1、第四讲名词性从句思维导图.主语及主语从句一、主语1概念：在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作的发出者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。2充当主语的词、短语和句子：名词、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。The patients family have expressed their gratitude to the press in letters for the money raised.(名词作主语)病人的家人写信为筹集到的资金向媒体表示感谢。Studying English is very important.(动名词短语作主语)学习英语很重要。二、主语从句1that引
2、导的主语从句(1)that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义，但一般不可省略。That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all.众所周知，地球围着太阳转。(2)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省略。常见句式主要有以下几种：Itbe形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)that从句It isnt likely that I should accept such
3、 an offer as that.我不可能接受像那样的帮助。Itbe名词(短语)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)that从句Its no wonder that he didnt want to go.难怪他不想去。Itbe过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，wellknown，announced等)that从句It is decided that
4、the meeting has been put off until next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一已经定下来了。名师指津 在“Itbesuggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required.that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should)动词原形”。To master Mandarin，it is suggested that you (should)practice with Chinese people.(四川高考书面表达)为了掌握普通话，建议你和中国人一起练习。It特殊动词或短语(seem，appear，happen，
5、matter，turn out，occur to，make no difference等)that从句It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。2whether/if引导的主语从句主语从句位于主句谓语动作前，表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主语，则whether与if可互换。Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the g
6、overnment about water pollution.我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。Its uncertain whether/if hell come this evening.他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。3wh类连接词引导的主语从句wh类连接词包括连接代词(who，whom，whose，what，whoever，whomever，whatever等)和连接副词(when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等)。What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is hon
7、esty and happiness.芭芭拉琼斯展现给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。.宾语与宾语从句一、宾语1概念：宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。2充当宾语的词、短语或句子：一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。3双宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)Mr.Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语；advice为直接宾语)史密斯先生就如何提高他的写作给他提了许多有价值的建议。4复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)Doctors
8、often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语；to pay more attention.regular examinations为宾语补足语)医生经常建议我们多注意饮食和心理健康并定期检查。二、宾语从句1that引导的宾语从句that引导宾语从句时无词义，在从句中不作成分，口语中一般可以省略，但下列情况下不能省略：(1)当that从句作介词的宾语时。I dont know exactly where he lives，ex
9、cept that its somewhere out in the wilds.他住在哪里我不很清楚，只知道是远离城市的荒野之中。(2)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略。He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他不得不离开并且很快就会回来。(3)it作形式宾语的宾语从句。一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有find，think，consider，believ
10、e，guess，suppose，make等。He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。hate，like，dislike，appreciate，enjoy等表示“喜欢”、“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to，depend on，rely on等后面常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候，我负责把他照顾好。2whether与if引导的宾语从
11、句whether与if引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义，意为“是否”。在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if：(1)宾语从句中有or not且直接跟在whether后时，只能用whether。I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether/if the report is true or not.我不知道这个报道是否是真的。(2)介词后的宾语从句要用whether，whether可与不定式连用。It depends on whether we have enough time.这取决于
12、我们是否有充足的时间。They dont know whether to go there.他们不知道是否去那里。3连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句连接代词和连接副词引导宾语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.我们的老师总是告诉我们，如果想成功的话，就要相信我们所做的事以及我们自己。.表语与表语从句一、表语1概念：表语一般位于系动词(如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等)之
13、后，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。2充当表语的词、短语或句子：一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。The cultural background of China is totally different from that of the US.(形容词作表语)中国的文化背景与美国完全不同。My suggestion is that we should start at once.(从句作表语)我的建议是我们应该马上开始。二、表语从句1连词that/whether/because/as if (though)引导的表语从句(1)
14、that，whether引导的表语从句。在表语从句中，that无词义，一般不能省略；whether意为“是否”。The reason for your mistake is that you lack confidence in yourself.你犯错误的原因是你对自己缺乏信心。The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.问题是空气污染能否被控制住。(2)as if/though引导的表语从句，有时可用虚拟语气。The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if/ th
15、ough a great black blanket had been thrown over it.厚重的烟雾覆盖着整座城市，好像一个厚厚的黑色毯子扔到它的上面。(3)because，why引导的表语从句。He failed.That is because he didnt work hard.他失败了。那是因为他没有努力工作。2连接代词、连接副词引导的表语从句(1)连接代词有：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever，whichever等；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。(2)连接副词有：when，w
16、here，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等。连接副词在从句中作状语。Id like to start my own businessthats what Id do if I had the money.我愿意自己创业那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。That was where we camped last time.那就是我们上次野营的地方。.同位语与同位语从句一、同位语1概念：对句子中的名词或代词做进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。2作同位语的词、短语和句子：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。We h
17、ave two foreign teachers，a Canadian and an American.我们有两名外籍教师，一名加拿大人和一名美国人。二、同位语从句的连接词同位语从句在句中作某一名词(news，fact，idea，desire，suggestion，promise，information等)的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词主要有that，whether，why，who，where，how，when等。在同位语从句中，that和whether不作成分，that无词义，whether表示“是否”；if不能引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连接
18、词一般都不能省略。The report that he was going to resign was false.他将辞职的报道是假的。析三大从句，辨七大易混点定语从句与并列句的主要区别：句中若有and，but，so等并列连词或分号则为并列句，此时不需要再填引导词。1She has written many novels，some of _ are interesting.分析 whichwhich引导定语从句，修饰先行词novels，“some of which”在从句中作主语。2She has written many novels，and some of _ are interesti
19、ng.分析 them此句为and引导的并列句。定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词，状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。1We young people should go to the place _ is in need of help.分析 which/that关系代词which/that引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the place”，且在从句中作主语。2We young people should go _ were most needed.分析 wherewhere引导地点状语从句，修饰主句谓语动词go。定语从句与时间状语从
20、句的主要区别：定语从句有表示时间的先行词，而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词，状语从句修饰谓语动词。1I will always remember the days _ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.分析 whenwhen引导定语从句，修饰先行词“the days”，且在从句中作状语。2I always remember the days in the countryside _ I see the photo of my grandparents.分析 whenwhen引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词remember。定语
21、从句与结果状语从句的主要区别：the same.as与such.as引导定语从句， as在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so.that.引导结果状语从句，that在从句中不作成分。1This is such an interesting work of art _ all of us like.分析 assuch.as引导定语从句，as在定语从句中作like的宾语。2This is such an interesting work of art _ all of us like it.分析 thatsuch.that引导结果状语从句。定语从句与主语从句的区别：定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相
22、当于一个形容词，在整个句子中作定语，用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句，其作用相当于一个名词，在整个句子中作主语。1_is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.分析 Asas引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面这句话的内容。2_ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.分析 Itit作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。3_is known to everybody is tha
23、t moon travels round the earth once every month.分析 Whatwhat在此引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语，而后面that引导的从句则是表语从句。单句语法填空/单句改错1Im not sure _ is more frightened，me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018全国卷)答案who考查宾语从句引导词。分析句子成分，空格处作从句的主语，联系下文中me or the female gorilla可知此处作者把自己和大猩猩作对比，“我不知道
24、我和大猩猩谁更害怕”，故填who。2As natural architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly _ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(全国卷)答案how分析句子结构可知，空格处是一个宾语从句。空格后的thick为形容词，因此空格处应用副词，故填how。3I didnt understand _ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for
25、the reservation.(广东高考)答案why根据语境可知，“我”不知道/不明白为什么会发生这样的事情。不明白的一定是原因，故用why引导。4My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.(2016全国卷)答案thatwhere分析句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句，而宾语从句中缺少地点状语。故用where引导。5After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.(201
26、5全国卷)答案wherethat或去掉where这是一个宾语从句，不缺少成分且句意完整，所以不能用where，应该用that引导宾语从句，that也可省略。.单句语法填空1Planting a small tree is cheap and easy，and two decades from now，when you look at what will have become a large tree，you will find sense of satisfaction，knowing that you did your part to help solve the problem of c
27、limate change.(2019石家庄模拟)2The following was what_ he had seen.(2019银川模拟)3New wireless technology has solved that problem and the hope is that soon you wont even have to think about charging your mobile devices.(2019衡水模拟)4Finally，a woman with a tray full of food sat down opposite him and informed him
28、 how the cafeteria worked.(2019莆田模拟)5They never get angry and are always kind to the students.Thats why the children can always get on well with their robot teachers.(2019齐齐哈尔模拟)6I wonder first of all what they want，and then wonder if/whether they are so eager to accept advice themselves.(2019湖南师大附中
29、模拟)7The words “Just Married” are painted on the trunk or back window to tell people that they are married.(2019巢湖模拟)8What patients take is decoction (煎汁) of the herbs.(2019河南八市联考)9Remember that true power is not necessarily control over situations，but the ability to deal with whatever comes your way
30、.(2019南昌模拟)10We dont respect who_we think is better than us; we dont respect poor and old people，or we dont respect who we feel is less better than us.(2019南昌模拟).单句改错1Its good for us to eat which are rich in vitamins and minerals every day，that is，some fresh vegetables and fruit.whichwhat2Whenever I
31、 want to see it，that I must do is to close my eyes，and it will appear in front of me.(2019郑州模拟)thatwhat3The good news is whether therell be a mens basketball match between China and Korea at the stadium of our city this Sunday.(2019舒兰模拟)whetherthat4I have the confidence what you can learn how to mak
32、e Chinese knots.(2019许昌模拟)whatthat5How I do every day is to listen to lectures，take notes and do my homework，which seems to be endless.(2019辽源模拟)HowWhat6Foreigners are paying attention to which is happening in China and are picking up some Chinese words，especially the words which express unique Chin
33、ese ideas and cannot be easily translated into English.(2019新余模拟)第一个whichwhat7We must find out where Karl is coming，so we can book a room for him.(2019牡丹江模拟)wherewhen8The police told him what it had happened: his car had been on a private parking lot and had been taken away by the police.(2019泰安模拟)去
34、掉it9To make matters worse，I had to share a double room with someone I did not know，despite the fact I had paid for a single room.(2019襄阳模拟)fact后加that10As the college entrance examinations will be held in June，the students should make full use of time to review that what they have learned.(2019吉安模拟)去
35、掉that.语法填空(2019黄冈中学模拟)Canadians and Americans eat somewhat differently.Some Canadians use tableware as Americans do，while some like the tableware of the British Isles，Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations; but most Canadians use a 1._ (combine) of the two styles.Canadians tend 2._ (use) the simple
36、r British，Irish and Commonwealth style when cutting food.The right hand cuts with a knife，while the left holds 3._ is being cut with a fork.Then the left hand，use 4._ fork to lift the cut food directly into the mouth.In contrast，most Americans will exchange the knife and fork before 5._(lift) cut fo
37、od to their mouths，which is 6._ (true) embarrassing.In the most cases，Americans use forks 7._ (hold) in their right hands to bring all food to their mouths，whether or not it needs to be cut.Most Canadians use the American style 8._ food that does not need to be cut.Each of these styles 9._ (be) acce
38、ptable in both countries.However，you will be less 10._ (attract) by using the American style in the United States，as most Americans are not as used to different cultures as Canadians are.【语篇解读】本文为我们介绍了美国和加拿大人的用餐习惯的差异。1combination考查名词。但是大部分的加拿大人会使用这两种方式的结合，用在不定冠词后面，所以此处应该用combine的名词形式combination。2to
39、use考查非谓语动词。加拿大人往往会使用更加简单一点的英国或者爱尔兰的一种方式，tend to do sth“倾向于做某事”，所以填to use。3what考查宾语从句的引导词。根据句意：右手用刀切，左手拿着叉子吃切的东西。这里填what引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语。4the考查冠词。该句前已提到过fork，由于是第二次提到，所以该名词前用定冠词the。5lifting考查非谓语动词。在举起食物送到嘴里之前，大部分的美国人会交换一下刀叉，before引导的状语从句的省略，lift和句子的主语most Americans是主动关系，所以用lift的现在分词lifting。6truly考查副词。根
40、据句意：在举起食物送到嘴里之前，大部分的美国人会交换一下刀又，这是很尴尬的。这里用true的副词形式修饰形容词，所以填truly。7held考查非谓语动词。美国人用握在他们右手里的叉子把食物送到嘴里，此句话中hold和前面的名词forks是被动关系，所以用hold的过去分词作后置定语，填held。8for考查介词。大部分的加拿大人会把这种美国人的方法用于不需要切的食物，所以填for，表示“用于”。9is考查动词的单复数。这每一种方式在两个国家都是可以接受的，each作主语，谓语动词用单数，所以填is。10attractive考查形容词。用在be动词之后，所以填形容词形式attractive，表
41、示引人注目的。.短文改错This winter vacation I went to Dunhuang to explore the Silk Road with my classmates.When we got off the train，we were all excited and attracted by which we saw.The next day，we visit the Mogao Caves.Impressing by the great construction，we took many photos.A guide introduced the wall paint
42、ings to me.With curiosity，we listened attentive，asking questions and taking note.The camel ride on the third day was the most excited part of our tour.Looking far into the desert，I pictured that how ancient Chinese travelled along the long route.Before leaving，we took a group photo and to memorize t
43、he tour along the Silk Road.The trip ended，but my interest keeps growing and Im longing to seeing more sites along the Silk Road.答案This winter vacation I went to Dunhuang to explore the Silk Road with my classmates.When we got off the train，we were all excited and attracted by we saw.The next day，we
44、 the Mogao Caves. by the great construction，we took many photos.A guide introduced the wall paintings to .With curiosity，we listened ，asking questions and taking .The camel ride on the third day was the most part of our tour.Looking far into the desert，I pictured how ancient Chinese travelled along the long route.Before leaving，we took a group photo to memorize the tour along the Silk Road.The trip ended，but my interest keeps growing and Im longing to more sites along the Silk Road.
