1、第十讲主谓一致和特殊句式一主谓一致(一)主谓一致的基础“3原则”主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。1语法一致原则主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to
2、 go abroad last year.那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。 I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。2就近一致原则(1)由or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。(2)由there，here引导的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。 There are three books and a pen on the de
3、sk.桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。3意义一致原则(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。 The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。(2)“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一个人都
4、有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。 Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。(二)主谓一致的3种特殊情况1“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。 Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。2all，the rest，the remaining/part.主语，谓语动词
5、应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。 The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。3“几分之几/百分之几of名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。 About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。 Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。典例 (2017天津卷)Nowadays, c
6、ycling, along with jogging and swimming, _(regard) as one of the best allround forms of exercise.is regarded解析：三种锻炼形式与动词regard之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语后有along with连接的短语时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，即与cycling一致，此处谓语动词应用单数形式，故填is regarded。单句语法填空1Neither I nor Amy _(be) to attend the business conference if we are busy.is解析
7、：句意：如果我们忙的话，我和埃米就都不去参加商务会议了。neither.nor.连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词与最近的名词或代词保持一致。设空处的单复数形式应与Amy一致，根据从句的时态可知应用一般现在时。故填is。2Our school along with many other brother middle schools _(be) to take another joint test next month.is解析： 句意：我们学校连同其他很多兄弟学校下个月还要有一次联考。当主语后有along with连接的成分时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，故应与Our school一致，所以
8、谓语动词用单数。故填is。3As the saying _(go), “United we stand; divided we fall.”goes解析：句中的主语是the saying，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。4(2018浙江金、丽、衢十二校高三第一次联考)She took the lift to the eleventh floor, and the secretary showed her where her desk and her computer _(be)were解析：在where引导的宾语从句中，主语是her desk and her computer，谓语动词须用复数形
9、式。5You are the most considerate person who _(know) exactly what I need in our class.knows解析：know是定语从句中的谓语动词，其形式由先行词person确定。由于person是单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。6Each student _(learn) a foreign language, mostly English, from Day One of their compulsory education.learns解析：主语是each student，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。7(2016浙
10、江卷6月)He would ask who we _(be) and pretend not to know us.were解析： 句意：他会问我们是谁，并且假装不认识我们。ask后的宾语从句的主语是we，所以谓语动词用复数，而主句用了would ask，所以谓语动词用过去时，故用were。8(陕西卷)Suddenly the arrows _(be) flying down at us from the skythey looked like rain!were解析： 此句主语arrows为复数形式，故谓语动词也要用相应的复数形式。二特殊句式倒装句1部分倒装(1)当否定词或带有否定意义的词或
11、短语位于句首时，常用部分倒装。这类词或短语有：little，few，never，seldom，rarely，by no means，not only，not until，at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，in no way，no sooner，hardly，scarcely等。 Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不仅要给那些找工作的
12、人提供帮助，而且也要给那些有需要的人提供药物治疗。 (福建卷)Not until he went through real hardship did he realize the love we have for our families is important.直到他经历了真正的困难，他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。(2)当only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时，用部分倒装。 (湖南卷)Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.只有当你找到内心的
13、平静时，你才能与他人保持良好的关系。(3)so/neither/nor置于句首时，用部分倒装。“sobe/助动词/情态动词主语”表示前面所说的肯定情况也适合于另一人或物，意为“也是如此”。 Ive got an enormous amount of work to do.我有大量的作业要做。So have I.我也如此。“neither/norbe/助动词/情态动词主语”表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物，意为“也不这样”。 This is not my story，nor is it the whole story.My story plays out differently.这并不是(关
14、于)我的故事，它也不是故事的全部。我的故事的结局是不同的。(4)在so/such.that.结构中，当“so形容词/副词”或“such名词”位于句首时，用部分倒装。 So suddenly did he catch the disease that the whole family were at a great loss.他突然患病，全家人全然不知所措。(5)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，当从句的表语/状语/动词位于句首时，用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。 Hard as they tried，they couldnt make her change he
15、r mind.尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。典例 (天津卷)Only after Mary read her composition the second time _she notice the spelling mistake.did解析：当only修饰的时间状语位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装，且由本句时态可知应用一般过去时，故填did。句子还原为正常语序为：Mary noticed the spelling mistake only after she read her composition the second time.。2完全倒装(1)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，
16、如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，句子须用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。 The moment the bell rang，out rushed the children.铃一响，孩子们冲了出去。(2)当地点状语位于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，为了避免头重脚轻，句子需进行完全倒装。 Next door to ours live a foreign couple，who seem to have settled into life in China.我们隔壁住着一对外
17、国夫妇，他们看起来已经习惯了中国的生活。强调句1强调句式(1)强调句式的常用结构：陈述句：It is/was被强调部分that/who.一般疑问句：Is/Was被强调部分that/who.?特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(被强调部分)is/wasitthat.?not until句式：It is/was not until.that. It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.只有通过倾听和相互理解，孩子和父母之间的问
18、题才可能被解决。(强调方式状语) It was not until twelve oclock last night that I went to bed.昨天晚上我一直到十二点才睡。(2)强调句型可用来强调主语、宾语、状语等，被强调部分如果是主语且主语为人时用that/who，其他情况要用that。强调句型最大的特点就是当把其结构it is/was.that/who去掉之后，剩余部分仍旧结构完整、意义完整。 Was it yesterday that you met your old friend in the supermarket?你是昨天在超市遇到你的老朋友的吗？2强调谓语动词强调谓语
19、动词时，要在所强调的谓语动词前加助动词do，does或did。 The family did manage to send him to a technical school.家里的确设法让他上技术学校。典例 (2017天津卷)It was when I got back to my apartment _I first came across my new neighbors.that解析：此处是“It is/was.that.”强调句式，强调的是when引导的时间状语从句，故填that。祈使句及其他1祈使句祈使句表“请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告”等。基本结构为动词原形开头或let开头。有时
20、为了加强感情色彩或特别指明向谁发出命令或要求时，可以加上you，Mary，girls等作为称呼。 Tom，water the flowers today!汤姆，今天浇花！典例 (2016全国卷语法填空)It could be anythinggardening，cooking，music，sportsbut whatever it is，_(make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.make解析： 句意：它可以是任何事情园艺、烹饪、音乐、运动但是无论是什么，确保它是从日常
21、压力中的一种解脱，而不是另外一件让你担心的事情。根据语境可知，此空应使用一般现在时。再进行成分分析，破折号之后为but连接的并列句，whatever it is是让步状语从句，主句为祈使句，所缺词是主句的谓语动词，应使用动词原形。2反意疑问句反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分用陈述句形式，后一部分是一个附加在前一部分上的简单问句，本着“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则，附加问句部分的动词以及主语取决于陈述句。 Your parents had a long talk with you last weekend，didnt they?你的父母上周末和你进行了一次长谈，是吗？祈使句的反意疑问句一般用wil
22、l you或者wont you的形式。lets开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用shall we；let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问句用will you。 3There.结构(1)There be/stand(s)/lie(s).有(2)There is no possibility that.没有可能性(3)There is no sense of doing sth.做没有意义(4)There seem(s) to be.看起来似乎(5)There is no need to do sth.做某事没有必要。 The Public Square is an eyecatching sight of
23、the city.There stand many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.大众广场是这个城市引人注目的景点，许多历史名人的石雕像矗立在那里。4感叹句(1)what引导的感叹句Whata/anadj.单数可数名词(主语谓语)! What a good heart you have!你的心肠真好！Whatadj.不可数名词/可数名词复数！ What interesting stories hes told us!他给我们讲的故事真有趣！(2)how 引导的感叹句Howadj./adv.(主语谓语)！ How clever the
24、 boy is!这男孩真聪明！Howadj.a/an单数可数名词(主语谓语)! How clever a boy he is!这男孩真聪明！单句语法填空1As far as I can see, _is no possibility that he will win the tennis match this time.there解析：句意：依我看，他没有赢得这次网球比赛的可能性。There is no possibility that.意为“没有的可能性”，为there be 句型。故填there。2There is a house near the river.There lives a
25、man in the house and there _(be) a lot of fish in the river.are解析：此处表示河里有很多鱼。此处fish指的是鱼不是鱼肉，fish单复数同形，故谓语动词用复数are。3You should be fully prepared before going walking in the mountain.Above all，_(bring)plenty of drinking water with you.bring解析：分析句子结构可知后一句缺少谓语，此处为祈使句结构。句意：去山里散步之前，你应该做好充分的准备。最重要的是，要带足够多的
26、饮用水。4So necessary_I found it to learn about mykids schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week.have解析：考查so.that倒装句式，正常语序为I have found it so necessary to learn about my kids schoolwork that I will visit his teachers next week.。5(2015湖南卷)It was when we were returning home _I realized what a go
27、od feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.that 解析： 分析句子结构可以得知此句为强调句，故用that。6_seems to be an intense competition among students to enter a key university.There解析： 此题考查固定句式There seems to be“看起来似乎”。7So touching _the song sound that I couldnt hold my tears back when I heard it for the first ti
28、me.did解析： 句意：这首歌如此令人感动以至于我第一次听到它时就热泪盈眶。当“so形容词”置于句首时，主句应用部分倒装；根据从句时态可知，应用一般过去时，故填助动词did构成倒装结构。单句语法填空1No one in the department but Tom and I _(know) that the director is going to resign.knows解析： 句意：除了我和汤姆，部门里没人知道经理即将辞职。主语后有but连接的成分时，谓语动词的单复数与no one一致，由is going to确定用一般现在时。2He has donated some money to
29、 those who live in poverty，which _(be) of great help.is 解析： 句意：他给那些生活贫困的人捐了一些钱，这帮了大忙。which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，指代前面主句的内容，故从句谓语动词应用单数；根据空前的has donated可知此处应用一般现在时。故填is。3Professor James will give us a lecture on Western culture，and he as well as his assistants _(be) to arrive by air.is解析： 句意：詹姆斯教授将给我们做一次
30、关于西方文化的演讲，他和他的助理将乘飞机到达。主语后有as well as连接的成分时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与主语保持一致。4Yes, of course they celebrate Christmas here, and there are obviously displays in shops and Christmas markets, but _seem to be no signs of Christmas adverts.there解析：句意：当然他们在这里庆祝圣诞节，而且很明显商店和圣诞节市场里有很多展览品，但是似乎没有圣诞广告的迹象。考查there be句型，be动词可用l
31、ie，exist，seem，remain等替代。5Although it was ten years ago _I read the book, it shows me a universal truth that books are friends，always pushing us to move on.that解析：分析句子结构可知，本句为强调句型，强调时间状语，所以填that。6I was in trouble in overcoming my addiction to alcohol, and _was my friend Mike.so解析：根据句意判断，所填的词要能表达出后一种情
32、况与前面情况相同这一意义，故用so，构成“so谓语动词主语”这种倒装结构，表示“也”。7Only then _we realize there was an earthquake.I was too frightened to move.did解析：句意：只有在那时我们才意识到地震发生了。我太害怕了以至于一动不动。“only状语”位于句首，后面的句子需要部分倒装。本句介绍的是过去的事情，需用一般过去时，故填did。8One has reason to believe that Chinas anticorruption over the past few years，tough _it is，
33、has achieved inspiring progress.as/though解析：句意：有理由相信在过去的几年里中国的反腐活动取得了令人鼓舞的成就，虽然该活动很艰难。as/though引导让步状语从句时采用了形式倒装。9Now, just in front of the house _(stand) a tall tree with a history of 100 years.stands解析：句意：现在，就在这座房子前面耸立着一棵有100年历史的大树。表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词，后面的主语、谓语部分需用全部倒装形式；根据时间状语Now可推知设空处需用一般现在时；本句主语
34、为单数第三人称，故填stands。10In that way，World Read Aloud Day _(do) help make a difference.does解析：句意：通过那种方式，世界大声读书日的确帮助产生了影响。本句主语为单数第三人称，设空处后的谓语动词是动词原形help，根据提示词do可知本题考查强调。do/does/did放在实义动词前表示强调。本句主语为单数第三人称，故填does。11Therefore, _ was no doubt that I was left alone, suffering from loneliness and failure.there解析
35、：there is no doubt that.是一个固定句型，意为“毫无疑问”。12_ an interesting country to live in!What解析：根据后面的名词country可知，应用What引起感叹。13There _(be) many tasks I had to finish.Besides，I attended English and Math training classes because of my weaknesses in the two subjects.were解析：考查there be.句型的主谓一致。be动词的单复数取决于后面紧邻的主语的单复
36、数，此处主语为复数，be动词应用复数，故用were。14_(do) as well as you can today, and perhaps you may be able to do better tomorrow.Do解析：该句为“祈使句and陈述句”结构，祈使句句首应用动词原形，故用Do。15When _(take) exams, we sometimes cheat in order to get good results to make our parents and teachers pleased.taking解析：句意：当我们参加考试时，为了取得好结果来使我们的父母和老师高兴，我们有时会作弊。本题考查省略。将句子补全后为：When we are taking exams, we sometimes cheat in order to get good results to make our parents and teachers pleased.时间状语从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可将从句主语和be动词去掉，故用taking。