1、第4讲说明文说明文一般语言简练，按照一定的规律介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系等。常见的说明文有人物介绍、产品说明、解说词、实验报告、习俗介绍、节日介绍等。说明文的文章多用现在时态，语言平实、准确；常采用客观描述；文章主题明确，层次分明。在解答说明类完形填空时注意下面的解题技巧：1明确说明对象，理清段落联系：通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。2弄清说明顺序，把握作者态度：在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就
2、能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质、由具体到抽象等)。另外，在理清作者思路的基础上，还要注意反映作者态度的关键词或关键句，把握作者的写作情感和意思。(2015重庆，B)Imagine the first days in a new time zone.Slow to respond to the 28 ，your body clock is confused.Youre sleepy all day，but when its time for b
3、ed，you can hardly fall asleep.Obviously youre 29 jet lag(时差反应)Travelers have traditionally fought this 30 with sleeping pills or alcohol.There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 31 .For example，the moment you get on the airplane，start 32 your biological block to the destinations time.
4、If its daytime in your destination，try to stay 33 .Walking around the cabin(客舱) can be of help.When its nighttime，try to sleep.In that case，eat before the flight， 34 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.These tips will help you start a new 35 of sleep and wakefulness.28A.flight BchangeCde
5、mand Dclimate答案B解析根据空前面的a new time zone和下文黑白颠倒的细节可知，到新的时区环境等都发生了变化。29A.suffering from Bworking onClooking into Dleading to答案A解析suffer from遭受；work on从事；look into调查；lead to导致。很明显，上文提到的不良反应是因为遭受到时差反应。30A.danger BproblemCwaste Dfear答案B解析旅客传统上会用安眠药和酒精对付这个问题。31A.briefly BslowlyCsuddenly Deffectively答案D解析除
6、了用安眠药和酒精，还有一些更健康和有效的方法。briefly简要地；slowly慢慢地；suddenly 突然地；effectively 有效地。32A.checking BsendingCadjusting Dstopping答案C解析句意为：当你登上飞机的时候，你就要把生物钟调整到目的地的时间。adjust 调整，符合句意。33A.awake BaloneChungry Dcalm答案A解析句意为：你的目的地的时间是白天，你就应该保持醒着。34A.though Bso Cwhile Dor答案D解析句意为：上飞机前应吃饭，否则空着肚子会让你睡不着。or否则，符合句意。35A.underst
7、anding BcycleCresearch Dtrend答案B解析这些方法能够帮你建立一个新的睡眠和清醒的循环。understanding理解；cycle循环；research研究；trend倾向。故选 B项。1When was the last time you picked something up to read？You can 1 your answer on your lack of time if you must，but you are missing a lot of wonderful 2 of reading.Reading can 3 peoples lives in
8、some of the following ways： 4 and spiritually.Also，you can acquire 5 information and enrich your knowledge.Firstly，the activity of reading helps exercise your mind， 6 your mind begins to bend and flex(伸缩) mentally when reading.Just like taking physical exercise helps you keep slim， 7 reading routine
9、 ensures that the reading muscle stays in good 8 .Keep on reading，and what you need is a 9 to make reading a part of your life.Secondly，reading can also improve your 10 to focus.Burying your head in a book can free you from your everyday troubles and 11 for a while.When the mind is trained，it begins
10、 to focus on what you are doing 12 you can forget those unpleasant things.Thats why reading keeps you in good spirits.Thirdly，there is no greater 13 to getting information than through reading.You can 14 your mind greatly if you insist on reading.You can 15 the knowledge left by those who came befor
11、e you，which has 16 changed your lives.Nearly all successful people will tell you that they have learned 17 things by reading and there is at least one book that has greatly changed their lives.In short，reading can help you to 18 a solid basis for your future，which will allow you to 19 many goals you
12、 have for your life.Reading 20 your success in the future.Start reading right now and youll make it.语篇解读本文讲述阅读的好处，阅读能锻炼你的思维，提高你的注意力，获取更多的信息和知识并最终给你带来成功。1A.concentrate BputCblame Dpass答案C解析concentrate集中；put 放；blame责备；pass通过。句意为：如果你必须这么做，你可以把你的答案归咎于缺少时间，但你错过许多阅读的好处。根据语境可知选C项。2A.aims BmotivationsCtradi
13、tions Dbenefits答案D解析见上题解析。benefit好处，益处，故选D项。3A.present Bimprove Cassess Dprove答案B解析present呈现；improve提高；assess 评估；prove证明。阅读能改善一个人的生活无论是精神上还是心理上。根据语境可知选B项。4A.socially BmateriallyCphysically Dmentally答案D解析socially社会上地；materially物质上地；physically身体上地；mentally心理上，精神上。根据语境可知选D项。5A.abundant BlimitedCprivate
14、 Dabsurd答案A解析abundant丰富的；limited有限的；private私人的；absurd荒谬的。句意为：你也能获得丰富的信息来丰富你的知识。根据语境可知选A项。6A.as BsoCor Dbut答案A解析首先阅读能锻炼你的大脑，因为当你阅读时你的思想开始思索，故选A项。7A.usual BregularCcommon Dnormal答案B解析就像身体锻炼能让你身材苗条，有规律的阅读确保你的阅读肌肉保持好的状态。根据语境可知选B项。8A.size BshapeCheight Dweight答案B解析in good shape好的状态，故选B项。9A.barrier Bforce
15、Cdetermination Dprocess答案C解析继续阅读，你所需要的是让阅读成为生活的一部分的决心。根据语境可知选C项。10A.ability BdecisionCstrength Dposition答案A解析ability能力；decision决定；strength力气；position位置。句意为：第二，阅读也能提高你的专注能力。根据语境可知选A项。11A.thrills BchallengesCexcitements Dworries答案D解析专心读书可以让你暂时摆脱你日常的烦恼和担心。根据语境可知选D项。12A.in case Bas ifCso that Donly if答案
16、C解析当思想开始得到锻炼时，它会集中精力到你所做的事情上以至于你就会忘记不愉快的事情。故选C项。13A.answer BsolutionCattitude Dapproach答案D解析第三，没有比阅读更好的方法来获得信息。the approach to doing.做的方法，故选D项。14A.increase BexplainCexpand Dexpress答案C解析如果坚持阅读你能拓宽你的思维。故选C项。15A.take in Bwork outCgive up Dshow off答案A解析take in 欺骗，获得；work out 解决；give up 放弃；show off炫耀。句意为
17、：你能获得之前的人留下的知识，这能积极地改变你的生活。故选A项。16A.secretly BbravelyCpurposely Dpositively答案D解析见上题解析。positively积极地。17A.fewer BmoreCworse Deasier答案B解析几乎所有成功的人都会告诉你他们通过阅读获得很多的东西，至少有一本书改变了他们的生活。故选B项。18A.build BofferCapply Dput答案A解析总之，阅读能帮你的将来打好坚实的基础，这可以让你实现你制定的目标。根据语境可知选A项。19A.establish BachieveCimagine Dmiss答案B解析ach
18、ieve ones goal实现某人的目标，故选B项。20A.results from Blies inCcontributes to Dmakes up答案C解析result from导致；lie in 在于；contribute to有助于；make up编造。句意为：阅读有助于你将来的成功。根据语境可知选C项。2If you ever have a chance to go to Finland，youll probably be surprised to find how “foolish” the Finnish people are.Take the taxi drivers fo
19、r example.You can go 21 on a journey，tell the driver to 22 you at any place，say that you have some business to 23 ，and that you will pay the taxi driver later.He will agree without any 24 but just accept your words in good 25 .The dining rooms in all big hotels not only serve their 26 ，but also prov
20、ide food for outside 27 .Hotel guests have their meals free，so they 28 go to the free dining rooms to have their meals，and the 29 they would do to show their good faith is to wave their registration card to the waiter.With such 30 check，you can easily use any old registration card to take a couple o
21、f friends to wine and dine free of 31 .Finnish workers are paid by the hour.If you work in Finland and have 32 the boss on the hourly rate，then you just say how many hours you have worked and youll be paid 33 .With so many loopholes(漏洞) in everyday life，surely Finland must be a good country to those
22、 who 34 to take “petty advantages”But the 35 thing is，all the taxi passengers always come back to pay their 36 after they have attended to their business; not a 37 outsider has ever been found in the free hotel dining rooms; workers always give the exact hours they have 38 .As the Finns always act o
23、n good faith and always have a(n) 39 of “right is right” and “wrong is wrong” in everything they do，so to live in such a society has turned everyone into a real “gentleman”What we regarded as “foolish” is 40 the Finnish peoples way of life.语篇解读芬兰人的显得很“愚蠢”，他们总是选择相信他人，本文用三个例子说明，芬兰人的生活态度就是诚信，实事求是。21A.s
24、omewhere BanywhereCsometime Danytime答案B解析根据后面的“tell the driver to you at any place”可知，你可以乘车去任何地方。故选B。22A.stop BpassCdrop Dpick答案C解析在任何地点都可以让司机停下让你下车。drop someone at让某人下车。23A.attend to Btake careCtake up Dappeal to答案A解析由下文的“after they have attended to their business”，可知选A。24A.guarantee BanxietyCpasse
25、nger Dmoney答案B解析他们会毫不担忧地同意你的说法，后面说接受顾客所说的话，所以不担心顾客会不付钱，故选B。25A.smile BplaceCseat Dfaith答案D解析根据前面提到芬兰人很“傻”可知，司机会很相信你所说的话。下一段中的“the they would do to show their good faith”也提示选D。26A.meals BvisitorsCguests Dcards答案C解析根据下文“Hotel guests have their meals free”可知，所有大旅馆的餐厅不仅给自己旅馆的客人准备饭还有外面的食客，故选C。27A.waiters
26、 BdinersCdrivers Dworkers答案B解析根据The dining rooms可知选B。28A.naturally Brespectively Csecretly Dcontently答案A解析根据“Hotel guests have their meals free”，可知住旅馆的客人可以免费吃饭，所以很自然地去免费餐厅就餐。故选A。29A.best BworstCmost Dleast答案C解析他们做的最多的就是向服务员晃一下他们的登记卡以表明诚信。故选C。30A.strict BcompleteCtroublesome Dloose答案D解析前面说的检查是晃一下他们的登
27、记卡，所以是宽松的检查，故选D。31A.registration BcareCcharge Dnoise答案C解析你可以用旧卡带几个朋友去免费吃饭喝酒。free of charge免费地。故选C。32A.paid for Bdebated withCtalked about Dagreed with答案D解析和老板达成一致，故选D。33A.accordingly BreluctantlyCseparately Dautomatically答案A解析你只需要说明你工作了多少个小时，就会得到相应的支付。故选A。34A.hesitate BhateClove Drefuse答案C解析根据前面所说，这
28、个国家对那些爱占小便宜的人来说太好了。故选C。35A.strange BconfusingCcomplex Dimaginative答案A解析但是奇怪的事情是，故选A。36A.business BtripCfine Dfare答案D解析根据前文的“that you will pay the taxi driver later”可知，选D。37A.single Bfaithful Cfamiliar Dusual答案A解析没有发现一个外来客在免费餐厅吃饭。根据上下文可知选A。38A.worked on Bput inCspent on Drun out答案B解析工人总是给出他们工作的确切时间。p
29、ut in花费，耗费，投入。故选B。39A.religion BlawCidiom Dattitude答案D解析芬兰人做事讲诚信，抱着“对就是对，错就是错”的态度做事。故选D。40A.eventually BaccidentallyCactually Dtemporarily答案C解析我们认为的傻事实际上却是芬兰人的生活方式。强化练(九)1Getting to work before it is light and leaving after it is dark during winter months can lead to serious mental health problems，a
30、 charity(慈善机构) has warned.Working without daily 1 can result in feelings of depressions which may finally 2 into seasonal affective disorder (SAD)，Mental Health Research UK(MHRUK) said.The warning found that three in ten adults 3 before sunrise during the winter months and return home from work afte
31、r 4 .The charitys survey of 2,000 British adults also found that half were 5 that their workplace had little natural light.And almost one in ten said they had no 6 to natural light at all while at work.Dr Laura Davidson，mental health lawyer and agent of MHRUK，said，“It is 7 that one million working h
32、ours are lost each year 8 SAD.” Employers need to have a better understanding of 9 important natural light is to good mental health.They have the 10 to ensure that work and study environments have 11 windows to flood the buildings with as 12 natural light as possible.Darker areas must be well 13 day
33、light bulbs(灯泡) to reduce the bad 14 of less light.The charity hopes to raise 15 for SAD and depression during its annual campaign.On the third Monday of the month，workers are called upon to dress 16 in order to fight against “blue Monday”Researchers say 17 the third Monday of January is the most 18
34、 day of the year.The charity is 19 people to dress in colorful clothing to show the dilemma of those who 20 from the condition and to raise money for research into treatments.语篇解读科学研究发现，在没有阳光的地方工作可能会导致情感上的压抑，出现心理健康问题。1A.meals BsunlightCefforts Dmotivation答案B解析在没有太阳光的地方工作可能会导致情感上的压抑。故选B。2A.search Bbr
35、ing Clook Ddevelop答案D解析根据上下文的语境，可推断此处的意思为：可能发展成SAD。故选D 。3A.exercise Bpractice Crise Draise答案C解析根据下文的return home from work，可知此处与上述的句子形成对比，应该是“起来，起床”的意思，应选C。4A.dawn BpermissionCsunset Dperformance答案C解析从上文的before sunrise可推断此空格的词要与sunrise相对。并且第一段中的leaving after it is dark也是提示。故选C。5A.amused BsurprisedCin
36、spired Dconcerned答案D解析根据对上下文的理解，可知半数人担心他们的工作场所有很少的自然光，应选D。6A.wish BaccessCapproach Dentrance答案B解析have access to是固定搭配，意思是“可以达到，可以使用”。根据文意，知选B。7A.evaluated BhopedCaccepted Dsuggested答案A解析evaluate评估，评价；hope希望；accept接受；suggest建议，暗示。根据句意，知选A。8A.as a result of Bregardless ofCinstead of Dfor lack of答案A解析as
37、 a result of由于；regardless of不管，不顾；instead of而不是，代替；for lack of缺乏。根据对上下文的理解，可知本句的意思是：据估计，由于SAD，每年失去一百万小时的工作时间。可知应选A。9A.when BwhereCwhy Dhow答案D解析根据对上下文的理解，可知此处所说的是：天然的日光对于精神的健康有多么(how)重要。故选D。10A.opportunity BresponsibilityCability Dpower答案B解析根据对上下文的理解，可知此句所说的是：雇主有责任(responsibility)保证工作和学习环境，应选B。11A.ab
38、normal BwoodenCplastic Dabundant答案D解析根据对上下文意思的理解，可知作者一直都强调接触自然的光对个人精神健康的重要性，因此雇主要保证员工所工作的地方要有足够的(abundant)窗子，故选D。12A.much BfarClong Dmany答案A解析根据对上下文的理解，可知有足够的窗子就能保证有尽可能多(much)的自然光线，故选A。13A.based on Bfaced withCequipped with Dfocused on答案C解析be based on以为基础；be faced with面对；be equipped with配备；be focuse
39、d on集中。根据对文意的理解并结合各个选项的意思，可知本句的意思是：较黑暗的区域必须要配备好日光灯。应选C。14A.consequence BreflectionCreason Dinfluence答案D解析consequence后果；reflection反映；reason原因；influence影响。本句的意思是：较黑暗的区域必须要配备好日光灯以减少缺乏光造成的影响。可知本题应选D。15A.level BawarenessCagreement Dcollection答案B解析level水平；awareness意识；agreement同意，一致；collection收藏。根据对上文的理解，可
40、知此处的意思是“提高这种意识”。应选B。16A.brightly BformallyCvividly Dnaturally答案A解析根据下文中出现的colorful clothing，可知此处应选A。17A.what BthatCwho Dwhich答案B解析分析句子结构可知，这是一个宾语从句，在从句中不缺少主干成分，根据句意，要用引导词that，可知应选B。18A.exciting BshockingCdepressing Ddemanding答案C解析文章多处提到depression一词，结合文意，知此题选C。19A.waiting for Bsearching forCcalling o
41、n Dcounting on答案C解析根据上文中出现的“workers are called upon to dress”，可推断此空格中的词与call upon意思一致，故选C。20A.escape BrecoverCdepart Dsuffer答案D解析escape from从逃跑；recover from从中恢复；depart from离开；suffer from遭受。结合上下文的意思，可知此处应选D项。2A few years ago，on a flight I fortunately met with a psychologist，Daniel Gilbert.He was very
42、 humorous，and we talked a lot.I was completely 21 .He was interested in the questions that we 22 but we never have the opportunity to 23 .Now Gilbert has written a book Stumbling on Happiness(撞上幸福)Reading it 24 me of that plane ride long ago.It is a 25 to read his book.Gilbert is charming and 26 .He
43、 has a rare 27 for making very complicated ideas come 28 .Stumbling on Happiness is a book about a very simple 29 powerful idea.What distinguishes us from other animals is our ability to predict the future， 30 ，our interest in predicting the future.We spend much time 31 what it would be like.Why？It
44、is what allows us to 32 our life.It is by trying to apply some control over our futures 33 we attempt to be 34 .But by any objective measure，we are really 35 at that predictive function.Were terrible at knowing how we will feel tomorrow，and even worse at 36 what will bring us happiness.Gilbert 37 to
45、 explain why we are so terrible.In making his case，Gilbert walks us 38 a series of attracting facts about the way our minds work.I suppose I really should go on at this point.But I think that might ruin the 39 of reading Stumbling on Happiness.This is a story about the mysteries of our lives.If you
46、have even the slightest 40 about the human condition，you ought to read it.Trust me.21A.attracted BshockedCexcited Dinterested答案A解析他很幽默，我们谈了很多。我被彻底地吸引住了。22A.talked about Bthought aboutCcared about Dworried about答案C解析他对于我们都关心的问题很感兴趣，但是我们没有机会深入探讨。talk about谈论；think about考虑；care about在意，关心；worry about担忧
47、。23A.find BexploreCunderstand Danswer答案B解析explore探索，探究。24A.reminds BinformsCsuggests Dthinks答案A解析读这本书让我想起了那次乘坐飞机的经历。remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事。inform sb.of sth.告知某人某事。25A.step Bway Chobby Dpleasure答案D解析读他的书是一种乐趣。pleasure有趣的事情。26A.intelligent BfirmCfunny Dactive答案C解析Gilbert富有魅力，且有趣。funny有趣的。27A.interes
48、t BgiftCability Dpower答案B解析Gilbert有使复杂的想法变得活灵活现的天赋。have a gift for有的天赋。28A.magic BseriousCalive Dgood答案C解析come alive活跃起来。29.A.and BbesidesCor Dbut答案D解析撞上幸福是一本非常简单但又观点有力的书。30A.or rather Bin allCin addition Dor else答案A解析使我们区别于其他动物的是我们预知未来的能力，更确切地说，是我们对预知未来的兴趣。or rather更确切地说；in all总计；in addition此外；or e
49、lse否则。31A.telling BdevelopingCimagining Dguessing答案C解析我们花费许多时间想象未来会是什么样。32A.make BprotectCthank Dshape答案D解析shape our life塑造我们的人生。33A.when BthatCwhere Dwhat答案B解析本句是强调句，强调方式状语by trying to apply some control over our futures。34A.relaxed BpeacefulChappy Dperfect答案C解析我们尝试快乐是通过控制我们的未来实现的。35A.bad BangryCsl
50、ow Ddisappointed答案A解析但是通过任何的客观手段，我们确实不善于那种预测功能。be bad at不善于。36A.predicting BknowingCrealizing Dfeeling答案B解析在得知什么可以带给我们快乐的时候，我们会感觉更糟。37A.sets about Bsets offCsets out Dsets up答案C解析Gilbert开始解释为什么我们会感到糟糕。set out to do sth.开始做某事；set about doing sth.开始做某事；set off出发；set up建立。38A.over BtoCon Dthrough答案D解析w
51、alk sb.through sth.逐步引导，(循序渐进地)教。39A.love BexperienceCscene Didea答案B解析这样做会破坏我读撞上幸福这本书的体会。experience经验，体会。40A.curiosity BhopeCpatience Dknowledge答案A解析如果你对人类境况有点好奇，那么你就应该读一读这本书。.单词梳理A词汇与派生1warn vt.warning n.2depression ndepress vt.3affect vt.affective adj.4humorous adj.humor n.5charm ncharming adj.B选用
52、上述词汇的正确形式填空1The government put out a warning against flood.2Her colorful character makes her very charming.3His humorous remark lightened the tense atmosphere.4In time of depression，there were no enough jobs.5Television is an affective means of communication.短语提炼A根据汉语提示写出文中短语1导致result in2十分之一one in
53、ten3号召call upon/on4与斗争fight against5更确切地说or ratherB运用上述短语完成下列句子1英国在第一次世界大战时和德国打仗。England fought against Germany in the First World War.2令人吃惊的是，在英国有十分之一的工人每周工作的时间超过61个小时。Astonishingly，in the UK，one in ten workers spends more than 61 hours a week at work.3这个国家号召男子去同入侵者作战。The countrys manhood was calle
54、d upon/on to fight the invaders.4这次事故造成十人死亡。The accident resulted in ten deaths.5他昨夜很晚，或者应该说是今天一大早才走。He left late last night，or rather early this morning.句式活学运用What distinguishes us from other animals is our ability to predict the future，or rather，our interest in predicting the future.句式分析句中what引导的是主语从句。翻译区别我们和其他动物不同的是我们预测未来的能力，更确切地说，是我们预测未来的兴趣。仿写到目前为止，什么事情使他很失望还不清楚。What makes him disappointed isnt clear until now.版权所有：高考资源网()