1、缺血性脑白质病变的诊治进展付庆 秦新月摘要近年来,随着对脑白质病变的深入研究,先进的影像学及生物化学检测方法被采用,脑白质病变的检出率得到了提升,预防和治疗取得了进展。缺血性脑白质病变是一种放射学的定义,描述在脑室旁、半卵圆中心的斑点状或斑片状 CT 低密度而颅脑磁共振的 T2 加权像及液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)均表现为高信号的病变。缺血性脑白质病变在老年人中的患病率高,并增加 2 倍痴呆及 3 倍脑卒中的风险,且随着社会的持续老龄化而造成更沉重的负担。本文就缺血性脑白质病变的诊治进展作一综述。关键词缺血性脑白质病变;影像;诊断;治疗Abstract Recently,with int
2、ensive studies of white matter lesions anddevelopment of imaging and biochemical detection techniques,the detectionrate,prevention and treatment methods of white matter lesions have beenremarkably improved.Ischemic white matter lesions are a neuroimagingdefinition and indicated by low-density spotte
3、d or patchy near theperiventricular white matter and semi-oval center on CT images andhyperintensities on T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR)images.Ischemic white matter lesions have a higher prevalence inthe elderly and multiply double the risk of dementia and triple stroke,wh
4、ichresult in heavy social burden as the aging of the population.This articlereviews the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic white matterlesions.Key words Ischemic white matter lesions;Imaging;Diagnosis;Treatment脑白质病变也称脑白质损伤、脑白质疏松症,由加拿大神经学家 Hachinski 等1于1987 年提出。脑白质病变被建议特指由缺血引起的白质病变,是
5、脑小血管疾病的一种2。缺血性脑白质病变的病理基础为神经元远端的华勒变性、少突胶质细胞损伤、星形胶质细胞增生。缺血性脑白质病变根据有无卒中史可分为卒中后脑白质病变和慢性缺血性脑白质病变;根据发病部位不同可分为脑室旁白质病变和皮质下白质病变,两者也可同时出现在同一患者3。缺血性脑白质病变在老年人中患病率高,可增加痴呆及脑卒中的风险,并可引起认知功能障碍、步态异常、头晕、排尿障碍等症状,造成严重的社会、经济负担。随着社会的进步及影像学的发展,缺血性脑白质病变的检出率明显增高,有必要进一步探讨缺血性脑白质病变的早期诊断和临床干预。近期国外多项纵向研究表明,缺血性脑白质病变范围可通过积极的医疗干预而减少
6、4-5。本文就缺血性脑白质病变的诊断及治疗进展进行综述。1 缺血性脑白质病变的诊断1.1 磁共振对白质病变的早期诊断作为一种影像学定义的疾病,脑白质病变的诊断主要靠对头颅磁共振的 T2 加权像及液体衰减反转恢复序列(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)序列进行评估。缺血性脑白质病变实际上代表了更广泛、更细微的白质变化的病灶,而不仅仅是 T2及 FLAIR 序列轮廓分明的解剖异常。研究表明,弥散张量成像(diffusion tensorimaging,DTI)对缺血性脑白质病变更加敏感,能够显示 T2 及 FLAIR 序列未能发现的异常白质信号6。
7、DTI 与脑白质病变患者执行功能之间的相关性高,并且对脑白质病变的变化更敏感。与脑白质病变体积相比,DTI 上的变化与认知的相关性更好,因此 DTI 被推荐作为缺血性脑白质病变的诊断7-8。扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)在量化高斯扩散的偏差方面比 DTI 更敏感,由于这种偏差是组织微结构对水扩散曲线影响的结果,因此 DKI 对组织微结构的敏感性高于 DTI9。基于 DKI 的脑白质病变显微结构指标与组织学和电子显微镜相比较,表明 DKI 具有更好的显微结构变化一致性10-11。N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)是一种通过磁共振波谱(MRS)测量的代谢物,
8、主要存在于神经元细胞中,神经元及其轴突的损伤或功能障碍与 NAA 的减少有关,研究表明缺血性脑白质病变部位 NAA 水平下降12。Firbank 等13通过 MRS 和弥散加权成像(diffusionweighted imaging,DWI)评估 60 例无神经系统疾病迹象的脑白质特征后发现,表观扩散系数与脑白质病变的总体积之间存在相关性,NAA/肌酸、NAA/胆碱的比值也与脑白质病变体积显著相关。1.2 缺血性脑白质病变的评分通常使用视觉评定量表评估脑白质的严重程度。Fazekas 量表通过将脑室旁和深部白质病变分开评分,两部分的分数相加计算总分14。改良 Scheltens 量表对基底节和
9、幕下病变,脑室旁和深部病变分开评分15。年龄相关脑白质改变(age-related whitematter changes,ARWMC)量表从额叶区、顶-枕叶区、颞叶区、幕下区以及基底节区等 5个不同的区域在左、右侧半球分别评分16。Ylikoski 量表,将脑室旁和深部白质分开评分,白质病变分布在 4 个区域:额角、側脑室体、三角区和枕角,每个半球分开评分。将脑室旁白质分数和半卵圆中心高信号分数相加计算总分17。魏娜等18对四种量表进行信度研究表明 ARWMC 量表的内部一致性和评定者间信度较好,但其项目定义较为模糊,评定时较为费时;Fazekas 量表是最省时、信度效度较好的量表,但由于其
10、项目简单,因此缺乏对纵向观察脑白质病变的进展的指导意义;改良 Scheltens 量表信度效度较好但评估较为费时,适合纵向观察脑白质病变的进展;Ylikoski 量表的内部一致性信度高,适用于多中心研究。Van 等19对比体积测量法与视觉 Scheltens 量表对脑白质病变进行了评估,结果显示,体积测量法的可靠性、灵敏度明显优于视觉量表评估。1.3 缺血性脑白质病变的生化标志物脑白质病变的诊断主要依赖于影像检查,近期研究发现,生化标志物对于脑白质病变也有辅助诊断意义20。对于脑小血管疾病的患者,低分子量神经丝标记(NF-L)、基质金属蛋白酶-9、金属蛋白酶-1 的组织抑制剂、基质金属蛋白酶-
11、2 指数和脑脊液清蛋白与血浆清蛋白比率均升高。测量细胞间粘附分子-1、血栓调节素、组织因子(TF)和组织因子途径抑制剂(TFPI)的循环水平,发现缺血性脑白质病变患者 TFPI 的水平较低,TF/TFPI 的比率较高。血栓调节蛋白水平与腔隙性脑梗死数目及脑白质病变程度相关21。循环的外周炎性标志物如 C 反应蛋白和白介素-6 与脑白质病变相关,表明脑白质病变中可能涉及炎症途径22,但由于特异性较差,临床意义有限。2 缺血性脑白质病变的生活方式干预与治疗2.1 生活方式干预吸烟与缺血性脑白质病变有关,戒烟能延缓缺血性脑白质病变进展23-24。每周两次体能训练对脑白质有保护作用25。饮食和营养的观
12、察性队列研究表明,食用地中海饮食的受试者脑白质病变体积较小26。血浆中较高的 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸的受试者脑白质病变程度更低,执行功能下降更慢。Espeland 等27对超重和肥胖的 2 型糖尿病成年人进行了为期 10 年的体育锻炼和饮食调节干预措施,结果显示,生活方式干预组的脑白质病变体积明显低于对照组。在阿尔茨海默氏病研究中的血管护理评估中,随机接受综合干预的患者缺血性脑白质病变的进展更慢28。2.2 药物治疗高血压是缺血性脑白质病变的主要危险因素,服用降压药并控制血压的受试者患严重脑白质病变的风险降低29-30。培哚普利预防复发性脑卒中(中风)研究试验中,用血管紧张素转换酶抑制
13、剂(ACEI)治疗超过 36 个月可减少脑白质病变的数量与体积31。与 ACEI 相比,血管紧张素受体阻滞剂的治疗与较小的脑白质病变体积相关32。一项由强化血管试验进行的痴呆症预防的磁共振研究表明,基线脑白质病变重的亚组治疗效果更好,但是强化降压对脑白质病变的进展没有总体影响33。降脂药的使用能减缓脑白质病变的进展,中年时期高密度脂蛋白水平较低的受试者晚年脑白质病变更为严重34。也有研究表明,高脂血症的患者脑白质病变相对较轻,考虑高脂血症的患者长期使用他汀类药物的缘故35。缺血性脑白质病变与血脂的关系有待进一步研究。ASPREE-NEURO 研究评估一年中每天服用 100 mg 阿司匹林与安慰
14、剂比较,观察阿司匹林对脑白质病变程度的影响,阿司匹林可通过抑制环氧合酶来阻止血小板活化、阻止血栓烷的生成,从而减少内皮损伤;此外阿司匹林抑制基质金属蛋白酶活性减轻脑白质损伤36-37。尽管糖尿病是脑卒中和冠心病的重要危险因素,但大多数基于社区的横断面研究未能发现糖尿病与脑白质病变之间存在关联38。在赫尔辛基老龄化脑研究中,缺血性脑白质病变与糖尿病患者中相对年轻(75 岁)的受试者的相关,而与年龄较大(75 岁)的受试者无关。此外,高同型半胱氨酸水平与脑白质病变相关39,Rho 激酶抑制剂(如法舒地尔)可通过增加脑组织血流量、促進神经网络修复等方式改善大鼠的缺血性白质损害40。Durand-Bi
15、rchenall 等41报道了 1 例 69 岁左内囊后肢急性梗死的男性患者,对比卒中后 5 d 与 6 个月的磁共振随访结果,结果表明,脑白质的体积由 9184 mm3 下降至 4527mm3。Moriya 等42报道了一例 78 岁的女性患者,其右侧枕叶发生了急性脑梗死,1 年后进行的脑部 MRI 显示,半卵圆中心的脑白质病变面积减少。以上研究均表明缺血性脑白质病变并非既往认为的属于完全不可逆疾病,通过对危险因素进行干预,仍可能出现缺血性脑白质病变的改善。2.3 手术干预颈动脉狭窄被证明与缺血性脑白质病变显着相关43。而且随着狭窄程度的增加,脑白质病变的程度更重44。Yamada 等45报
16、道了 1 例 75 岁的男性患者因反复左上肢肌无力考虑为颈内动脉狭窄引起的短暂性脑缺血发作,在右颈动脉支架置入术后 1 周观察到缺血性脑白质病变的部分逆转。证明解除颈内动脉狭窄有可能促进缺血性脑白质病变的改善。但该研究为个案报道,尚无大样本多中心的前瞻性研究进一步证明这一结论。2.4 康复训练缺血性脑白质病变与老年人的平衡,步态功能障碍有关,控制平衡能力下降增加跌倒风险46。因此,静态和动态平衡训练计划是缺血性脑白质病变患者康复中的重要组成部分。多种康复方式可用于改善平衡,如核心力量练习、视觉反馈训练和任务相关训练47-48。同时,视觉反馈训练的使用增加了患者的动力、趣味性,并根据患者的当前状
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