候，没有人能够或者是应该独自处理一切事情。4选B由空后“someone who listens and cares, not someone who judges, criticizes or blames you”可知，此处是指“找到合适的可寻求帮助的对象才行”。5选F由空后“Its whats going on with the other person.”可知，当我们被拒绝的时候，不是因为我们自己做错了什么事情，而是因为我们找错了求助对象。
