1、Period ThreeGrammar & Writing虚拟语气()虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是客观存在的事实，而是一种愿望、怀疑、假设或推测，它通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。一、条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟条件句分为三类：与现在事实相反的情况；与过去事实相反的情况；与将来事实相反的情况。构成如下：假设情况条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反过去式(be的过去式常用were)would/should/might/could动词原形与将来事实相反过去式should动词原形were to动词原形would/should/might/could动词原形与过去事实相反过去完成式(had过去分词
2、)would/should/might/couldhave过去分词If he had time now，he would(could，might)go with you.要是他现在有时间，他会和你一起去的。(与现在事实相反)If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would(could，might) have met the famous singer.如果你早来几分钟，你就会见到那个著名歌手了。(与过去事实相反)If it were to snow this evening，they would not go out.如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出
3、去。(与将来事实相反)注意：含有条件状语从句中的虚拟语气使用时要注意以下几点：(1)主句中的should只用于第一人称I和we，但在美式英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。(2)在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态常用“were”，非正式文体中单数第三人称也可用was。但If I were you.句式中， 不用was。(3)虚拟条件句中有were，had，should时，可把if省略，而把were，had，should放在主语前，用倒装结构，这种结构主要用于书面语中。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。W
4、ere they here now，they could help us.If they were here now，they could help us.要是他们现在在这儿的话，就会帮助我们了。Should it rain，the crops would be saved.If it should rain，the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1.在wish后的宾语从句中需要使用虚拟语气：表示与现在情况相反，从句用一般过去时；表示与过去情况相反，从句用过去完成时；表示与将来情况相反，从句谓语用“would/could/mig
5、ht动词原形”。I wish I were ten years younger now.我希望我现在年轻10岁。I wish I had met him yesterday.我昨天能遇见他就好了。I wish I would be a scientist in the future.我希望将来成为科学家。2.在would rather后的宾语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气：若表示与过去情况相反，从句使用过去完成时；若表示与现在事实相反或与将来的可能相反，从句使用一般过去时。I would rather you told me the truth.我宁愿你跟我讲真话。I would rather
6、you had been present then.我倒宁愿你当时在场。3.在下列动词后的宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其谓语形式为“(should)动词原形”。这类动词有：一坚持insist二命令order，command三建议suggest，propose，recommend四要求demand，request，require，desireMy father suggests I (should) take enough sleep before examinations.爸爸建议我考试前要有充足的睡眠。I demand that John (should) go there at once.我要求
7、约翰立刻到那儿去。.用所给动词的正确形式填空1.Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week？If you had_told(tell) me，I could have helped.2.I was wearing a seatbelt.If I hadnt been wearing one，I would have_been_injured(injure).3.I would rather he had_worked(stay) at home yesterday.4.I wish he visited(visit) us now.5.
8、Were(be) it to rain，the crops would be saved.6.He did_not_come(not come) yesterday，otherwise you would have seen him.7.The doctor advised that he (should)_go(go) to the seaside.8.The smile on his face suggested that he was_satisfied(satisfy) with our work.9.The old man insisted that he had never see
9、n(see) the young player.10.If I were(be) you，I should tell him the truth.句型转换1.The quarrel broke out because they were not patient.If they had been patient，the quarrel wouldnt have broken out.2.He was not familiar with software，so he was fired by his boss.If he had been familiar with software，he wou
10、ldnt have been fired by his boss.3.Children want to play football on the playground，but it is going to rain this afternoon.If it were not to rain/should not rain this afternoon，children would play football on the playground.4.You didnt take your homework to school，so you were punished by your teache
11、r.If you had taken your homework to school，your teacher wouldnt have punished you.5.She was given enough money.She bought the book.If she had not been given enough money，she wouldnt have bought the book.建议信文体指导1.建议信是写信人向收信人就某事提出自己的建议或忠告，建议信要给出写信的原因，提出合理的建议，以便使对方接受自己的想法、主张。因此，建议信要写得简明扼要、目的明确、理由充足，具有合
12、理性和说服力。同时，语言要得当，体现出自己的诚意。2.建议信一般分为三个部分：(1)开头：针对对方对自己的信任简单表示感谢，亦可表明自己的诚意。建议信的开头要说明建议的前提和事情的原委，对自己的立场做一些解释。(2)主体：围绕问题委婉地提出建议。表达时应该选择得体的用语，切忌用语生硬强制。在提建议的过程中一定要抓住问题的关键，做到语言简短有力。(3)结尾：表达自己的愿望。希望自己的建议能对对方有所帮助，同时阐明你所提供的建议仅供对方参考。亮点句式1.建议信开头常用句式(1)I am writing to express my views about.(2)You have asked me f
13、or my advice on.and I will try to make some suggestions.(3)Thanks for trusting me.Its my great pleasure to give you some suggestions.(4)You have asked me for my advice on the problem and here are/is some useful tips/advice.2.表达建议常用句式(1)I think the most suitable.for you.is.(2)I would like to suggest
14、that.(3)As far as I am concerned./In my opinion.3.建议信结尾常用句式(1)These are only my personal suggestions.I hope you will find them useful/helpful.(2)I would be ready to discuss this matter with you in further detail.(3)Im willing to discuss this matter with you whenever you need help.(4)Please take good
15、 consideration of my advice.(5)I hope you will find these suggestions helpful.写作任务假如你是大学一年级新生李华。开学之初，你的英语老师Ms Li希望了解每位同学的英语学习情况，并征求教学建议。请按以下要点用英语给她写一封信。1.对英语学习的认识；2.自己目前的英语水平；3.自己在英语学习上存在的主要问题；4.对英语教学的两点建议。注意：1.词数80左右；2.信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Dear Ms Li，Im very happy to have you as our English teacher.Th
16、ank you!Li Hua审题谋篇第一步明确要求文章体裁为建议信，写作目的是陈述观点，给出合理化建议。此建议信的主体时态应采用一般现在时态和一般将来时态。第二步确定段落文章可分成三个部分：第一段：阐述观点，表明态度；第二段：分析原因；第三段：给出具体切合实际的建议和措施。第三步词汇热身1.越来越重要more_and_more_important2.记住，背诵 learn.by_heart3.感到紧张 feel_nervous4.取得进步 make_progress5.在你的帮助下 with_your_help第四步句式升级1.我的英语水平一般，在学习上的两个主要问题是我感到背诵英语单词很难并
17、且在说英语时经常感到紧张。(一般表达)My English level is just so so，and there are two main study problems.I feel it is difficult to learn words by heart，and that I often feel nervous when I speak English.(句式升级)My English is just OK and the_two_main_problems_in_my_study_are_that I feel_it_difficult to learn words by h
18、eart，and that I often feel nervous when_speaking English.(表语从句；it作形式宾语；状语从句的省略)2.我真诚地希望你能给我一些如何记住新单词的建议。(一般表达)How can I remember new words？I hope you can give me some advice.(句式升级)I hope that_you_can_give_me some good advice on how_to_memorize new words.(宾语从句；“疑问词不定式”结构)3.我相信在你的帮助下我们会取得很大的进步。(一般表达)I
19、 believe if you help us we can improve our English.(句式升级)I believe we can make_great_progress in English with_your_help.连句成篇Dear_Ms_Li，Im_very_happy_to_have_you_as_our_English_teacher.As the world is becoming a global village，English is getting more and more important，so mastering English means we c
20、an see the world through a new window.My English is just OK and the two main problems in my study are that I feel it difficult to learn words by heart，and that I often feel nervous when speaking English.I really hope that you can give me some advice on how to memorize new words.Another suggestion is
21、 to give us more chances to practice speaking.I believe we can make great progress in English with your help.Thank_you!Li_Hua.用所给动词的正确形式填空(必要时加情态动词)1.Had the weather been good，the twins would_have_gone (go) out for a walk.2.If there were/should_be/were_to_be (be) any change about the date，I would in
22、form you in time.3.The train left (leave) ten minutes ago.You should have arrived a bit earlier.4.I wish I hadnt_quarreled(not quarrel) with my parents yesterday.5.I would have lent you some money，but I didnt_have (not have) any on me then.完成句子1.如果我是你，我会带把伞。If I_were_you，I would take an umbrella.2.如
23、果昨晚下雨的话，今天就会很冷了。If it had_rained last night，it might_be_very_cold today.3.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。If I knew_his_telephone_number，I would tell you.4.如果没有水或空气，地球上就不会有生物。If there_were_no_air_or_water，there would be no living things on the earth.5.如果明天下雪，我们的计划就得推迟。If it snowed tomorrow，our_plan_would_be_post
24、poned.阅读理解William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language.His 38 plays and more than 150 poems are still read by people across the world.But while his talent as a dramatist and poet are universally acknowledged，what is perhaps less well known is his contribution
25、 to the English language as we know it today.The famous journalist Bernard Levin once wrote，“If you cannot understand my argument，and declare Its Greek to me， you are quoting Shakespeare.” Levin is simply reminding the reader that much of common English speech can be traced back to idioms used in Sh
26、akespeares writings.Shakespeares genius for shaping the English language into written plays and poems gave him the ability to affect the language as he did.Hundreds of other expressions that are used daily by English speakers are traced back to his writings.Idioms such as “dead as a doornail” (Henry
27、 IV，Part II) and “wear ones heart on ones sleeve” (Othello) can be argued to be Shakespeares creations.Shakespeare was also able to invent and reinvent words in different ways，including changing nouns into verbs，changing verbs into adjectives，connecting words never before used together，adding prefix
28、es and suffixes，and coming up with words that were completely original.The full version of the Oxford English Dictionary lists around 2，200 words for which the earliest citation(引文) is in the works of Shakespeare.According to a linguist called David Crystal，about half of that number are still in the
29、 language today and so would be easily understood by anyone watching his plays being performed.Words including “accused，backing，champion，countless，gossip，majestic and unreal” are all believed to have first appeared in Shakespeares writings.Shakespeare took the language of the time，varied it，sculpted
30、 it，and reflected upon it through his plays and poems.His impact on the English language may never be duplicated(复制)，but we will always have his great writings，so，as the poet says，“alls well that ends well.”1.By Paragraph 2，the writer mainly wants to _.A.show that Shakespeare is often quoted todayB.
31、introduce a journalist who studied ShakespeareC.argue that Shakespeare had no knowledge of GreekD.give an example showing Shakespeares greatness答案A解析推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句中的“.much of common English speech can be traced back to idioms used in Shakespeares writings.”可知，现在许多常用英语词汇可以追溯到莎士比亚的作品中，由此推知，现在人们经常引用莎士
32、比亚作品中的语言。2.Shakespeare was able to affect the English language because of _.A.his ability to use words creativelyB.his 38 plays and over 150 poemsC.his ability of using foreign languagesD.his famous works Henry IV and Othello答案A解析细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Shakespeares genius for shaping. to affect the language
33、 as he did.”可知，莎士比亚之所以能够影响英语语言是因为他创造性地把英语语言运用到作品中。3.In the full version of the Oxford English Dictionary，_.A.around 2，200 words are includedB.over 1，000 words first citied from Shakespeares are still activeC.linguist David contributed to half of the vocabularyD.words like “accused，backing，champion，e
34、tc.” are specially marked答案B解析细节理解题。根据第五段第二句“According to a linguist . being performed.”可知，选项B正确。4.What is the text mainly about?A.The life of Shakespeare.B.Shakespeares famous works.C.Shakespeares influence on the world.D.Shakespeares contribution to the English language.答案D解析主旨大意题。本文第一段最后一句是文章的中心句
35、，主要介绍了莎士比亚对英语语言的影响。.完形填空It was Toms first visit to England，and he was looking forward to his first journey on Londons Underground Railway.And against his friends _1_， he was determined to travel _2_.He entered the station shortly after five oclock in the afternoon.This is a _3_ time to travel in Lon
36、don，_4_ crowds of people go home from work at this hour.He _5_ to join a long line of people waiting for tickets.When at last his _6_ came，he had some difficulty in making himself understood by the ticket seller._7_，he got the right ticket in the end and by asking people the _8_，he also found the ri
37、ght platform.It was _9_ with people.He did not _10_ to get on the first train，but he was able to move nearer to the platform so as to be in a better _11_ to get on the next one.When this train came in，Tom was _12_ forward onto the train by the _13_ of people from behind.The doors closed and the trai
38、n moved off.He was unable to see the _14_ of the stations where the train _15_，but he knew that the station he wanted was the sixth _16_along the line.When the train reached the sixth station，Tom got off，feeling _17_ that his journey had been so easy.But he suddenly realized that he had come to a st
39、ation he had never _18_.He explained his _19_ to a man who was standing on the platform.With a _20_ on his face，he told Tom that he had caught a train going in the opposite direction.1.A.thought B.adviceC.relation D.favor答案B解析由下文可知，他没有听从朋友们的建议，自己去旅行了。2.A.alone B.abroadC.along D.away答案A解析解析同上题。3.A.sh
40、ort B.certainC.possible D.bad答案D解析因正值交通高峰期，所以不是旅游的好时间。4.A.for B.and C.so D.but答案A解析“因为”此时正是人们下班回家的时间。5.A.planned B.hadC.happened D.hoped答案B解析have to“不得不”，他不得不排长队买票。6.A.luck B.timeC.chance D.turn答案D解析turn“次序”，终于轮到他了。7.A.Thus B.InsteadC.Therefore D.However答案D解析“然而”，虽然费了好大劲儿，但他还是买到了正确的票。8.A.question B.
41、wayC.place D.condition答案B解析通过问“路”，他找到了正确的站台。9.A.packed B.caughtC.covered D.seized答案A解析由下文可知，站台上“挤满”了人。10.A.manage B.tryC.agree D.expect答案A解析manage to do.“设法做成了”，他没能赶上第一列火车。11.A.situation B.stateC.position D.seat答案C解析position“位置”。12.A.fought B.sweptC.drawn D.brought答案B解析他被“推着”上了火车。fight不能用被动形式，C、D两项不
42、合题意。13.A.speed B.supportC.strike D.push答案D解析后面的人当然在“推”他。14.A.signs B.pointsC.names D.numbers答案C解析因为人多，看不到车站的“名字”。15.A.left B.stoppedC.started D.moved答案B解析当列车“停下”的时候。16.A.part B.pauseC.stop D.arrival答案C解析stop“车站，停车点”。17.A.glad B.sickC.sorry D.tired答案A解析他以为很容易就到站了，所以感到“高兴”。18.A.heard of B.talked about
43、C.thought of D.arrived at答案A解析他到了一个他从没“听说过”的陌生的车站。19.A.result B.mistakeC.difficulty D.ticket答案C解析difficulty“困难，困境”。来到陌生的车站，不知如何是好。20.A.joke B.smileC.surprise D.pity答案B解析别人“微笑着”告诉他走错方向了。.语法填空My aim in life is to save the environment for future generations.I want to become 1.an environmental consultan
44、t after I graduate.Too many people think that pollution cannot 2.be_stopped(stop) if we want the country to develop.But that is not true.We can cut back 3.on dangerous and dirty waste from factories.Even though a factory produces a large quantity of goods，it does not mean that it has to pump a lot o
45、f pollution into the environment.I suggest people buy products that 4.have_been_recycled (recycle) as well.This is much better for the environment，5.because it means we do not need to cut down many trees.There is no doubt 6.that we also have a problem with population.The number of people in the world 7.keeps( keep ) growing，and we are producing more rubbish and 8.using(use) up more raw materials.If we didnt take action now，the raw materials 9.would_run(run) out.So my request is that we work together to overcome these challenges and keep the Earth clean 10.and healthy.