1、带你了解世界著名大学都柏林圣三一学院的历史与它的传统文化。Founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, Trinity College in Dublin stands alongside Oxbridge among the seven ancient universities in Britain and Ireland. The academic complex is infusedwith serenity, despite being located at the centre of the capital just across the street
2、from the Irish Houses of Parliament. The campus, spanning 190,000 square metres, features a mix of old collegiate architecture on the west side, and modern establishments on the east. It was ranked by Forbes as one of the 15 most beautiful college grounds in the world in 2010.Up your game at the lib
3、rary of Trinity College, the largest research library in Ireland. Being a legal deposit library, it is legally entitled to a copy of every book published in Britain and Ireland, accounting for its staggering volume of six million printed materials including an extensive collection of manuscripts, mu
4、sic scores and maps.The Old Library, a masterpiece of Irish architect Thomas Burgh within the library complex, houses the precious Book of Kells and has become one of the most frequented tourist attractions in the country. A 65metrelong main chamber is adorned with marble busts of philosophers and w
5、riters under a luxurious barrelvaulted ceiling. 【注】infuse v. 使具有，注入(某特性)collegiate adj. 学院的entitle v. 使享有权利；使符合资格adorn v. 装饰；装扮【立德树人】历史的美丽在于其经久不衰的底蕴和内涵(The beauty of history lies in its enduring cultural essence and connotation)，作为学生的我们，在未来的学习道路上也要取历史之长，继往开来(carry forward the cause pioneered by our
6、predecessors and forge ahead into the future)!UNIT 4HISTORY AND TRADITIONSSection Listening and Speaking基础知识 预习自检.重点词汇1Confucius n. 孔子Temple of Confucius 孔庙Kong Family Mansion 孔府Cemetery of Confucius 孔林2philosophy n. 哲学 philosopher n. 哲学家3individual adj. 单独的；个别的n. 个人individually adv. 单独地；个别地4Achille
7、s_heel (喻)(希腊神话)阿喀琉斯的脚跟，致命的弱点5pull_ones_leg 开玩笑；开某人的玩笑6fish_out_of_water 如鱼离水，浑身不自在.教材原句 1Confucius is one of his _ (最喜欢的哲学家)答案：favourite philosophers2As one of Confucius descendants，Xiao Kongs name is recorded in the _ (家谱)答案：family tree3Xiao Kong is doing research project on _ (孔子哲学)答案：Confucius p
8、hilosophy4Dacheng Hall is the _ (最高的建筑物) in Qufu.答案：tallest building5There are no tall buildings _ (在他的家乡)答案：in his hometown6Both places have a famous person who _ (出生在那里)答案：was born there重点知识 合作探究1Confucius n. 孔子(教材P38)归纳拓展Temple of Confucius 孔庙； 夫子庙Kong Family Mansion 孔府Cemetery of Confucius 孔林Con
9、fucius Institute 孔子学院(非营利性公益机构)Confucius culture 孔子文化Confucius philosophy 孔子哲学Confucius is considered the greatest of the ancient Chinese sages.孔子被认为是古代中国最伟大的圣人。The_Confucius_Temple is located 400 meters to the southwest of Yonghegong Station.孔庙位于永和宫站西南400米处。单句写作孔子被认为是著名的哲学家。_ a great philosopher.孔子
10、学院给外国人提供了学习普通话的地方。_ provide the place for foreigners to learn mandarin.答案：Confucius is known asConfucius institutes2As one of Confucius descendants，Xiao Kongs name is recorded in the family tree.(教材P38)作为孔子的后代之一，小孔的名字被记载在家谱上。剖析本句中as为介词，意为“作为”。归纳拓展as作为连词引导从句的用法：(1)引导时间状语从句，意为“当时，随着”。(2)引导方式状语从句，意为“以方
11、式”。 (3)引导原因状语从句，意为“由于”。(4)引导比较状语从句，多用于as . as .或not so/as . as .结构，前一个as是副词，后一个as是连词，它所引导的比较状语从句多使用省略形式。 (5)引导让步状语从句，从句必须用倒装的形式，倒装时将表语(单数可数名词作表语时要省略冠词)、状语、谓语动词提前。 另外：as也可用作关系代词引导定语从句，意为“正如，如同”。As youre not feeling well，you may stay at home.由于你身体不好，你可以留在家里。As_time_went_by,_she became more and more wo
12、rried.随着时间的流逝，她越来越担心。You must do everything as_I_do.你必须照我做的样子去做所有事。I dont speak English so/as_well_as he (does)我讲英语没有他讲得那么好。Child_as_he_was,_he knew what was the right thing to do.尽管他是个孩子，他却知道什么是该做的事情。As_was_expected,_he succeeded in passing the exam.正如所预料的那样，他成功通过了考试。结合as的用法完成句子我们最好快一点，因为天要黑了。We ha
13、d better hurry, _.尽管我很尊敬他，我不能同意他对情况的分析。Much _， I cant agree with his analysis of the situation.据调查50%的病人没有遵照指示服药。It is surveyed that 50 percent of the patients do not take drugs _.随着时间的流逝，我母亲的头发变灰白了。_， my mothers hair has turned grey.答案：as it is getting darkas I respect himas (they are) directedAs t
14、ime goes on3His hometown doesnt allow_other_buildings_to_be more noticeable than the historic buildings. (教材P38)他的家乡不允许其他建筑比这座历史建筑更引人注目。归纳拓展(1)allow . to do . 允许做(2)allow for sb./sth. 考虑到；估计到；把计算在内 (3)allow of sth. 容许；使有可能You never allow personal problems to affect your performance.绝不要让个人问题影响你的表现。Th
15、e children are not_allowed_to_watch violent TV programmes.儿童不准收看含暴力内容的电视节目。How much must we allow_for the shrink?要留多少缩水长度？The facts allow_of only one explanation.这些事实只可能有一种解释。(1)单句语法填空If you wont let me pay for a taxi, then at least allow me _ (lend) you something.We must allow _ the train being lat
16、e.答案：to lendfor(2)单句写作他的父母不会允许他在外面待得很晚。His parents wont _ late.答案：allow him to stay out4individual adj. 单独的；个别的n. 个人(教材P39)归纳拓展(1)individual resume 个人简介； 个人简历individual account 个人账户individual character 独特性；个性；个性人物(2)individually adv. 单独地；个别地(2019北京高考)Most people believe the best way to build a great
17、 team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals.大多数人认为组建一支优秀的团队的最好方法是聚集一群最有才华的人。The competition is open to both teams and individuals.团队和个人均可参加比赛。You can open one individual_account.你可以开一个个人账户。Wed better go in a group, not individually.我们最好集体去，不要单个儿去。单句写作每个人的学习方式都不一样。_ learns differently
18、.我们采访了社区中的每个成员。We interviewed each _ of the community.这家旅馆有100个设计各不相同的房间。The hotel has 100 _.答案：Every individualindividual memberindividually designed rooms学习效果 随堂演练.单词拼写1This is the right _ (后跟) height for you.答案：heel2He was a _ (子孙) of a Spanish soldier. 答案：descendant3Her _ (哲学) of life is to take
19、 every opportunity that presents itself.答案：philosophy4My father lies in the small _ (公墓) a few miles up this road. 答案：cemetery5Every _ (个人) has rights which must never be taken away.答案：individual.阅读理解If Confucius were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, t
20、here would be a lot of candles. Hed need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. Its nothing personal. Most Americans dont even remember the birthdays of th
21、eir own national heroes.But this doesnt mean that Americans dont care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China.In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western uni
22、versities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy. Some social scientists suggest that Westerners
23、should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States.Businessmen who hop
24、e to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. So the old thinkers ideas are still alive and well.Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West.As for the old thin
25、ker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，阐述了西方人学习中国文化的现象。1The opening paragraph is mainly intended to _.Aprovide some key facts about ConfuciusBattract the readers interest in the subjectCshow great respect for the ancient thinkerDprove the popu
26、larity of modern birthday celebrations答案：B推理判断题。第一段提到如果孔子仍然活着并能庆祝生日的话将会有很多的蜡烛，他需要一个风扇或很大的风才能吹灭。这是为了引起读者的兴趣，让读者继续读下去。故选B。2We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students _.Ahave a great interest in studying ChineseBtake an active part in Chinese competitionsCtry to get high scores in Chinese exa
27、msDfight for a chance to learn Chinese答案：A推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities.”和“racing to learn Chinese”可推知，美国学生对学习汉语有很大的兴趣，故选A。3What is the best title for the passage?AForgotten Wisdom in AmericaBHuge Fans of the C
28、hinese LanguageCChinese Culture for WesternersDOld Thinker with a Big Future答案：C标题判断题。本文主要向我们介绍了西方人学习中国文化的现象，故选C。4The passage is likely to appear in _.Aa biography Ba history paperCa newspaper Da philosophy textbook答案：C推理判断题。本文以通俗的语言阐明一种社会现象，结合其内容和写作风格可推断，更像是在报纸上看到的，而不是在传记、历史论文或哲学课本上看到的，故选C。drawback
29、 n. 缺点；不利条件1put . out 熄灭 2.make up for 弥补课后课时作业完形填空I have learnt a lot about Chinese life and culture while teaching in China and found them very interesting. First, family life is quite _1_ in China from that in the USA. In the USA, many young people _2_ home after they finish their education and s
30、tart working. However, in China, it is _3_ for people to live with their parents until they get married. _4_， many of my Chinese friends told me that their _5_ lived with them and helped take care of them when they were children. It seems that Americans think independence is more important _6_ the C
31、hinese think family relationships are more important.Bargaining (讨价还价) is another _7_ that I have tried to learn. In the USA, prices are _8_ and you cant ask for a lower price. However in some small Chinese stores and tourist places, you are _9_ to bargain. My Chinese friends taught me to ask for 40
32、 percent or 50 percent _10_ the original price. If the salesperson doesnt agree to my price, I should _11_ to leave and he might let me come back and sell me the item. It is a skill that you have to _12_ if you live in China. Tipping hasnt been easier to _13_. In the USA, many people in the service
33、_14_ want to get _15_ money for serving customers. Tipping is not a part of Chinese culture. _16_ I tried to tip a taxi driver. He looked a little _17_ and refused to take the money. In dinners, perhaps what surprises an American visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into t
34、he plates of their _18_. Actually, this is a _19_ of true friendship and politeness. My Chinese friends told me if I didnt want to eat it. I should just _20_ the food in the plate.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，从一个在中国工作的外籍教师的视角介绍了中国和美国在文化方面的差异。1A.unique BdifferentCprivate Dharmonious 答案：B指中国家庭生活的方式和美国人是不同的(different
35、)。 be different from “与不同”。故选B。2A.come BbuildCleave Dabandon 答案：C在美国，年轻人完成学业开始工作以后就离开(leave)家独立生活。故选C。3A.regular BtrueCcommon Dusual 答案：C在中国年轻人和父母生活在一起直到结婚是很常见的(common)。 故选C。4A.Also BHoweverCTherefore DAlthough 答案：A本句与上句为递进关系，故用副词also，意为“此外；而且”。故选A。5A.parents BrelativesCbabysitters Dgrandparents 答案：
36、D此处表示他们不但和父母住在一起，而且小时候他们的祖父母(grandparents)还和他们生活在一起照顾他们。故选D。6A.while BsinceCwhen Das 答案：Awhile这里作“然而”讲，表示转折或表两种情况的对照。美国人认为独立很重要，而中国人认为家庭关系更重要。故选A。7A.way BcustomCmethod Dhabit 答案：B讨价还价也是中国的一个风俗(custom)。故选B。8A.made BagreedCcharged Dset 答案：Dset the price “设定价格”。此处表示在美国价格被设定以后就不能改变。故选D。9A.expected Btaug
37、htCsuggested Drequired 答案：A在中国别人会认为你会讨价还价的。sb. be expected to do sth. “预期某人会做某事”，符合语境。故选A。10A.up BawayCoff Don 答案：Coff表示从原有价格上减去/扣掉一部分。 故选C。11A.promise BpretendCdecide Dhope答案：B根据常识可知，你假装(pretend)离开，卖东西的人会把你叫住再把东西卖给你。故选B。12A.tolerate BunderstandCpractise Dconsider 答案：C如果你在中国生活，这是一种你要练习(practise)的技能。
38、故选C。13A.adjust to Bturn toCrefer to Dstick to 答案：Aadjust to “适应”；turn to “求助”；refer to “参考”；stick to “坚持”。此处指在中国给小费是不容易适应的，因为中国人不习惯接受小费。故选A。14A.area BdepartmentCbranch Dindustry答案：D此处指service industry “服务业”，故选D。15A.easy BextraCpocket Dprize 答案：B在美国服务业工作的很多人都希望得到小费，也就是额外的(extra)钱。故选B。16A.Often BOnceC
39、Sometimes DBefore答案：B此处是作者举例说明中国人不习惯接受小费，所以此处表示我曾经(once)给出租车司机小费。故选B。17A.excited BsatisfiedCfrightened Dconfused答案：D因为不习惯接受小费，所以司机看上去很困惑(confused)，拒绝接受。故选D。18A.own BchildrenCneighbors Dguests 答案：D指在中国主人会给客人(guests)的碗里添食物。故选D。19A.signal BmarkCsign Dfeature 答案：Csignal “信号”；mark “痕迹”；sign “征兆，迹象”；featu
40、re “特点”；中国人认为给别人添食物是礼貌的标志。 故选C。20A.leave BremainCput Dtaste 答案：A如果你不想吃，就把食物留(leave)在盘里，也没关系。故选A。阅读理解AKong zi, also called Confucius (551BC479BC), and Socrates (469BC399BC) lived only a hundred years apart, and during their lifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece, but it is interestin
41、g to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas, and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies. Neither philosopher lived in times of peace, though there were more wars in Greece than in China. The Chinese states were very large and feudal， while t
42、he Greek citystates were small and urban. The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical (激进的) than Confucius. Unlike Confucius, Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively. Thus, Socrates was able to be more idealistic， focusing on issues like freedom, a
43、nd knowledge for its own sake. Confucius, on the other hand, advised those in government service, and many of his students went out to government service. Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He
44、 assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on the individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason t
45、han others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下层的) classes. For Socrates, the family was of no importance， and the community of little concern. For Confucius, however the family was the center of the society, with family relations considered much more
46、important than political relations. Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要对比了中西古代两个著名的哲学家，孔子和苏格拉底的差异和共同点以及他们在人类历史上的影响。1What can we learn from the first paragraph?ASocrates and Confucius had much in common.BConfucius had much influence on Socrates id
47、eas.CThe societies were influenced by the philosophers ideas.DThere were cultural exchanges between China and Greece. 答案：C推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies”可推知，他们的观念无疑对社会有着很大影响，故选C。2What made some people different from others according to Confucius?AFamily. BPotential
48、.CKnowledge. DCommunity. 答案：C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“that it was knowledge that set men apart”可知，知识使人产生差异。故选C。3Socrates shared with Confucius the idea that _.Aall men were equal when they were bornBthe lower classes should be ruled by the upper classCthe purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdomDpeople sh
49、ould not ask others to do what they did not want to 答案：B细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段最后一句“Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下层的) classes.”可知，他们都认为上层阶级应该统治下层阶级。故选B。4This passage is organized in the pattern of _.Atime and eventsBdefinition and classificationCcause and eff
50、ectDcomparison and contrast答案：D推理判断题。纵观全文可见，文章的每一段都是通过对比来说明他们生活背景，思想观念等各个方面的。故选D。1feudal adj. 封建的2idealistic adj. 理想主义的；空想的3potential n. 潜力；潜能adj. 潜在的；可能的1for ones own sake 为某事本身的缘故2set . apart 区别；使分离3be of no importance 不重要的BHundreds of years ago, a Roman army came north from England to make war on
51、 Scotland. The Scots, a brave people, love their country. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland. But there were too many of the Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win. One night, the leader of the Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight, my men
52、，” he said, “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win, or we will die.” They were all very tired. So they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty, but they were very tired, too, and one by one, they fell asleep. The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gat
53、hered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they went up the hill. Closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more the war would be over. Suddenly, one of them put his foot on a thistle (蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a minute they were on th
54、eir feet and ready for a battle. The fighting was hard, but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved Scotland. The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people liked it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their nation
55、al flower.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了一种叫蓟的植物成为苏格兰国花的由来。5Hundreds of years ago, the Romans _.Acame from the north through England to make war on ScotlandBcame from the south through England to make war on ScotlandCcame from the north of England to fight the ScotsDcame to the north from the south of Britain to
56、fight the Scots 答案：B细节理解题。从文章第一段第一句“Hundreds of years ago, a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland.”可知，几百年前，一支罗马军队自南向北穿过英格兰对苏格兰发动战争，故选B。6The Scots were waken because _.Athey were too tired to sleep wellBone of the guards pretended to sleepCone of the Romans stepped on a thistle
57、and let out a cryDthe Romans got too close and they discovered them 答案：C细节理解题。根据第四段中的“one of them put his foot on a thistle (蓟). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots”可知，一个罗马士兵踩在了蓟上。他喊出声来，他突然的喊声惊醒了苏格兰人。故选C。7The Scots made thistle their national flower because thistle _.Ais lovely, though not beautifulBgives them happinessCis a kind of useful plantDhelped the Scots to win the battle against the Romans答案：D推理判断题。根据第四段可知，因为蓟的缘故苏格兰人最终打败了罗马人，所以他们把蓟定为国花。故选D。1march v. 行进 2.gather v. 聚集；集合3needle n. 针叶；针1be on ones feet 站立，站起来2wipe out 消灭；彻底摧毁3national flower 国花