1、专题一名词和冠词常考点掌握名词的可数和不可数性、可数名词的复数、名词作定语以及名词的所有格形式的用法。特别注意名词词义辨析和名词固定短语的运用。近些年考查名词的题目，在设问方面更趋精细化。冠词主要考查牢固的基础知识和灵活使用冠词的能力。冠词的用法复杂，要弄清句子中的单数名词、复数名词或不可数名词的泛指、特指、类指、专指的概念。做题时，首先要搞清名词是单数还是复数，是特指还是泛指，注意复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词，单数名词前要加不定冠词。名词名词的数 1. 单数名词变为复数名词常考点：以o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加s，但是下列以o结尾的名词要加es：hero，tomato，po
2、tato，Negro(黑人)。以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加s，但下列以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，需把f或fe去掉，加ves：half，self，wife，life，knife，shelf，wolf，thief，leaf，loaf。合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如：passersby，gobetweens，lookerson，mothersinlaw。2. 下列名词通常作不可数名词：fun，advice，progress，information，equipment，luggage，weather，furnitu
3、re等。3. 有些名词的复数形式可表示特别的意义。如：waters(水域)，sands(沙滩)，manners(礼貌)，times(时代)，spirits(情绪；烈酒)，contents(目录)，customs(海关)，lines(台词)，arms(武器)，looks(容貌)。4. 单复数同形的名词。如： Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，series，means，works。用所给词的适当形式填空：_(leaf) turn green in spring.He gained his _(wealth) by printing _(work) of famous writ
4、ers.There are two _(Chinese)，three_(Englishman) and four _(German) in the team.What great _(fun) it is!He asked _(passerby) for help.【答案】Leaveswealth；worksChinese；Englishmen；Germansfunpassersby名词的格 1. 所有格的含义：表示所属。如：Toms car。表示类别。如：a womens college。表示动作的执行者或承受者。如：the teachers praise。2. 所有格有两种不同的形式：在名
5、词末尾加s构成，多用来表示有生命的东西；由介词of加名词构成，多用来表示无生命的东西。但是在下列几种情况下，由s构成的所有格也可表示无生命的东西：表时间。如：five weeks holiday。表自然现象。如：the earths atmosphere。表国家、城市等地方的名词。如：Chinas population。表工作群体。如：the ships crew。表度量衡及价值。如：twenty pounds weight。3. 双重所有格的用法：表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。
6、如：a friend of mine/my brothers/hers/his/theirs。表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩时，of所修饰的名词前面通常有指示代词this，that，these，those等。如：this little car of your sisters。4. 区别：Tom and Henrys mother(只有一位母亲)Toms and Henrys mothers(有两位母亲)完成下列句子：I wonder whose bicycle it is.It must be_(我老师的)Yesterday I was invited to dinner at _(White家)U
7、ncle Jack is _(我妈妈的一个朋友)_(你妹妹的这只猫) is really a dear.I will have a _(五天的假期)【答案】my teachersthe Whitesa friend of my mothersThis cat of your sisters five days holiday/fiveday holiday名词作定语 1. 当名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，即使在意义上是复数(如：shoes)或总作复数的名词(如：trousers)，也是如此。如：a shoe shop，trouser pockets，tooth brushes。但也有例外，它们
8、是：sports，customs，arms，clothes，sales和accounts。如：a sports car，a customs officer，a clothes shop，a sales director。2. “man/woman名词”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数。如：men teachers，women doctors。3. 名词作定语表示用途、性能、材料等。如：a stone bridge(一座石头桥)，a street light(一盏街灯)。完成下列句子：He dropped the _(咖啡杯) and broke it.The _(自行车
9、店) is just around the corner and you wont miss it.【答案】coffee cupbike shop冠词不定冠词 表示泛指。如：A square has four sides.表示“相同的”，与the same 同义。如：They are of an age.They are (of) the same age.表示“某一”，与a certain同义(与专有名词连用)。如：A Mr. Smith is waiting to see you.在某些物质名词前表示“一种、一阵、一份、一场”等。如：We had a heavy rain last nig
10、ht.用在某些抽象名词前，使其具体化。如：You are a great help to me.有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of时，前面需用不定冠词。如：I have only a limited knowledge of computer.独一无二的东西前有修饰词时，表示属于某一类或表示某一种特殊的情况。如：a full moon, a peaceful world。固定搭配。如：at a loss(不知所措)，a matter of(一个的问题)，all of a sudden(突然)，in a hurry/in a rush
11、(匆匆忙忙)，have a gift for(有的天赋)，once in a while(偶尔)，at a distance(隔一段距离)，a waste of(浪费)，give sb. a lift/ride(让某人搭车)，have a population of(有的人口)，have a word with sb.(和某人交谈)。用适当的冠词填空：I earn 10 dollars _ hour as _supermarket cashier on Saturdays.The teacher asked us to write _800wordlong composition.I know
12、 _ John Lennon，but not _ one you know.They are twins，so they are of _ age.He has _ fine collection of paintings.The power supply was cut off. All of _ sudden，the lights went out.【答案】an；aana；theana a定冠词 特指上文提到过、谈话双方都清楚的、受定语修饰的人或物。如：I like music but I dont like the music of the film.表示整个类属。如：The tiger
13、 is in danger of becoming extinct.用于世界上独一无二的事物、某些专有名词、由普通名词构成的专有名词、阶级、党派、组织及表示方位的名词前。注意方位名词的用法：move (to the) south。在序数词和最高级前。如：Lesson 9 is a most difficult lesson but it is not the most difficult lesson in the book.在乐器名词前、表示姓氏的复数名词前、逢整十数词的复数词、朝代前。如：the Blacks。在句型“动词sb.介词身体某一部位”中的身体某一部位前的the不可用人称代词代替
14、。如：take sb. by the arm，hit sb. in the face。此外，be red in the face(脸红)，be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸)，be blind in the eye(眼瞎)等结构中，名词前也要用the。在发明前。如：Do you know who invented the telephone?用于一些形容词前，表示一类人或物。如：The rich/old/sick/unemployed (are.)The new/beautiful unexplained (is.)用于江、河、湖、海、洋、运河、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾、沙
15、漠等专有名词前。如：the Red Sea，the English Channel。固定搭配。如：make the most of(充分利用)，by the day(按日计算)，on the whole(大体上)，most of the time(大多数时候)，the other day(几天前)，on the radio/phone/computer(在电台/电话/电脑里)，for the time being(暂时)，on the spot(当场)，not in the leastnot at all(一点也不)，in the distance(在远处)，go to the cinema(
16、去看电影)，to tell the truth(说实话)。用适当的冠词填空：Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _ public places._ Greens are at table.She hit him in _ face.He was hit by a falling tree and killed on _ spot.【答案】the；/Thethethe零冠词 当复数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时。如：natural disasters，senior citizens，flood control。成对名
17、词连用时。如：day after day，face to face，heart and soul。可数名词单数在系动词turn后作表语，以及在as或though引导的倒装让步状语从句中作表语。如：He was a doctor before he turned writer.Child as he is，he knows a lot.在球类、棋类、学科、语言、一日三餐、头衔职务(作表语、同位语、补语)等名词前。如：English is very beautiful.The English language is very beautiful.I usually have lunch at ho
18、me but I had a packed lunch yesterday.The chairman of the meeting is coming.Mr. Li，chairman of the meeting，is coming.在季节、月份、某些含day的节假日、星期、城市、国家等名词前。如：He was born in autumn.He was born in the autumn of 1990.He was born in a_cold autumn.It happened on Sunday.It happened on a Sunday last month.Shanghai
19、 is considered the New York of China.在“at时间名词”“by交通工具/通信工具”中。如：at four(在四点钟)，by bike(骑自行车)。man(mankind)，word(口信，消息)前通常不加冠词。“bythe具体的计算单位名词”，表示“按/以/论”，但是size，weight，time这类名词和by连用时前不用加定冠词。如：Eggs are sold by the dozen.Eggs are sold by weight.在“kind/sort/type of名词”结构中。如：This kind of apple sells well.名词前
20、已有限定词this/that/those/her/your/a/an/no/whose等。如：her only son。be of抽象名词(use/importance/help/value/interest/benefit)。固定搭配。如： on second thought(s)(重新思考后)，come to powertake office(上台)，in debt(欠债)，in place of(代替)，out of work(失业中)，make room for(为腾让空间)，in trouble(处在困境中)，in use(在使用中)，come to light(真相大白)，by m
21、istake(弄错)，at war(在交战中)，on board(在船/飞机/车上)。注几组词的区别：in charge/control/possession/command of(管理/控制/拥有/掌握)in the charge/control/possession/command of(由管理/控制/拥有/掌握)in prison/hospital(在坐牢/住院)in the prison/hospital(在监狱/医院里)in case of(以防万一)in the case of(就来说)by day(在白天)by the day(按日计算)go to sea(当船员；出航)go t
22、o the sea (去海边)out of question(毫无疑问，一定，当然)out of the question(不可能)three of us(我们中的三人)the three of us (我们这三人)take place(发生，举行)take the place of (取代)on earth(究竟，到底)on the earth(在世界上)in office(在职，当权)in the office(在办公室里)用适当的冠词填空：He likes to talk on _ phone while I prefer writing _ letters.Water is chang
23、ed into _ steam by heat and into _ ice by cold.Has he turned _ scientist?Mr. Li is _ chairman of the meeting.The diet is measured in _ calories，while the food is sold by _ pound.【答案】the；/；/；the1. (2014江苏卷)She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful _ in last years election.A
24、. symbol B. portraitC. identity D. statue2. (2014浙江卷)The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days _ week, often long into _ night.A. a; the B. the; /C. a; a D. /; the3. (2014天津卷)Life is like _ ocean; only _ strongwilled can reach the other shore.A. an; the B. the; aC. the; / D. /; a4. (2
25、014重庆卷)I cant tell you _ way to the Wilsons because we dont have _ Wilson here in the village.A. the; a B. a; /C. a; the D. the; /5. (2014浙江卷)We most prefer to say yes to the _ of someone we know and like.A. attempts B. requestsC. doubts D. promises6. (2013江西卷)Animals are obviously _ lower form of l
26、ife than _ man.A. a; / B. the; theC. a; the D. /; /7. (2013全国新课标卷)India attained _ independence in 1947，after _ long struggle.A. /; a B. the; aC. an; / D. an; the8. (2013江苏卷)With inspiration from other food cultures，American food culture can take a _ for the better.A. share B. chanceC. turn D. lead9
27、. (2012浙江卷)The development of industry has been _ gradual process throughout _ human existence，from stone tools to modern technology.A. /; the B. the; aC. a; / D. a; a10. (2012重庆卷)Sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George.A. /; / B. the; /C. the; the D.
28、 /; the【答案】1. A2. A3. A4. A5. B6. A7. A8. C9. C10. D1. I was told that _ 10：15 flight would take us to Shanghai in time to reach _ Fudan University.A. the；/ B. the；aC. a；the D/；the2. One of _ outstanding qualities required is selfdiscipline，_ quality I lack.A. /；a B. the；/C. the；a D. an；the3. Giving
29、 up my job to go back to fulltime education was a big _，but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.A. project B. commitmentC. competition D. ambition4. Angela and Ajani will pick up the marriage _ after they met online several times，which is not sensible.A. acquisition B. identificationC. c
30、ertificate D. qualification5. Any help from you will be greatly appreciated. Please give me a reply at your earliest_A. interruption B. instructionC. consideration D. convenience6. Jack had _ feeling of excitement when hearing his article had been published in _ school magazine.A. the；a B. a；theC. /
31、；the D. the；/7. The Day of the Dead，an ancient Mexican festival，is not a sad day，but _ time to celebrate _ cycle of life.A. a；the B. /；theC. /；a D. the；a8. Last month，thousands of workers in that city went on _ strike，demanding lower taxes and _ end to cutting staff members.A. a；the B. a；anC. /；an D
32、. /；the9. In face of _ failure，it is the most important to keep up _ good state of mind.A. a；/ B. /；aC. the；/ D. /；the10. The weather isnt good enough for an outing，is it?No. We cant have _ at this time of the year.A. a nicer day B. a worse dayC. a worst day D. so fine a day11. It was on _ Sunday in
33、 _ July of 2009 that the famous scholar of Chinese traditional culture，Ji Xianlin，passed away.A. /；/ B. /；theC. a；the D. a；a12. Modern society is built on the concept that all human beings are born free and equal in _ and rights.A. dignity B. qualityC. ability D. identity13. Nowadays senior high sch
34、ool students are burdened with too many _，which is making them less and less confident.A. motivations B. expectationsC. amusements D. opportunities14. When Captain Cook landed in New Zealand in 1769，he took _ possession of it in _ name of the British Crown.A. the；the B. the；/C. /；/ D. /；the15. Im _C
35、hinese and I do feel _ Chinese language is _ most beautiful one.A. /；the；a B. a；/；theC. a；the；/ D. a；/；a16. As he reached _ front door，Jack saw _ strange sight.A. the；/ B. a；theC. /；a D. the；a17. Experts think that _ recently discovered painting may be _ Picasso.A. the；/ B. a；theC. a；the D. the；a18.
36、 He says that my new car is a _ of money.Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?A. lack B. loadC. question D. waste19. Carl is studying _ food science at college and hopes to open up _ meal processing factory of his own one day.A. /; a B. /; the C. the; a D. the; the20. He will come to unde
37、rstand your efforts sooner or later. Its just a matter of _A. luck B. value C. time D. fact21. In _ face of increasing energy limits, China needs _ major breakthrough in mining and exploration. A. a; a B. the; aC. /; the D. /; /22. It is thought that _ custom of colouring eggs was brought to Europe
38、during _ Middle Ages. A. the; the B. a; /C. a; the D. the; / 23. With Chinas rising economy, _ car is becoming _ common means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; aC. the; a D. the; the 24. According to _ survey conducted last month, _ fourth of the post90s college graduates prefer online jobhunting.
39、A. a; a B. a; theC. /; a D. the; the 25. _ misuse of personal information is annoying to everyone and people call for _ effective laws to prevent it. A. The; / B. The; theC. A; the D. A; /26. The pianist missed a _ when playing the piano on the stage in the Grand Theatre last night. A. line B. chanc
40、eC. step D. beat 27. In China, shaking hands with each other is a common _ when people meet for the first time. A. sense B. practiceC. scene D. rule 28. How do you like the _ that children be sent abroad to study?A. idea B. viewC. opinion D. suggestion 29. A sense of _ is the basic requirement for p
41、eople working in the service industry, such as education and health care. A. agreement B. attentionC. carefulness D. devotion 30. Everyone knows smoking is harmful to health, but still so many people smoke. Exactly! So our country is planning to start a _ against smoking. A. war B. campaignC. struggle D. motion 【答案】1. A2. C3. B4. C5. D6. B7. A8. C9. B10. B11. C12. A13. B14. D15. A16. D17. D18. D19. A20. C21. B22. A23. C24. A25. A26. D27. B28. D29. D30. B