1、高中学生如何写好英语作文内容摘要:高中作文怎样写?高考作文怎样写?这是困扰每一个学生的问题,也是让教师颇为头疼的问题。高中生写作部分在高考试卷中失分率很高,根据每年高考阅卷学生写作中常见的错误,我从五个方面提出了高中生应当怎样解决写作这个问题,从而在考试中拿到高分。关键词:英语写作 方法 训练 提高英语作文(也称书面表达)是高考中一道考查学生英语综合运用能力的题型,它要求考生根据题目所给的情景和要求,写出一篇100-120词的内容充实、语言正确、用词贴切的作文。英语写作历来是高考试题中的难点,也是平时训练和考试中学生很头疼,得分很低的一个题型。目前,高考作文以三种文体为主(说明文、记叙文和应用
2、文)和三种提示方式(图表、文字提纲和图画),考查重点为文章内容要点、语言正误和语言表达等三个方面。2005年开始,浙江卷改变了以往看图写作和仅按拟订提纲写作的方式,采用了半开放式作文,留给学生更多的自由发挥的空间,同时也增大了试题的区分度。从高考阅卷情况来看,作文失分的原因主要有以下几个方面:1 审题不仔细,造成文章离题;2 事件叙述没有章法,不会分段,一段话一写到底,信马由缰,没有主题; 3 文章主次不分,没有逻辑顺序,缺乏层次感; 4 上下句之间缺少衔接词,过渡不自然,使文章读起来有单句堆砌的感觉; 5 平时输入很少,输出时无话可说,导致语言不地道,中文痕迹明显;6基础知识不扎实,语法错误
3、很多;书写不规范,卷面不清晰。写作也是培养和提高语言能力的一个有效手段。在外语学习中,写作有助于巩固和掌握所学的词汇、语言等语言知识,有助于训练直接用语言进行思维和提高驾驭语言的能力。中学生如何能写出符合要求的好文章? 针对以上六个方面的问题,我认为在平时的训练中要注意以下几点:1 把握题目,准确审题。准确审题,搞清文章的题材与题裁是写好文章的关键一步。有的学生马马虎虎匆匆读一遍题目要求下笔就写,结果把书信写成了散文,把圣诞节写成了新年等。比如在一次写作中有学生把My favorite food 写成了Chinese food, 列举了好多食物,但显然离题万里了。考试中这类作文肯定得不了高分。
4、2 分清段落,列出提纲。写文章,段落是基本。不论是信件、论文、报告都是由段落组成的。一篇文章包括若干个观点,每一个观点都由一个独立的段落来发展。段落的长度不等,通常一个段落包含5到8句,每个段落包含一个中心思想(main idea), 而中心思想是由一个主题句( topic sentence)来表达。当然段落的长度是由它要表达的主题思想来决定的。分清段落以后,还需要用一句话列出简要的提纲(即主题句),如第一段先写什么(原因、提出问题、提出观点、事件等等),第二段再写什么(分析、自己看法、事件结果等),最后再写什么(建议、总结等)。切忌作文一段一写到底的做法,(这种作文高考中很普遍,也是作文失分
5、的一个重要原因),这样是得不到高分的。如一篇06年12月联考作文要求学生根据一项调查“北京大约50%的青少年有不吃早餐的习惯”用表格所提供的内容写一篇题为“Top Meal of the Day” 的短文刊登在21st century 上。所提供内容有三点:1原因:1)晚上学习太晚,不吃早餐可以休息一会儿;2)家长太忙,给钱让孩子自己解决;3)女孩儿为保持苗条身材经常不吃早餐。2结果:1)课堂上整天睡觉,注意力下降;2)考试成绩不理想。3建议:1)早餐不可少,提供全天所需能量的30%;2)有助于创造思维根据提示,这篇作文我们应当分为三段来写,同时列出写作提纲:第一段自然写原因,第二段结果,第三
6、段写自己的建议。作为一门语言,英语讲求整体结构和逻辑性,要求写的作文层次感强,看起来一目了然,作者的观点、看法或要表达的要点清晰明了的体现出来,只要做到了这一点, 这篇文章就成功了一半。下面是一篇按要求所写的范文:Top Meal of the DayA recent study shows that nearly 50% of the school kids in Beijing do not have breakfast. They tend to feel sleepy all day and have bad memories, so it is hard for them to ge
7、t high marks in all kinds of tests.Some students who study late into the night choose to miss breakfast so that they can have a few extra minutes in bed. Others are given money to buy their breakfast on the way to school because their parents are too busy to prepare it for them. In addition a few sc
8、hool girls want to stay slim and often go to school without breakfast.In fact, the morning meal plays an important part. It can provide 30 % of the whole days energy. For a creative mind and better judgment, school kids should start their day with a regular breakfast.3 按逻辑顺序安排文章,正确运用连接词或过渡词。英语讲求形式,讲
9、求文章的逻辑性和层次感,所以在叙事中要求文章清晰明了,让人一看一目了然。所以学生在写作中一定要注意文章的逻辑顺利安排,叙事要有层次性,切忌眉毛胡子一把抓,同一件事也要按照先后顺序娓娓道来,这就需要适当运用一些表示顺序的连接词或使句子显得平顺的过渡词。比如上面一篇作文,学生在叙述原因结果时也可以运用firstly, secondly, thirdly或first, then, at last 等逻辑顺序很强的连接词使文章显得层次分明,清楚明白。一般而言,我们可以按三种顺序来安排段落:时间顺序、空间顺序和重要性顺序。1)时间顺序(Time order)主要用于讲故事、传记或指示说明等文章。常用的连
10、词有:first, at beginning, after that, then, soon, next, while, during, moments later, before, finally, at last, in the end 等。比如描写如何做一杯柠檬茶,根据提示可以用以下顺序来描写:InstructionFirst, you make the tea and pour it into the large jug.Next, you cut two slices from one lemon.Then, you squeeze (挤) the juice from the re
11、st, and from the other lemon.After that, you add sugar.Finally, you chill the tea, and serve it from the glass jug with the lemon slices on the top.-From Extending Writing Skills in English2)空间顺序(Space order)描写人、物或地点时我们常从上到下,从左到右,从前到后。空间顺序常用于描述性文章。用于空间顺序的连接词有:on the left, on the right, above, beside
12、, beyond that, further out, behind, next to, in (the ) front of, at the back of等。如马克吐温自传里面有一段描写农庄的文字很有典型性:The farmhouse stood in the middle of a very large yard, and the yard was fenced on three sides with rails and on the rear(后部) side with high palings(篱笆). Against these stood the smoke house; bey
13、ond the palings was the orchard(果园), beyond the orchard were the tobacco fields. -From The Autobiography of Mark Twain文章先写农庄的位置-在院子中间,再写院子四周围墙,后部是篱笆,然后写篱笆后面的烟囱,篱笆外面是果园,果园后面是烟草地。短短几句话按照由内到外,由近到远的空间顺序给人描绘出一幅生动的农庄图。3) 重要性顺序(Order of Climax)为使主题突出,结构严谨,我们可以按照事件的重要顺序来安排文章,按重要性安排时应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。常用连词
14、有first, even more, another, last, next, the most (of all) 等。在布局谋篇上,2002高考范文堪称典范。这是一篇讨论关于公园是否该收门票的文章,请看:Opinions are divided on the question.60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjo
15、y themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more,it will become necessary to build gates and walls,which will do harm to the appearance of a city.On the other hand,40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers,and
16、to buy plants and young trees. They suggested,however,fees should be charged low. -2002年高考作文该文使用Opinions are divided作交代句,开门见山,随后两个段落均使用了主题句,使全文结构紧凑,表达严谨。在表述要点时范文还对要点出场顺序作了调整,如“40%的同学认为应收门票,但不宜过高。”前部分作为主题句放在句首,而后部分另起一句放在句末:They suggested,however,fees should be charged low.这样就分清了轻重缓急,主题突出,条理清楚。范文使用了an
17、d,what is more,however等连词,在段落之间使用了on the other hand(说明前后两个观点是相悖的),这些连接手段的运用加强了句子之间、段落之间的联系,使文章表达连贯,浑然一体。范文在第二段为说明不收门票的“原因”时增加了Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.等细节,这也是解决句与句之间缺少连贯性的常见方法。写完一个段落别忘了结束,否则整个段落似乎悬在半空。 结束语要和开头有所照应。最后还要检查一下拼写、语法及标点错误。4 正确使用过渡词,使句子衔接自然。过渡词的正确使用,可以使文章显
18、得自然流畅,尤其使上下句的衔接更加通顺连贯,可以很好的避免整篇文章是由单句堆砌的感觉。过渡词的合理使用可以使文章增色不少。常见的过渡词有下列几种:1) 表示比较的过渡词有:in the same way; as well as; similarly; like; the same; also; both(neither) 等。2) 表示对比的过渡词有:Although; but; even though; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; on the other hand; yet,whereas; although等。
19、3) 表示说明的过渡词有:for example; for instance; in particular; yet another等4) 表示强调的过渡词有:above all; especially; in fact; in particular; most important; surely 等。5) 表示总结的过渡词有:all in all; finally; in brief; in other words等。6) 表示时间顺序的过渡词有:after a while; at last; at present; eventually; finally; first(second, an
20、d so on); next; and then; in the future; later; meanwhile, recently 等。7) 表示添加的过渡词有:furthermore; in addition; moreover; next; what is more等。且看下面一篇关于学生在传统学校比在网上学习有好处的文章:Nowadays the Internet is more and more popular. However, I prefer to study at a traditional school rather than on the Internet. First
21、, the school provides a place where all the students spend most of their time together, which allows friendship to develop. Second, students will benefit from this precious friendship all their life. Third, they will also learn from teachers and classmates and thus improve their social skills. These
22、 advantages of a traditional school are where the disadvantages of the Internet lie. With nobody to have face-to-face discussion with them, students can easily get lonely, which may lead to unhealthy personality.In a word, the school life is colorful and enjoyable. -英语周报Unit 3-4 写作练习文章合理运用了过渡词,使句与句之
23、间的连接显得通顺、自然而流畅,使文章显得错落有致,观点表达鲜明自然,叙事娓娓道来,让人看来一目了然,增加了文章的可读性。5要写出好的作文,还需要学生平时多积累、背诵一些有用的句型和俗语、谚语等,运用得当,可以起到画龙点睛的作用。如:1)谚语(Proverbs): Do in Rome as Romans do. East or west, home is best. Rome was not built in a day.Home is where the heart is. -英语阅读训练第二册上29页)2)有用句型(Useful structure) It is time for sb.
24、to do sth; I would like to;Would like to do sth. rather than do sth.; Its no use (good) doing sth.; It takes sb. some time/ some money to do sth. 3)好句子(Good sentences) Its a delight to have friends coming from afar.(有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?)Theres a paradise in heaven, and therere Suzhou and Hangzhou on the ear
25、th.(上有天堂,下有苏杭。)Among any three people walking, I can find something to learn for sure. (三人行,必有我师焉.)总之,要写出好的作文,需要学生多加训练,不但要注意写作技巧,特别要注意到上述几点,而且在语言的基本功方面要多加练习,加大语言的输入量,多读多看多背多写,同时在语言的谴词造句、语法的正确运用和语言表达的规范性等方面多加练习, 一定会写出符合要求的好文章。参考文献:106年浙江省高考说明2高中英语怎样学 荣新民主编 (2001年)32002年高考作文406年12月德高、长中、安高、浙大附中高三四校联考作文5Extending Writing Skills in English6The Autobiography of Mark Twain7英语周报Unit 3-4 写作练习