1、第三讲规避“惯性错误”，确保无可挑剔在第一步拟写要点、列全提纲的基础上，接下来就是对各要点句进行准确翻译的过程。要点的正确表达能充分体现考生的语言基本功，而过多的表达错误会直接影响作文的档次。所以，正确书写是七步成文中至关重要的一步。下面是阅卷老师整理的考生在写作中易犯的5类惯性错误，以示提醒。类型一：动词、介词类错误英语书面表达中，动词和介词的使用非常容易出现错误。这是因为英语中动词和介词后都可以带宾语，因此容易混淆。1动词的种类有很多，从句法功能上可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词；根据句子成分可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词等。(1)实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。写作中常出现的错
2、误有：及物动词后跟了介词；不及物动词后少了介词。(2)系动词be在写作中非常活跃，但要用好be动词却不是一件容易的事。常见错误有：不及物动词与be动词构成了被动语态；该含有be动词的句子出现遗漏be的情况。(3)助动词和情态动词不能单独作谓语，写作中常见错误主要是倒装句中少用了助动词或情态动词。(4)谓语动词与非谓语动词的误用是考生最易出错的地方。需要注意：谓语动词作谓语，包括时态、语态、主谓一致、虚拟语气；非谓语动词可作除谓语以外的其他成分。2介词不能独立在句中作成分。介词一定要带宾语，其后必须与名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语。常见错误除了前面提及的实义动词后介词的多余和缺失外，还包括由于英
3、汉语言的差异造成介词的多用或错用。典例(2018全国卷)你受学生会委托为校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则通知，请大家观看一部英文短片Growing Together，内容包括：1短片内容：学校的发展；2放映时间、地点；3欢迎对短片提出意见。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。病文修改以下是一位考生的习作，其中有6处错误，每句中最多有一处，请找出并修改。Boys and girls，May I have your attention, please? Recently, an outstanding movie will be shown in our campus. Welc
4、ome to join in us and enjoy it! Here are some relevant details about it.To begin with, the name of the movie is Growing Together, which are about the development of our beloved school. It is believed that the movie will not only meaningful but also interesting. Besides, please note that it will be s
5、hown in the library from 2：00 to 4：00 in the afternoon in June 9th. Whats more, every one of you will be welcome to take part in it, enjoying the movie, having a heated discussion afterwards and give your own comments.Hopefully, you would make it to our activity. I have the confidence that you have
6、a great time then.The Students Union_答案第一段第三句“join in us”中in为多余的介词，故去掉。join sb.意为“加入某人(一起做某事)”。第二段第一句“which are about the development.”中be动词错用，应把are改为is，该定语从句修饰先行词Growing Together，为单数意义。第二段第二句“the movie will not only meaningful”中情态动词后不能直接加形容词，应在will后加be动词。第二段第三句“in June 9th”中介词错用，具体到某一天应该使用介词on。第二段第
7、四句“give your own comments”中give和前面enjoying，having为并列的非谓语动词，故将give改为giving。第三段第二句“you have a great time then”中所提供语境应为将来时，故在have前面加will。类型二：形容词、副词类错误英语书面表达中形容词、副词的错误主要是由考生对其用法掌握不够牢固而造成的。下面主要介绍书面表达中易出错的形容词、副词的用法：1形容词主要说明事物或人的性质或特征。写作时需要注意以下两点：(1)只能作表语的形容词无比较等级。如：afraid害怕的，asleep睡着的，alive活着的，alone单独的，aw
8、ake醒着的，alike十分相似的，等。(2)有一类形容词本身就有比较的概念或者表示绝对概念或已达极限，此类形容词无比较等级。如：favorite特别喜爱的，perfect完美的，superior更高/好的，excellent极好的，wonderful绝妙的，absolute绝对的，等。2副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子。写作时需要注意以下两点：(1)大多数形容词加ly后成为副词。考生需要注意几个特殊的副词变换形式。如果单词本身具有形容词和副词两种词性，该单词加ly的副词形式多表示抽象含义。如：close/closely靠近(通常指距离)/密切地，仔细地；wide/widely宽阔/广泛地
9、；high/highly高/高高地，高标准地；deep/deeply深/深刻地，等。(2)有些词虽然以ly结尾，但不是副词而是形容词，在写作时一定要注意。如：friendly友好的，lovely可爱的，lively生气勃勃的，lonely孤独的，deadly致命的，orderly有秩序的，manly有男子汉气概的，daily每日的，weekly每周的，yearly每年的，等。典例(2016四川卷)某中学生英文报正举办“The Season I Like Best”的征文活动，请用英文写一篇短文投稿，内容应包括：1你最喜欢的季节；2你喜欢该季节的两条理由(如：气候、景色、活动、感受)。注意：1.
10、词数100左右；2题目已为你写好；3行文连贯，语篇完整；4文中不得透露个人真实信息。The Season I Like Best_病文修改以下是一位考生的习作，其中有6处错误，每句中最多有两处，请找出并修改。The Season I Like BestA year consists of four seasons, each of which has its unique feature. Its hard for me to tell which season is the best.My most favorite season is spring. First of all, it is
11、 neither too cold nor too hot. During this season, you will feel comfortably and you can go for a picnic with your close friends. With all living things come to life, you will energetic. Additional, as the saying goes, “An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.” So it is with spring. Sprin
12、g is the very start of a whole harvest.Taking all factors into consideration, I am fond of spring, not only because of its beautifully scenery but also its implication, which stands for hope._答案第二段第一句中的favorite表示“特别喜爱的”，没有最高级形式，故去掉most。第二段第三句中的feel为系动词，后应跟形容词作表语，故comfortably应改为comfortable。第二段第四句中的wi
13、th复合结构，things与come之间是主动关系，应用现在分词coming。第二段第四句中的energetic为形容词，其前缺少系动词be构成系表结构。故应在energetic前加be。第二段第五句中，在句子的开头应用副词来修饰整个句子，故把形容词Additional改为副词Additionally。第三段中修饰名词scenery应用形容词，故beautifully改为beautiful。类型三：冠词、代词类错误冠词和代词类错误在英语书面表达中经常出现，这是由于考生对基础知识掌握不牢或粗心而造成的。1英语中的冠词只有a，an，the三个词，它们被用来修饰名词或限定形容词。写作中需要注意以下两
14、点：(1)a，an都表示泛指，an用在以元音音素开头的单词前，a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前；无论可数名词还是不可数名词，只要表示特指都要用the；不可数名词表示泛指时，其前不用任何冠词；单数可数名词加不定冠词或者无冠词的复数形式均可以表示泛指。(2)在某些搭配中，有无冠词，含义是不同的。如：in front of在前面/in the front of在前部，at table在吃饭/at the table在桌旁，go to school上学/go to the school去学校，in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里，等。2书面表达中常见的代词错误(1)人称代词主
15、格和宾格的误用。主格在句子中充当主语，宾格在句子中作宾语，它们都有单复数。(2)形容词性和名词性物主代词的误用。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，置于名词之前，在句中常作定语。名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上名词，所以相当于名词，后面不能再加名词，在句中作主语、宾语和表语。(3)反身代词的误用。反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，应在人称、性别、数上保持一致。典例(2015全国卷)假定你是李华，你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿，要点如下：1栏目介绍；2.稿件内容；3稿件长度：约400词；4.交稿日期：6月28日前。注意：1
16、.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3开头语已为你写好。Dear Peter，Id like to ask you to write an article for our schools English newspaper._病文修改以下是一位考生的习作，其中有6处错误，每句中最多有两处，请找出并修改。Dear_Peter，Id_like_to_ask_you_to_write_an_article_for_our_schools_English_newspaper.I would make a introduction to it. The “Foreign Culture”
17、 section in our newspaper is very popular among our students. It carries articles are written by foreign friends about the cultures of your home countries. You must have good command of knowledge about your country. Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States
18、? And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans enjoy them in their holidays and festivals, and American high school students life. You can write anything relevant as long as its interesting and informative. You should write 400 words or so. You should hand in your article before June
19、 28.Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours，Li Hua答案第二段第一句中的introduction的读音以元音音素开头，其前的不定冠词应用an。第二段第二句中的our students用词不当。既然作者也是学生，就不能说“我们的学生”，而应说“我们学生”，此处应用us students。第二段第三句中已有谓语carries，articles后面的部分为定语从句或作定语，故可在are written前加关系代词that/which构成定语从句；或者去掉are而用过去分词written作后置定语。第二段第三句中的your指代有误，此处指代前面
20、的外国朋友，故应用their。表示“精通，通晓”应用have a good command of，故第二段第四句中的good前应加a。第二段第六句中的enjoy后跟反身代词表示“玩得很高兴”，此处them应改为themselves。类型四：名词、分词型形容词类错误名词、分词型形容词类错误在英语书面表达中也较为常见。为避免这些错误，考生要学会区分可数名词、不可数名词以及掌握名词复数形式；要学会区分写人和状物的分词型形容词的区别。1常误加不定冠词或复数的不可数名词：information信息，news新闻，housework家务活，advice建议，fun乐趣，weather天气，progress
21、进步，wealth财富，equipment设备，luggage/baggage行李，access入径，通道，等。2由动词转换来的形容词：ed型形容词用来描述人的感觉，表示“(某人)感到的”；ing型形容词用来描述引发此感觉的人或物，表示“令人的”。特别注意在名词look，expression等前一般用ed型形容词。典例(2016全国卷)假定你是李华，你校摄影俱乐部(photography club)将举办国际中学生摄影展。请给你的英国朋友Peter写封信，请他提供作品。信的内容包括：1主题：环境保护；2.展览时间；3投稿邮箱：intlphotoshowe。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增
22、加细节，以使行文连贯。病文修改以下是一位考生的习作，其中有6处错误，每句中最多有两处，请找出并修改。Dear Peter，I am exciting to tell you a good news. In order to protect the environment, our school photography club is going to hold an International High School Student Photography Show.Protect the environment is the theme of the show. It will start
23、from June 15th till June 17th. If you are interest, you are welcome to participate.I know you are good at taking good pictures and you always want to do something for the environment. I remember you showed me some photo on that theme last time you visited our school. I advice you to take this chance
24、 to have a try. lf you want to join, you can send your photos to intlphotoshow .Looking forward to hearing from you soon.Yours，Li Hua_答案第一段第一句中I am exciting，此处表示“(人)感到兴奋的”而非表示“令人兴奋的”，故应用excited。第一段第一句中的news为不可数名词，此处应去掉a。第二段第一句中动词短语“Protect the environment”不能作主语，应把Protect改为Protecting。第二段第三句中的interest
25、可作动词或名词，但此处位于are后应用形容词，表示“感兴趣的”，故应用interested。第三段第二句中的photo为可数名词，既然是一些照片，就应该用photo的复数形式photos。第三段第三句中的advice为名词，此处作谓语应用动词形式advise。类型五：并列连词、从句引导词类错误并列连词与从句引导词的用法也是考生容易出错的地方，下面主要介绍常见的一些错误类型。1考生易受汉语干扰，导致状语从句中从属连词的重复使用。例如汉语中可以说“因为所以”和“虽然但是”，但在英语中用一个连词即可表示，用了though/although，就不能再用but；用了because，就不要再用so，the
26、refore等词。2写作中经常用同位语从句给文章增色添彩，但是引导词that的缺失却令这种色彩暗淡了不少。3表语从句的一个易错点是高级表达“The reason why.is/was that.”中that的误用，考生容易误用because。4非限制性定语从句中误用that在作文中经常会见到，用which表示人的状况也是屡见不鲜。典例(2017全国卷)假定你是李华，你所在的校乒乓球队正在招收新队员。请给你的留学生朋友Eric写封邮件邀请他加入，内容包括：1球队活动；2报名方式及截止日期。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。病文修改以下是一位考生的习作，其中有6处错误，每
27、句中最多有两处，请找出并修改。Dear Eric，Im writing to tell you good news our schools table tennis team is looking for new members. Since you are good at table tennis, so Id like you to take this opportunity to join our school team. Some details about the team are as follows.Athletes from our school team have been
28、won many gold medals of table tennis contests in recent years, of that we are very proud. Guiding by a professional coach team, members of the team have regular training every Friday afternoon from 3：30 pm. to 5：00 pm. If you feel like participate, you can send your information to pingpong. The dead
29、line is July 20th.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours，Li Hua_答案第一段第一句中的news后的句子为同位语从句，应用that引导该从句且不能省略that，故news后加that。第一段第二句中的Since引导原因状语从句，逗号后应为主句，so为多余的词，应去掉。第二段第一句中的Athletes与谓语动词win之间为主动关系，不能用被动语态，故去掉have后的been。第二段第一句years后为非限制性定语从句，此处介词后的引导词应用which。第二段第二句中guide与members之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作状语，故G
30、uiding应改为Guided。feel like doing sth.为固定用法，故第二段第三句中应用participating。.单句改错1I have a good command of English, it is an advantage when applying for a job like this._2No one can deny the fact the environment is getting polluted more and more seriously._3The reason is why smartphones nowadays can be used t
31、o play mobile games and keep in touch with friends through QQ and WeChat._4Every time when I see someone in need, I will spare no effort to help him._5Firstly, its good to take buses or other means of public transportation rather than cars whenever it possible._6It was in the park where I came acros
32、s my previous English teacher._7It is high time that both children and parents take action to make small changes._8I would appreciate if you could take the trouble to do so much for me._9Only in this way people from all over the world communicate easily and effectively._10With the College Entrance E
33、xamination comes near, Im worried about what my life will be like as we may go to different universities._答案1.itwhich或it前加and2.fact后加that3.whythat4.去掉when5.去掉whenever后的it或possible前加is6.wherethat7.taketook或take前加should8.if前加it9.way后加canescoming或WithAs.习作纠错下面三篇学生习作中都运用了一些高级句式，而且都出现了一些错误，请找出其中的错误并加以改正。
34、A(2019四川三市联考)假定你叫李华，是你校英语俱乐部的主席。俱乐部准备举办一个旨在传播中国传统文化、激发学生创新思维的作品展示活动(Your Talent Show)。请给来你校学习中国文化的美国交换生Peter写封邮件，邀请他参加这次活动，内容包括：1活动目的；2作品要与中国传统文化有关；3作品展示的时间和地点。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：激发arouse；创新作品innovation(可数)Dear Peter，_Yours，Li Hua学生习作Dear_Peter，Hows everything? Im Li Hua, chairman of
35、 the English Club of our school. In order to spread Chinese traditional culture and arouse students creative minds, the club has decided to hold an event calling Your Talent Show. Your innovations must be related to Chinese traditional culture. All the innovations will be on show in the school libra
36、ry from May 5th to 15th.I know you are learning Chinese culture in our school and sure enough you are interested in the event. Thats because Im writing to invite you to join in it. Dont miss the chance of showing your talents in Chinese culture through your contributions, that will make the event mo
37、re colorful.Looking forward to your reply.Yours，Li_Hua我来纠错第三句：_第七句：_第八句：_答案第三句：callingcalled第七句：becausewhy第八句：thatwhichB(2019江南十校模拟)假设你是李华，请根据你对下面一幅图片的观察，给一家知名报社专栏“Voice Your Opinion”写一封信，谈谈你的观点与看法。注意：1.自选角度和内容；2词数100左右；3信的开头和结尾已写好(不计入总词数)。Dear editor，In Chinese tradition, family reunion always play
38、s a very important part in communication._Best wishes!Yours sincerely，Li Hua学生习作Dear_editor，In_Chinese_tradition,_family_reunion_always_plays_a_very_important_part_in_communication. When a national holiday falls, members of a family will probably gather together to visit the seniors and enjoy be wit
39、h each other. In this picture, we can see that grandchildren of different ages are surrounding their grandparents. However, all of them merely focus their attention on smartphones and nobody seems to talk with their grandparents willingly. We can imagine what helpless and disappointed their grandpar
40、ents are at the sight of this. Behind the picture also lies the fact which smartphones are depriving us of facetoface communication with others, even among dearest ones. What a pity! I hope that we should respect the moments we are together for a reunion and throw the smartphones aside!Best_wishes!Y
41、ours_sincerely，Li_Hua我来纠错第二句：_第五句：_第六句：_第八句：_答案第二句：bebeing第五句：whathow第六句：whichthat第八句：moments后加whenC(2019福建师大附中模拟)假定你是李华，得知美国外教Peter最近经常头痛，西医疗效不佳。请你给他写一封电子邮件，推荐中医治疗，简要介绍中医的优点(如副作用小、价格低等)。并表示自己愿意提供帮助，期待他早日康复。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Peter，_Yours sincerely，Li Hua学生习作Dear_Peter，Im sorry to le
42、arn that you have been suffering headaches, which prevents you perform well in your work. Worse still, you havent got better after taking medicine. Therefore I suggest you try Chinese medicine.From my perspective, Chinese medicine is superior to western medicine in a sense. Produce fewer side effect
43、s is typical of Chinese medicine. Whether time permits, patients can recover completely. In addition, Chinese medicine is less expensive, so you dont need to worry about your budget. I believe the treatment appeals greatly to you.Hope you will recover soon. If there is anything which you need me to
44、do, dont hesitate to inform me.Yours_sincerely，Li_Hua我来纠错第一句：_第五句：_第六句：_第十句：_答案第一句：performperforming第五句：ProduceProducing第六句：WhetherIf第十句：whichthat.修改病文A(2017全国卷改编)假定你是李华，想邀请外教Henry一起参观中国剪纸(papercutting)艺术展。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：1展览时间、地点；2展览内容。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。病文修改以下是一位考生的习作，其中有6处错误，请找出并修改。Dear H
45、enry，Im Li Hua. Im writing to invite you to see the Chinese papercutting exhibition. It is a Chinese folk art of a long history.The exhibition will be held in the City Museum, locating in the north of our city. It will start from June 16th and last for more than a week. It said that a large number o
46、f papercut works by experts throughout China will be on show，and some of which are made by famous artists. The paper cuts are about animals, plants, people and other things. Visiting this exhibition, we will not only enjoy the folk art works, but also learn from a lot.If youre interesting in the Chi
47、nese folk art, please email me. We can make it any day to visit the exhibition.Looking forward to your reply.Yours，Li Hua答案B(2016全国卷)假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外资公司兼职，已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教Ms. Jenkins写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。病文修改以下是一位考生的习作，其中有6处错误，请找出并修改。Dear Ms. Jenkins，Im writi
48、ng to tell you of something about my plan for the summer vacation and Id like you do me a favor.To get some working experience, I plan to find a parttime job in a foreign capital company, which I think is a new challenge to me. I already finished my job application form and personal resume. However,
49、 my English is poor, so Im afraid that there have some mistakes about the words and format. So Im writing you a letter, hoping to get for your guide and suggestions. You can correct any mistakes you find in them.Looking forward to your reply. And Id really thankful if you could help me.Yours，Li Hua答案