1、课时： Period 14-15 Revision and exercises介词+关系代词及关系副词的用法一、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是which/whom，它既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。1. “介词+ 关系代词”引导定语从句基本原则：“介词+ 关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which(物)和whom(人)，即：介词+which/ whom。(1). 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom，关系代词不能省略。(2). 当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/
2、which(物)，that/whom/who(人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。 This is the hero (that/ who/ whom) we are proud of. 这就是我们以之为豪的英雄。2. “介词+关系代词”具体形式及其句法功能(1). “介词+ which”在关系分句中分别可作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when, where和why。I still remember the day on which (= when) I first came to school. 我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。 The factory in whic
3、h (= where) I work is a large one. 我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。 This is the reason for which (= why )he was put in prison. 这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。 (2). “介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒装。They arrived at a farm house, in front of which sat a small boy. 他们来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。I saw a man, on the head of whom
4、stood a bird. 我看见一个人，他的头上有一只鸟。 (3). “不定代词或数词+ of + which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。 Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 评委团的五位评委听了你的演讲，他们都认为你的那篇是今年收到的演讲稿中最好的一篇。 It is likely to be just the name of a company, part of which may
5、 be a general location.它很可能仅是公司的名称，其中可能含有公司的大概位置。(4). “介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语。如： Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat? 你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？ The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer. 这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这个消息的。(5). “介词+ which（指物）/whom（指人）”用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的执行者。
6、The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。 (6). “名词+ of which”代替“whose +名词”在关系分句中作定语。I saw some trees, the leaves of which (= whose leaves ) were black with disease. 我看见一些树，它们的叶子因害病而发黑。 He mentioned a book, the titl
7、e of which (= whose title) Ive forgotten. 他提到一本书，书名我忘了。 (7). “介词+ which（指物）/whose（指人）”修饰后边的名词。 I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized. 我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps. 司机就是那个男人，她从他的房间偷走地图。 (8). “介词+ which +不定式”。此种用法多见于正文体中，相当于
8、一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。She had only 1.87 with which to buy (= she could buy) Jim, her husband, a present. 她只有一元八角七分钱，用这些钱她给丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。3. “介词+ 关系代词”中的介词的确定方法：(1). 根据定语从句中的谓语动词确定介词，其动词与介词搭配，构成动词短语。 You cannot imagine how the name of Robben Island made us afraid. It was a prison from which no one escaped. 你无法想像
9、罗本岛这个名字令我们多么恐惧。那是一座任何人也逃不出去的监狱。 Everyone was surprised by the speed with which the dispute was settled. 每个人都为这一争端解决得如此之快而感到吃惊。来源:学科网(2). 根据定语从句中的形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词搭配，构成形容词短语。例如：The two things of which they felt pound were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. 他们两人感到自豪的两件东西就是吉姆的金表和德拉的头发。The author with whom
10、all of us are familiar will visit our company我们大家都很熟悉的那个作家会来参观我们公司。(3). 根据定语从句所修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等的词，它们与介词之间有一定的联系。当“介词+关系代词”在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用when, where, why 替换。There is no way in which it could be brought back to the earth没有办法把它带回地球。Ill never forget the day on which I first
11、met him. 我永远都不会忘记初次见到他的那个日子。(4). 根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera. 这是那个飞行员，为了他我买了一个相机。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. 这是那个我哥哥和他一同工作了10年的飞行员。This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
12、这是那个救了我儿子命的飞行员。特别提示：(1). from where有时也被用来引导定语从句，此时的where应是关系代词。如：He climbed up the top of the temple, from where he could see some things in the distance 他爬上了寺庙的顶部，从那里他可以看到远处的一些东西。(2). 如果含有介词的动词短语不能拆开，则不能转化成“介词+关系代词”结构，介词仍然放在动词的后面。常见的这类动词有：listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care o
13、f, look into, break into, get rid of, take part in , make use of, take/catch hold of, catch up with, get along with, look forward toThe babies whom the nurses are taking care of are very healthy.(3). 当先行词在句中表示时间、地点、原因时，“介词+which”一般在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语，这时可以分别用when, where, why代替。（when相当于at/in/during/on
14、等+which where相当于in/at/on等+which. Why相当于for+which）。但若介词+which不是作时间、地点、原因状语时，则不能用when, where, why代替。Last week, I visited London, in which/where I have made several friends.(4). 在英语中有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用where引导定语从句(=介词+which).常见的有：situation/case/point/circumstances/stage/family等I have come to the po
15、int where I cant stand him.(5). 先行词way后定语从句来源:学科网当先行词是way，意为“方法，方式”时，引导定语从句的关系词有in which, that和不用任何关系词这三种形式。I dont understand the way in which/that/- they worked out the problem.试比较以下两个句子关系词的不同The way that/which he explained to us was not difficult to understand. ( 关系代词that/which在从句中作宾语）The way that
16、/in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.(关系词在从句中作状语，相当于in this/that way）二、关系副词引导的定语从句when的用法关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的先行词；在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。1988 was the year when he was born. 1988是他的出生年。句中的when he was born
17、为修饰the year的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年，英语习惯上用介词in，如in 1988, in 2008等，所以此处用in which。Ill never forget the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。句中的when I first met you为修饰the day的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于on which。表示在某一天，英语习惯上用介词on，如on that day, on Friday等，所以此处用on which。Dont forget the time when the
18、 wedding will start. 不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于at which。表示在某一时刻，英语习惯上用介词at，如at that time, at the moment等，所以此处用at which。where的用法关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行词；在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。What is the nam
19、e of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字?句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于in which。表示住在某城市，英语习惯上说 live in a city，所以此处用 in which。This cross marks the spot where she died. 这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。句中的 where she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句，关系副词 where 在此相当于 at which。表示在某一地点，英语习惯上说 at a spot，所以此处用 at
20、which。why的用法关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the reason；在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。来源:学科网These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由。句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。Do you know the reason why she doesnt like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗?句中的why she doesnt like me为修饰the r
21、eason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。why是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成for which外，有时也可换成that，甚至省略。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank.正：The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank.由于关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词名
22、词”，如： when on / in /during the day, where= in / at / on the place, why for the reason ，因此关系副词引导的定语从句可以改写为“介词 which ”引导的定语从句。如： That is the day when （ on which ） he did the experiments. This is the house where （ in which ） my father used to live. That is the reason why （ for which ） he is leaving ver
23、y soon. 来源:学科网 关系代词和关系副词的选择 先行词是表时间或地点的名词时，关系词的选择要慎重，以下技巧可帮助你解决此类问题。（ 1 ）分析句子结构，看表时间或地点的先行词在定语从句中是作状语，还是作主语和宾语。（ 2 ）看定语从句中的动词是及物动词，还是不及物动词，还是“不及物动词介词”结构。 比较： This is the place where he worked （ vi ） when he was young. The city （ that / which ） we visited （ vt ） is well-known. Well never forget the d
24、ay (that / which )we spent (vt )in the village. Well never forget the day when we work （ vi ） in the village. That is the reason why he is leaving （ vi ）very soon. That is the reason that he told（ vt ） me.【提示提升】1. 完成句子1). The city _ (我成长的) is very hot and damp in summer. (grow) 2). _(正如我们强调的那样) many
25、 times, “serve the people” is our first policy. (stress)3). There is a board by the side of the well, _ (上面写着) “Dont forget the digger when you fetch water from the well.” (write)4). We will put off the picnic next week, _ (那时天气会好些). (fine)5). In our school there are 3,000 students, _ (其中2/5是女生). (b
26、e)6). The rich, _ (对他们来说钱不是问题), wanted to stay at an expensive hotel. (problem)7). Is this hotel _ (我们要住的) next week? (stay)8). _ (他不能到那里去的原因) was that he was ill in bed. (reason)9). This was the moment _ (我们的事业真正腾飞). (take)10). I was given three books on cooking, _ (我喜欢其中第一本). (enjoy)单项填空1. He was
27、educated at the local high school, _ he went on to Beijing University. A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that 2. The school _ I visited the other day was not the one _ I once studied. A. that; which B. where; where C. where; which D. which; where3. Care of the soul is a gradual process
28、_ even the small details of life should be considered. (2012年湖南高考)A. what B. in what C. which D. in which 4. Have you ever met such a situation _ everybody knows the answer but remains silent when asked?A. which B. that C. when D. where5. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to m
29、ake a living. (2011天津高考真题)A. when B. that C. where D. which6. Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese dictionary is very helpful. Thats the reason _ our English teacher advises us to buy one.A. which B. why C. where D. when7. Steve Jobs passed away at the age of 56, _ spirit will forever be the tre
30、asure of Apple. A. whose B. that C. of which D. when8. Recently I bought a beautiful car, _ was reasonable. A. of which price B. the price of whose 来源:Z,xx,k.ComC. the price of which D. which price9. As a coach, he knows clearly about the direction _his team should develop A. to which B. in which C. on which D. for which10. A bank is the place _ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (2011浙江高考真题)A. when B. that C. where D. there