1、英语语法入门英语语法入门 崔荣容 第一讲语序和五种基本句式 He learns English everyday.他每天学习英语。（中英语序不同）英语五种基本句式 一、主+谓 二、主+系+表 系动词：起到联系作用的动词，连接主语与表语。表语：描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态 三、主+谓+宾 主语：动作发出者 谓语：作出的动作 宾语：动作的对象 四、主+谓+间宾+直宾 间宾：通常是人 直宾：通常是物 五、主+谓+宾+宾补 宾补：对宾语的补充说明 主+谓：The universe remains.宇宙长存 中英文语序一致 主+系+表：The food is delicious.这个食物很好吃 中英
2、文语序一致 主+谓+宾：He took his bag and left.（left 是第二个谓语）他拿着他的包离开了中英文语序一致 主+谓+间宾+直宾：Her father bought her a dictionary.她爸爸给她买了一本词典（her 与 a dictionary，两个宾语，一个是人、一个是物）buy sb sth（双宾语）中英文语序一致 主+谓+宾+宾补：We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长（him 与our monitor，都是指同一个人，our monitor 是对 him 的补充说明）中英文语序一致 Nothing is impossibl
3、e to a willing heart!有志者事竟成！第二讲be 动词的形式和用法 一、be 动词的形式：be、am、is、are、was、were、being、been1.The man is back.2.They are back.3.He was back.4.They were back.5.Theyhave been back.6.Ill be back.上述“back”是副词，构成主系表结构。二、be 动词的用法：起到联系前后的作用(一般翻译为“是”，或无实意而不作翻译)，多用于主系表结构。后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语成分。1.The man is a teach
4、er.a teacher 是名词 2.Marys new dresses are colorful.colorful 是形容词 3.My mother was in the kitchen.in the kitchen 是地点副词 4.Iam 20.数词也可做表语 5.Its me.代词也可做表语 三、be 动词的练习 1.他们是老师They are teachers.2.他曾是一名老师 He was a teacher before.3.他已经当了 3 年的老师 He has been a teacher for 3 years.第三讲be 动词的否定/提问/回答 一、be 动词的否定 在
5、am、is、are、was、were 后面加 not 缩略式 am not，isnt,arent,wasnt,werent 1.The man isnt back.2.I am not back.3.Theyarent back.4.He wasnt back.5.They werent back.二、使用 be 动词提问和回答 Is he a teacher？Yes,he is./No,he isnt.Are you a teacher?Yes,Iam./No,I am not.Were they teachers?Yes,they were./No,they werent.三、be 动词的
6、练习：1.他是医生吗？Is he a doctor?不，他不是 No,he isnt.2.他们昨天在教室吗？Were they in the classroom yesterday?Yes,they were./No,they werent.3.他们昨天不在教室 They werent in the classroom yesterday.第四讲代词的主格和宾格 主格代词：I he she it you we they 1.I am a teacher.2.He is a teacher.3.You are teachers.宾格代词：me him her it you us them 1.H
7、e likes me.2.Welike her.3.I like them.练习 1.我喜欢它 I like it.2.他们认识他 They know him.第五讲名词性/形容词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词：（后接名词）单数形式：my your his/her/its ones 复数形式：our your their 1.This is mybook.2.We love our motherland.3.Those are your socks.名词性物主代词：单数形式：mine yours his/hers/its ones 复数形式：ours yours theirs 1.Thebook
8、 is ours.2.The apple is hers.练习 1.我的老师是中国人 My teacher isChinese.2.这个电脑是他们的 This computer is theirs.3.我们的书在书架上 第六讲反身代词 单数：myself yourself himself herself itself 复数：ourselvesyourselves themselves 反身代词的用法：（指某人自己，通常是主语的“自己”）1.Please help yourself to some fish.请随便吃些鱼吧（yourself 在动词 help 后作宾语）2.We enjoyed
9、ourselves last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心（ourselves 在动词 enjoyed后作宾语）3.The thing itself is not important.这件事本身不重要（反身代词 itself 在名词 Thething 后作同位语，起到解释、说明名词的作用）练习 1.Take good care of（yourself）照顾好 2.She gained control of(herself)控制住了 第七讲实意动词的特征 实意动词 come go read watch play fly 1.He comes from Shenyang.（实意动词comes 作
10、谓语，后接介词短语 from Shenyang 作宾语 动词 come 有一般现在时“单三”的变化）2.She is reading story books.（实意动词 reading 作谓语，后接动词 story books 作宾语 动词 read 有现在进行时的变化）3.They went to America yesterday.（动词 go 有一般过去时“went”的变化）4.We have watched the game for three times.（动词 watch 有现在完成时“watched”的变化）现在完成时：动作已经发生或对现在造成影响 5.My mother wil
11、l fly back to Chinanext month.（一般将来时：will+动词原形）总结：实意动词有时态与数量（三单）上的变化 练习 1.他昨天来上海了 He came toShangHai yesterday.2.我们正在写作业 We are writing homework.3.他们读这本书已经读 3 遍了 They have read this book three times.第八讲实意动词的否定/提问/回答(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用助动词进行否定 在助动词 do does did 后面加 notdo not/dont does not/doesnt did not/di
12、dnt 例句：1.I dont go to school by bus.2.She doesnt watch TV everyday.3.Theydidnt swim last night.使用助动词进行提问 1.He often plays golf.Does heoften play golf?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.2.They go to school by bus.Dothey go to school by bus?Yes they do./No,they dont.3.Sam had breakfastyesterday.Did Sam have br
13、eakfast yesterday?Yes,he did./No,he didnt.练习 1.他每天都学英语吗？Does he learn English everyday?是的，他每天都学英语 Yes,hedoes.2.Tom 昨天没吃早饭 Tom didnt have breakfast yesterday.第九讲使用疑问词进行提问和回答（1）(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用疑问词进行提问 when,where,who,what,how 时间、地点、人物、干什么、怎样 例句 He bought three books yesterday.1 2 3 1.Whobought three boo
14、ks yesterday?对主语提问，原语序不变 2.What did he buyyesterday?对宾语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。3.When did he buy three books?对状语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。They wanted to go to ShangHai by air.1 2 3 1.Who wanted to go to ShangHaiby air?2.Where did they want to go by air?3.How did they want to go toShangHai?第十讲使用疑问词进行提问和回答（2）使用疑问词进行提
15、问 how long,how far,how often,why 多长时间，多远，多长时间一次，为什么 1.They have been in China for three years.How long have theybeen in China?对时间状语提问 2.It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing toXian.How far is it from Beijing to Xian?3.They come to visit me once aweek.How often do they come to visit me?4.She came
16、late,because she missedthe bus.Why did she come late?练习 1.他们学汉语多长时间了？How long havethey learned Chinese?2.你多长时间看一次电影？How often do you watch movies?3.你的家离学校多远？How far is it from your house to your school?第十一讲名词代表事物的词，包括具体和抽象的事物 名词分两类：1.可数名词：是指数得过来的概念。如 applepencilstudent 可数名词有单数和复数之分 apple-apples penc
17、il-pencils tomato-tomatoes 2.不可数名词：无法计算的数量或抽象概念。如 saltcoffeewater(historylove 抽象)不可数名词无复数，只用单数表示salt-salt coffee-coffee water-water 3.可数名词变复数规则：（1）一般末尾加后缀-s，friend-friends（2）以 szxchsh 结尾的词，在该词末尾加后缀-es，bus-buses（3）辅音字母+y 结尾的名词，将 y 改变为 i,再加 es，candy-candies(除 a e i o u 以外的字母为辅音字母)（4）以-o 结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或
18、缩写，就加-es.tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos 缩写(从非英语国家引进的词汇为外来词，如 madam 是从法国引进的外来词)4.可数名词前可加 a(an)或量词，有复数变化。以元音开头的名词前加 an，以辅音开头的名词前加 a，表示一个。applean appleapples a box of apples 量词 Tomatoa tomatotomatoes a bag of tomatoes 量词 5.不可数名词前不可加 a(an)，没有复数，但前面可以加量词。Coffeea cup of coffee 练习 He bought me(a box of choco
19、late)一盒巧克力(a bike)一辆自行车 第十二讲代词：指示代词和不定代词 指示代词（特指）：标识人或事物的代词，用来代替前面已提到的名词。常用的：thisthesethatthose This is his book.Those apples were his.不定代词（泛指）：指代不确定的人或事物。常用的：onethe othersomeanysomethingnothing 例：No one knows where heis.没人知道他在哪儿 Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the otherswant to go to Xi
20、an.一些男孩想去上海，其他人想去西安 Each of the studentshas got a book.每个学生都有一本书。练习 1.（These）teachers are from China.这些教师都是中国来的。2.I know(nothing)about this person.我对这个人一无所知 3.I have(something)to tell you.我有事要告诉你 第十三讲形容词 1.形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等，通常用在名词前，be 动词后 beautiful-beautiful girl Thegirl is beautiful.2.The+形容词=复
21、数名词（表示一类），作主语时，后面的动词 使用复数的相应格式。old-the old 老的老年人（一类人、复数名词）young-the young 年轻的年轻人（一类人、复数名词）The old need more care than the young.The old 是复数名词，后面的动词 need 不能用三单的格式。练习 1.She is a(good)student.她是一个好学生。2.This bike is(expensive)这辆自行车很贵。3.（The rich）sometimes complain their empty life.富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。第十四讲副词 1
22、.副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及其他结构。一般表程度。He runs fast.She is very beautiful.very 修饰形容词 beautiful They workvery hard.副词的位置（1）根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后（2）形容词之前，其它副词之前或之后（3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后 He speaks very fast.fast 在实意动词speak 之后,在其它副词 very 之后。They have already left.already 在助动词 have 后 They have already beenrepa
23、ired.already 在第一个助动词 have 后 2.常用的频度副词（alwaysusuallyoftensometimesnever?）的位置通常放在实意动词前面，be 动词后面，助动词和实意动词之间。They always come early.Sam often writes homework at 7:00.练习 1.Pleasewrite the word(slowly)(慢慢地)2.They(sometimes)come here.(有时)3.The treeis(very)tall.(非常)第十五讲不定量表达法（1）不确定数量的表达法，用不确定的数量词来限定名词 Some
24、any most every all1.some,any 都表示“一些”，后面接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。some 主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可用在疑问句中。any 主要用在否定和疑问句中。Idbeen expecting some letters the whole morning,but there werent any for me.2.most 作形容词时表示“大部分的”，后面接复数名词。Most people here are fromChina.3.every 表示“每一个、所有”，后面接单数名词。Every one likes the film.4.all 表示“
25、所有”，后面接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。All the cars are parked in the parking lot.All the coffee is served ontime.练习 1.Some boys went camping yesterday.(一些)2.All the children liketo play football.(所有的)3.Most teachers want to work here.（大多数）第十六讲不定量表达法（2）1.both 表示“两者都”，可作形容词、代词和副词，either 是“两者之一”，neither 是“两者都不”。Both h
26、is eyes were severely burned.There are trees on either side of thestreet.Neither answer is correct.2.many 修饰可数名词，表示“许多”；much 修饰不可数名词，表示“许多”。a lot of(lots of)、plenty of 均可修饰可数与不可数名词。many books much water a lot of/lots of books/water 练习 1.Both the handsare washed.(两个都)2.Xiaowang drank much(a lot of)co
27、ffee last night.(很多)第十七讲不定量表达法（3）1.a few,为肯定含义“几个”；few，为否定含义“没几个”，以上两个词均和可数名词复数连用。A few books are put into the box.Few books are put onto the box.2.alittle 为肯定含义“一点儿”，little 为否定含义“没多点”，以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用。There is a little water in the bottle.There is little water in the bottle.3.none 和 no one 的意思相同，主要作
28、代词，翻译为“一个也不，一点也不”，用法稍有区别。none 可以接 of 短语，动词可用单数也可用复数。no one 不能接 of 短语，动词只能用单数。No one knows the answer.None of us have(has)arrived.练习 1.A few booksare put into the box.(几本)2.There is a little water in the bottle.(一点儿)3.None of us have(has)arrived.(没有一个)第十八讲There/Here be 句型1.There/Here+be，根据上下文，有多种翻译方法
29、，可以翻译成“有”、“是”，be 动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。There is a book on the bookshelf.有?There are some books on thebookshelf.有?Here is the bus stop.这儿是?Here are your books.这儿是?如 Here are your books 的正常语序为 Your books are here，主语是 Your books，are是 be 动词，here 就表语，所以，There/Here+be 为倒装句，实质为主系表结构。练习：1.There is a lot of water
30、in the bottle.(有)2.Here is your car.(这是)3.Thereare many students in the room.(有)第十九讲一般现在时和现在进行时 1.一般现在时：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或动作。主语是单数第三人称，动词有单三的变化，主语是非第三人称单数时，动词为原形。They often get up at 7:00.He often gets up at 7:00.一般现在时，动词的单三变化:；(1)在动词尾直接加-s，如：playplay；(2)以字母 s、x、ch 或 o 结尾的动词加-es，；(3)以辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，先变
31、y 为 i,再加；一般现在时否定和疑问句用 do、does 帮助构成；Hedoesntlikethecar.；Doeshelikethecar?；Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn&一般现在时，动词的单三变化:(1)在动词尾直接加-s，如：playplays(2)以字母 s、x、ch 或 o 结尾的动词加-es，如:guessguesses(3)以辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，先变 y 为 i,再加-es，如：Studystudies 一般现在时否定和疑问句用 do、does 帮助构成 He doesnt like thecar.Does he like the car?Yes,he d
32、oes./No,he doesnt.They dont like the car.Do they like the car?Yes,they do./No,they dont.2.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常有 now 等时间副词呼应，基本构成形式为 be+doing。They are watching TV.He is watching TV.I am watching TV.动词现在分词的变化规则：（1）一般情况下，直接在动词后加-ing，如 work-working(2)动词以不发音的-e 结尾，要去 e 加 ing，如 take-taking(3)重读闭音节的动词，
33、要双写词尾字母，再加-ing，如:cut-cutting(4)以-ie 结尾的动词，变 y 再加-ing，如:lie-lying 现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时，将 be 动词否定或提前。（1）They arent watching TV.Are they watching TV?(2)He isnt watchingTV.Is he watching TV?(3)Am I watching TV?Yes,you are./No,you arent.练习：1.He works(work)very late every day.2.Do you study English yourself?Yes
34、,Ido.3.They are playing(play)soccer now.第二十讲一般过去时和过去进行时 1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的行为。基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他，一般动词在动词后面加 ed，还有一些不规则动词有不规则变化。Playplayed comecame 1.He worked very hard last night.2.They came hereby car.动词一般过去时变化规则：（1）一般在动词后加-ed。如：playplayed（2）在以字母 e 结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：likeliked（3）在以“辅音字母+y
35、”结尾的动词后，改 y 为 i,再加-ed。如：supplysupplied（4）在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned 2.过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。其形式为 was/were+doing They were waiting for you.He was talking withhis friends just now.练习：1.They went(go)swimming yesterday.2.Sam was watching(watch)TV at 7:00 lastnight.
36、第二十一讲将来时 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow（明天）next week（下周）in the future(将来)1.“助动词 will 或 shall+动词原形”，表示将要发生的事情。（1）They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.（2）We shall leave for Shanghai next month.离开去上海 2.“be going to+动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算、就要
37、”。They are going to play football this afternoon.She is going to learnFrench next year.3.“be doing”表示位置转移的动词。如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,可用现在进行时表示将来时。（1）They are leaving for Japan.离开去日本(2)She is arriving tomorrow.练习：1.They are coming(come)here soon.2.Sam is going to learn(learn)Chinese nextmonth.wi
38、ll learn 也可以 3.Peter and Mike will finish(finish)the job tomorrowmoring.第二十二讲完成时 1.现在完成时（have+p.p.），动作过去发生，已经完成，对现在造成影响或后果，动作可能还会持续，可使用的时间状语为：already(已经)和 yet（还）。（1）They have already arrived in Shanghai.（2）She has played soccer for 3 hours.（3）She hasnt finished the homework yet.2.过去完成时（had+p.p.），表示句
39、中的动词发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。（1）They had arrived in Shanghai.（2）She had played soccer for 3 hours.（3）She hadnt finished the work yet.练习：1.He has stopped(stop)the car outside.2.She hasnt been(not be)to Sichuanyet.3.Have they planned(plan)to stay here?第二十三讲动词的用法 1.动词根据功能分为四类：实意动词（Notional Ve
40、rb）：有实际意义的动词 系动词（Link Verb）：起联系作用的动词 助动词（Auxiliary Verb）：帮助构成句子成分的动词 情态动词（Model Verb）：有情态含义的动词，后接实意动词原形。（1）动词有数量和时态的变化，时态通常有三大时态：现在、过去和将来时。（2）根据动作进行的状态可分为：一般时、进行时和完成时（3）使用动词时通常将（1）和（2）结合，如:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时；现在进行时、过去进行时；现在完成 时、过去完成时?He goes to school every day.He went to hospitallast night.动词形态变化总结：动
41、词原形 单三 现在分词 过去式 过去分词 play plays playing played played havehas having had had go goes going went gone 第二十四讲情态动词（1）can/could/may/might 1.can/could：“能怎样”，表示“现在/过去”的能力，可用 beable to 代替；“可能怎样”，表示客观可能性（can 的可能性大）；“可以怎样”，通常用“can/could I”表示请求和允许的语气，could 更委婉。He can/could/is able to swim.能 He can/could come t
42、omorrow.可能来Can/could I stay here?可以留下吗？Can he sing an English song?Yes,hecan./No,he cant.2.may/might：表示可能性（may 的可能性大）；通常用“may/might I”表示请求、允许的语气，might 更委婉。口语中常用的回答：(1)May I smoke here?Yes,please.No,you cant/mustnt.（禁止、不准）(2)He may/might come here by bus.(3)May/might I join you?Yes,please./No,you can
43、t./No,you mustnt.对 may/might I 开头的提问，肯定回答时，通常用“Yes,please.”。否定回答时，通常用“cant(不能)”,慎用禁止性的“mustnt(不准)”，一般不用“mayn；3.练习：；（1）ShecouldspeakFrenchbe；（2）Might/May/Could/Can（按；Yes,please.；第二十五讲情态动词（2）must/haveto/；1.must/haveto：“必须怎样”，表示必；haveto 有时态和数量的变化，而 must 无此变；Must 和 haveto 二 的“mustnt(不准)”，一般不用“may not（可能
44、不）表猜测，语气很弱”。3.练习：（1）She could speak French before,but now she cant.（2）Might/May/Could/Can（按语气程度排序）I come in?Yes,please.第二十五讲情态动词（2）must/have to/should/ought to 1.must/have to：“必须怎样”，表示必须、必要（must 主观多一些、have to 客观多一些，表“不得不”）have to 有时态和数量的变化，而 must 无此变化。Must 和 have to 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：You mustnt go.你不准去。
45、You dont have to go.你不必去。You neednt go.你不必去。（1）You must get up early.主观必须（2）Its going to rain,I have to go home now.不得不 对 must 和 have to 提问的否定回答，须用“neednt 和 dont have to”,表示“不必”：Must I come here early tomorrow?No,you neednt./No,you dont have to.2.Should/ought to：“应该怎样”，表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是 ought to；shou
46、ld 强调主观看法，而 ought to 强调客观要求。在疑问句中，通常用 should 代替ought to.You should/ought to do the job right now.Should they stay here now?练习：1.I must（必须）go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow.2.You should（应该）work harder than that.第二十六讲情态动词（3）need 1.need：“需要”a.作情态动词 He need come here early.He neednt come here ea
47、rly.Need he comehere early?Yes,he need./No,he neednt.b.作实义动词，有第三人称单数和时态的变化，可用作不定式 need to do sth。He needs to come here early.He doesnt need to come here early.Does heneed to come here early?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.练习：1.You neednt/dont need to do it again.你不需要重复做了 2.Heneednt/doesnt need to worry ab
48、out it.这件事他无需担心 3.Does he need todo homework first?他需要先做作业吗？第二十七讲情态动词（4）hadbetter/would rather 1.had better 表示“最好做某事”，had 虽然是过去式，但 不表征过去，better 后接动词原形。He had better eat more.Youd better finish it right now.2.would rather表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是?为好”，语感比“had better”要轻。You would rather deal with it now.处理 3.否定形式
49、分别为：had better not+动词原形 would rather not+动词原形 He had better not eat more.You would rather not deal with it now.4.练习：You had batter stay here.你最好待在这儿 I would rather not say it.我还是不说的好 第二十八讲情态动词（5）used to+v/would+v 1.used to，would 表示过去习惯性动作，可译为“过去常常?”a.used to 可指过去的状态或情况，would 指过去反复发生的动作。The novel use
50、d to be popular.这小说过去很流行。b.would 表示过去反复发生的动作。如果某一动作无反复性，就不能用 would，只能用 used to.He would practice English every week.I used to live in Beijing.c.used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束，would 则表示有可能再发生。People used to believe that the earth was flat.平的 He would go to thepark as soon as he was free.练习：1.The win
51、dows used to be open.过去一直开着 2.They would gather together everyweek.聚在一起 3.Sam used to play golf,but he doesnt now.第二十九讲情态动词（6）否定和疑问 1.情态动词的否定：情态动词+not+v 原形 He cant sing anEnglish song.He may not know her.可能不?He mustnt go there.不准 Hedoesnt have to go there.2.使用情态动词进行提问：情态动词+主语+v 原形 Can hesing an Engl
52、ish song?Yes,he can./No,he cant.Must he go there?Yes,hemust./No,he neednt.（不必）Does he have to go there?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.May I smoke here?Yes,please.No,you cant（不能）/mustnt.（不准）练习：1.May I stay here?Yes,please.2.Must she go back now?No,she neednt.3.Doeshe have to get up at 9:00?Yes,he does.第三十
53、讲情态动词（7）情态动词+have+p.p.（+现在完成时）1.“情态动词+have+p.p.”：表达过去的事实；或推测的含义，表“可能已经?”。（但助动词 should 例外）He may/might have arrived.他可能已经到了（可能性最小）He can/could have arrived.他可能已经到了（可能性小）He must have arrived.他准是已经到了（可能性大）可能性大小排序：must、can、could、may、might 2.“should+have+p.p.”本应该?“neednt+have+p.p.”本不需要?He should have arr
54、ived.他本应该到了（但没到）They should have finished the work.他本应该已经完成工作（但没完成）You neednt have done so.你本不需要那么做 3.must+have+p.p.准是已经?Cant+have+p.p.不可能已经?He must have arrived.他准是已经到了。He cant have arrived.他不可能已经到了。练习：1.He can/could/may/might（可能）have arrived.2.He must（准是）have arrived.3.You neednt（本不需要）have done so
55、.4.They should（本应该）have finished the work.5.He cant（不可能）have arrived.第三十一讲被动语态（1）被动态的构成和含义 1.如果主语是动作的承受者，则用动词的被动语态作谓语。2.被动语态的构成：be+过去分词（p.p.）?by sb.他被妈妈带到了美国。He is taken to America by his mother.3.被动语态有各种时态：Theinformati；一般时 bedoneThebookwasbeing；进行时 bebeingdoneThecompute；完成时 have/has/hadbeendoneT；将来
56、时 willbedoneThecomputer；可能已经被用了；情态动词+完成时情态动词+have/hasbee；练习：（一个空一个时态）Theinforma 3.被动语态有各种时态：The information is needed by us.一般时 be done The book was being read by him.进行时 be being done The computer has been used by her.完成时 have/has/hadbeen done The room will be cleaned.将来时 will be done The computer
57、couldhave been used by them.可能已经被用了 情态动词+完成时 情态动词+have/has beendone 练习：（一个空一个时态）The information is needed.(need)The book was read.(read)The door has beenopened.(open)The book was being read.(read)The computer had been used.(use)The computer could have been used.(use)The room will be cleaned.(clean)第
58、三十二讲被动语态（2）被动态和情态动词结合 1.被动语态也可以和情态动词结合：情态动词+be done 应该被?、必须被?等 can/could+be done may/might+be donemust/have to+be done should/ought to+be done had better/would rather+bedone used to/would+be done need doing 需要被 need to be done 需要被?2.和情态动词结合的形式：The food could be taken away.食品可以被带走 The food might be t
59、aken away.食品可能被带走 The food must be taken away.食品必须被带走 The food should betaken away.食品应该被带走 The food needs taking away.食品需要被带走 The foodhad better be taken away.食品最好被带走 Books used to be returned in two days.书过去常常在 2 天之内被归还。练习：The room may/might/can/could（可能）be cleaned.The door must（必须）belocked.The hou
60、se should（应该）be furnished.The tree had better（最好）bewatered now.第三十三讲被动语态（3）（by+行为者）可省略 动作的行为者不明或不重要，或上下文中提到了行为者时，“by sb”可以省略。The information is needed.The books is being read.The door was opened.练习：The door is opened.(open)被打开了 The book is being read.(read)正读着 Thecomputer has been used.(use)已经被用了 Th
61、e pencil had been sharpened.(sharpen)已经被削尖了 第三十四讲被动语态（4）被动语态疑问句 1.被动语态的一般疑问句：助动词+主语+（其他助动词）+过去分词 Is the information needed by him?Yes,itis./No,it isnt.Has the computer been used by her?Yes,it has./No,it hasnt.Will the room be cleaned?Yes,it will./No,it wont.2.被动语态的特殊疑问句：疑问词+助动词+主语+（其他助动词）+过去分词 The i
62、nformation is needed by them.What is needed by them?The girl is taken to Shanghai.Where is the girl taken?The book has been read three times.How many times has the book been read?练习：1.Is the book being read(read)by her?她正在读那本书吗？2.Has the computerbeen used(use)by them?他们用过那台电脑吗？3.How often is the Eng
63、lish classtaken（take）?英语课多长时间上一次？第三十五讲非谓语动词（1）“不作谓语成分的动词”to+动词原形 VS 动词原形+ing 1.动词不定式：由 to do 构成，可以做主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语 6 种。To get there by bike will take us an hour.作主语，骑自行车到那，将花掉我们一小时 The driver failed to see the car in time.作宾语，司机没及时看见那辆小轿车 We believe him to be guilty.作宾补（对 him 的补充说明），我们相信他是有罪的 My s
64、uggestiong is to put off the meeting.作表语（be 动词后），我的建议是推迟会议。The next train to arrive is from Seoul.作定语，将到达的下一列火车是来自首尔的。I come here only to say goodbye to you.作状语，我来这目的是和你说再见 2.动名词：doing，具有动词的特征和变化形式，但在句子中作名词用。可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语，也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语（与动词同）。Reading is an art.作主语，阅读是一门艺术 They went on walking and n
65、everstopped talking.作宾语（动词后），他们一直往前走，未停止交谈 Your task isquickly cleaning the windows.作表语（be 动词后），你的任务是赶快把窗户擦干净This is a reading room.作定语，这是个阅读室 练习：1.To finish the work will take us an hour.完成这项工作 2.I come here to saygoodbye to you.和你告别 3.Talking is an art.说话 第三十六讲非谓语动词（2）假主语 it/真主语 假宾语 it/真宾语 不定式/动名词
66、的否定式 1.to 不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上，但一般用 it 代替它作形式主语。Its a great honor to be invited.被邀请很荣幸。It 为假主语，代替真主语“to be invited”重排语序为：To be invited is agreat honor.Its no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收（对着溢出的牛奶哭是没用的）It 为假主语，代替真主语“crying over spilt milk”在真主语较长的情况下，英语常先用 it 放在句首代替真主语，之后再引出真主语。2.在宾语的位置上，用 it 代替它作形式宾语 W
67、e think it important to learnEnglish.我们认为学英语很重要。it 为假宾语，代替真宾语“to learn English”I found it pleasant walking inthe park.我发现在公园里散步是件乐事。it 为假宾语，代替真宾语“walking in the park”3.对动名词或不定式进行否定时，在不定式或动名词；他假装没有看见她；他后悔没有加入他们；练习：；1.Itisnousecrying(cry)ov；2.Wethinkitimportanttole；3.Hepretendednottosee(no；第三十七讲非谓语动词（
68、3）；to 不定式表示目的的用法；1.inorderto+动词原形：表示目的；2.soasto 3.对动名词或不定式进行否定时，在不定式或动名词前加 not 就可以了。notto do、not doing He pretended not to see her.他假装没有看见她。He regrets not joining them.他后悔没有加入他们。练习：1.It is no use crying(cry)over spilt milk.2.We think it important to learn(learn)English.3.He pretended not to see(not
69、see)her.第三十七讲非谓语动词（3）to 不定式表示目的的用法 1.in order to+动词原形：表示目的 2.so as to+动词原形：表示目的 3.由 in order to 引导的目的状语，置于句首、句尾均可。4.由 so as to 引导的目的状语，只能置于句尾。Ive written it down in order to remember it.我写下来了，目的是为了记住它。也可以写成：In order to remember it，Ive written it down.He shouted and waved so as tobe noticed.他又叫又挥手，目的
70、是为了被注意到。5.它们的否定形式分别在 to 前加 not Ive written it down in order not toforget it.He said nothing so as not to be noticed.练习：He gets up early in order to/so as to（目的是）arrive at school on time.Hewrote it down in order not to/so as not to（目的是不）forget it.第三十八讲非谓语动词（4）常见的不定式和动名词 包含不定式和动名词的一些固定结构 1.too?to?：太?而
71、不能?The room is too small to live.“too?to”中间加形容词或副词。2.enough+n+to do/adj+enough to do 足够?可以?There is enough food toeat.有足够的食物可以吃 The box is big enough to contain six apples.足够大可以装 6 个苹果 3.on doing：一?就?On seeing the snake,the girl was veryfrightened.一看到那条蛇，女孩就非常害怕（作状语）4.There is no hope of doing：没希望?T
72、here is no hope of seeing him.没希望看见他 5.feel like doing：想要?I feel like eating ice cream now.6.have a hardtime doing：做?很艰难 They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.他们自己解决那个问题很困难 练习：There are enough books to read(read).I feel like drinking(drink)coffee now.The room is too small to live(live
73、).第三十九讲非谓语动词（5）现在分词/过去分词，分词句 1.doing 可称之为动名词；用在进行时中，称之为现在分词 Writing books is his job.动名词 He is writing abook.进行时“现在分词”2.done 用在完成时和被动语态中，称之为过去分词。He has written the homework.完成时 已经完成作业 The homework is written.被动语态 作业被写好 3.分词句：是包含现在分词和过去分词的分句。The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking
74、.作伴随状语，边说边笑 Accompanied by his friend,he went to the railway station.作伴随状语，他被朋友陪伴着去了火车站。练习：He likes drinking(drink)coffee.The door was locked(lock).Given(give)better attention,the plants could grow better.第四十讲原形不定式（1）使役动词 使役动词，表示“使/让?”1.make,let，have 做使役动词，构成形式为：“have/make/let+宾语+动词原形”（动词前不加 to）He m
75、ade me laugh.I let him go.Please have him come here.2.get 和 help 做使役动词，get 的使役动词句为“get+宾语+to+动词原形”，help 的使役动词句为“help+宾语+(to)+动词原形”I cant get anyone to do the work properly.准确地完成工作I helped him(to)repair the car.3.make/let/have/get/help+宾语+过去分词，表示“让某物/人被别人?”（表被动）I must get my hair cut.He couldnt make
76、himself heard.Can you get the workfinished in time?练习：He made me laugh(laugh).I let him go(go).I must get my hair cut(cut).第四十一讲原形不定式（2）感官动词 1.“感官动词 see/watch 观看/observe/notice/hear/smell/taste/feel+宾语+动词原形或现在分词”（动词前不加 to）表示：感知到某物或人怎样了+动词原形，表示动作的真实性+现在分词，表示动作的连续性，进行性。I saw him work in the garden yes
77、terday.看到他昨天在花园里工作 I saw himworking in the garden yesterday.看到他昨天一直在花园里工作 2.“感官动词+宾语+过去分词”，表示：感知到某物或人被怎样了 John saw the man knocked down by thecar.看到一人被轿车撞倒了 练习：I watched a dog running(run)in the garden yesterday.I heard Sam sent(send)to the hospital.第四十二讲假设（1）单纯表示假设 1.条件状语从句：用“if”引导条件状语从句，从句为现在时，则主句
78、为将来时，通常译作“如果?”,If you getup early,you will catch up with the train.2.if 引导的条件状语从句，可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。If you ask him,he will help you.She will be upset if you fail the exam.如果你没考好，她会失望。练习：If he runs,he will get（get）there in time.如果他跑得快，他就会及时赶到那儿。The cat will scratch(scratch)you if you pull its tail.如果你拉猫
79、的尾巴，它就会抓你。第四十三讲假设（2）与现在事实相反的虚拟语气 1.if 从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，与现在事实相；从句：动词用过去式（be 用 were）；主句：would/could/should/mi；IfIwereyou,Iwouldjointhe；与现在事实相反：“我不可能是你”；Shewouldcomewithyouifyou；与现在事实相反：说明“没有邀请”已经发生；虚拟语气：是在事实发生后，做出的与事实相反的假 1.if 从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，与现在事实相反。主从句时态具体如下：从句：动词用过去式（be 用 were）主句：would/could/should/migh
80、t+动词原形 If I were you,I would join them.与现在事实相反：“我不可能是你”She would come with you if you invited her.与现在事实相反：说明“没有邀请”已经发生。虚拟语气：是在事实发生后，做出的与事实相反的假设。She will come with you if you invite her.单纯假设：说明“邀请”还未发生 2.练习：If I knew(know)his telephone number,I would tell(tell)you.If I had(have)any money with me,I wo
81、uld lend(lend)you some.If I were(be)you,I wouldtake(take)an umbrella.第四十四讲假设（3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气 1.if 从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设，和过去事实相反。主从句的时态具体如下：从句：had done 主句：would/could/should/might+have done If I had got thereearlier,I should have met her.If he had taken my advice,he would not havemade such a mistake.2.练习：If h
82、e had studied(study)harder,he might have passed the exam.If there hadbeen(be)a heavy snow,we should not have gone(not go)skating.If I had got(get)there earlier,I would have met(meet)her.第四十五讲假设（4）wish（愿望、希望）/as if（看上去）+过去时/过去完成时/would/should/could+动词原形 1.wish 后面的从句，译为：“希望?就好了”，是不可能实现的假设。a.与现在事实相反的愿望
83、 I wish I were as tall as you.I wish+一般过去时 现在许的愿，且与现在的事实相反（事实已发生）b.与过去事实相反的愿望 He wished he hadnt said that.I wished+过去完成时 过去许的愿，且与过去的事实相反（事实已发生）c.将来不大可能实现的愿望 I wish it would rain tomorrow.I wish+would/should/could+动词原形 现在许的愿，且将来不大可能实现（事实尚未发生）小结：wish 后面的从句：与现在事实相反则用一般过去时，与过去事实相反则用过去完成时，将来不大可能实现的愿望则用“
84、would/should/could+动词原形”。wish 主句则根据许愿的时间分别用一般现在时或一般过去时。2.as if，翻译为“看起来好像?”a.从句表示与现在事实相反，用一般过去时 Youlook as if you didnt care.你看起来一点也不在乎。（实际在乎的）b.从句表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时 He talks about Rome as if he had beenthere before.他谈论罗马好像他以前去过。（实际没去过）c.从句表示将来不大可能发生，用“would/should/could+动词原形”He opened hismouth as if h
85、e would say something.他张开嘴好像要说点什么（说的可能性很小）3.练习：I wish I were(be)as tall as you.He talks as if he knew(know)where she was.I wish it would rain(rain)tomorrow.第四十六讲定语从句（关系代词）which,that,who,whom,whose 定语从句：修饰或限定一个名词或代词的从句，被修饰的名词叫先行词。定语从句由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。1.关系代词：在从句中做一定的成分，代替先行词，起到连接先行词和从句的作用。常用关系代词：whic
86、h,that,who,whom,whose，只起连接作用，无实义，不用翻译。如：The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin.a.先行词是人的话用that,who,whom,whose 来引导定语从句。“whom”在从句中作宾语“who”和“that”在从句中可作主语和宾语 They arethe people that/who were seen yesterday.昨天那些人被看见了（在从句中作主语）They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday.他们是昨天我看见的那些人（在从句中作宾语）They
87、are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.他们是昨天丢失钱包的那些人（属格）b.先行词是动物/事物的话，用 which,that,whose 来引导定语从句。which,that 在从句中可作主语和宾语，作宾语时可以省略 He came back for the book which/that he hadforgotten.作宾语，他回来找那本他遗忘的书。He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.作主语，他回来找的那本书在桌上 This is the chair whose
88、 legs were broken.这是那张断腿的椅子。2.练习：He was the person who/that joined the army that year.He came back for thebook which/that 或省略 he had forgotten.He is the man whose wife is a teacher.第四十七讲定语从句（关系副词）why,when,where why：用于修饰表示原因的名词如：the reason We dont know the reason why he didnt show up.我们不知道他没出现的原因 whe
89、n：修饰表示时间的名词 如：next week Well put off the picnic untilnext week,when the weather may be better.我们将推迟野餐到天气更好的下周where：修饰表示地点的名词 如：the place We dont know the place where he lives.我们不知道他居住的地方。练习：He works in a factory where TV sets are made.Well put off the picnic untilnext week,when the weather may be be
90、tter.She didnt tell me the reason whyshe refused the offer.第四十八讲宾语从句的连词 宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句 从属连词：that（不翻译）,if,whether（是否）He told me(that)he would go to college the next year.He said that he wasthere yesterday.He doesnt know if/whether he was there.他不知道他是否在那儿连接代词：who 谁,whom 谁（宾）,whose 谁的,what 什么 注意从句语序
91、的排列 Do youknow who has won the game?你知道谁赢得了比赛？Do you know whom he likes?你知道他喜欢谁？Do you know whose book it is?你知道这是谁的书？Do you knowwhat he is looking at?你知道他在看什么？连接副词：when 何时,where 哪儿,why为；Hewantstoknowwherethepar；Hewantstoknowwhytheyhave；Hewantstoknowhowtheycome；练习：Hedoesntknowthat；第四十九讲比较级&最高级（1）；1.
92、通常在形容词和副词后面加“er”“est”；如：hard-hard 连接副词：when 何时,where 哪儿,why 为什么,how 怎么 He wants toknow when the party is.He wants to know where the party is.He wants to knowwhy they have a party.He wants to know how they come.练习：He doesnt know that/if/whether she is at school.He wants to know where sheis.He wants t
93、o know why she comes.when where how if/whether He wants to knowwhat she is reading.He wants to know whose book it is.第四十九讲比较级&最高级（1）1.通常在形容词和副词后面加“er”“est”如：hard-harder-the hardest 2.词尾是不发音的单音节 e 时，加“r”“st”如：nice-nicer-the nicest 3.词尾是辅音+y 的双音节时，去掉“y”加“ier”“iest”如：dry-drier-the driest 4.以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音
94、节时，双写最后一个字母，加“er”“est”。如：hot-hotter-the hottest 5.多音节和双音节，在形容词和副词前加：程度加强：“more”“the most”程度减弱：“less”“the least”如：interesting-more/less interesting 更有趣更无趣-the most/the leastinteresting 最有趣最无趣 注：单词中有几个元音就有几个音节 6.不规则变化：good-better-the best many-more-the most 练习：high-higher-the highest late-later-the la
95、test heavy-heavier-the heaviestthin-thinner-the thinnest famous-more/less famous-the most/the leastfamous little-less-the least 第五十讲比较级&最高级的应用（2）1.形容词或副词的比较级：表示“比较?”（?比?更?，两者间进行比较）He is taller than his brother.他比他的哥哥更高 The book is more expensivethan the pen.那本书比那支钢笔更贵 Her English is better than his.
96、她的英语比他好 2.形容词的最高级：表示“最?”（三者或三者以上进行比较）He is the tallest in his class.The book is the most expensive of the three.Her English is the best among the three.3.练习：The girl is cleverer(clever)than the boy.The computer is the most expensive(expensive)among the three.The man is healthier(healthy)than his wife.