1、第一讲名词和冠词名词题型分类考题印证命题解读语法填空1.(2017全国卷)This trend，., has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.2(2017全国卷)This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electricpowered engines and li
2、fts.1.给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词；3名词的固定搭配短文改错1.(2017全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！”wordwords2(2017全国卷) Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.informationsinformation1.可数名词单复数的错用；2混淆名词的可数与不可数名词的数名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词
3、包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有复数形式。1可数名词复数的规则变化一般情况下在词尾直接加sbooks，horses，beds，pages以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词，在词尾加esglasses，boxes，brushes，watches (例外：stomachstomachs)以辅音字母y结尾的名词，把y变为i再加es；以元音字母y结尾的名词，直接加scities，countries，factories，boys，toys，holidays以o结尾的名词，常在词尾加sradios，photos，pianos，zoos(例外：heroes，tomatoes，
4、potatoes)以f或fe结尾的名词，常把f或fe变成v，再加es；少数词尾加shalfhalves，leafleaves，knifeknives，(roofs，chiefs，gulfs，beliefs，proofs)2.名词复数的不规则变化(1)单复数同形：deer, sheep, Chinese, means(方式， 方法), series, species(2)词形变化：manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice, oxoxen(3)合成名词的复数：passerbypassersby, looke
5、ronlookerson, grownupgrownups, standbystandbys(4)名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如：woman doctorwomen doctors，man waitermen waiters。3常以复数形式出现的名词thanks, congratulations, shoes, trousers, works(著作；工厂), manners(礼貌), spirits(情绪), instructions(操作说明), directions(用法说明), papers(试卷， 文件), times(
6、时代)等。4常考的纯抽象名词progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。抽象名词具体化experienceU经验an experienceC 经历surpriseU惊奇a surpriseC令人吃惊的人或事pleasureU愉快a pleasureC一件乐事successU成功a successC一个(件)成功的人或事comfortU安慰a comfortC一个(件)令人安慰的人或事 对点演练单句语法填空/单句改错1(2016四川卷)Any smell migh
7、t attract natural enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.2(2018淄博模拟)He lost all his keys(key) to the doors，so he had to get them opened by force.3Though we are now out of danger, the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a名词构词法英语中构成名词的常见后缀：ence，ance，tion，sion，ment，
8、ness，age，th，ure，dom等。existexistenceacceptacceptanceproduceproduction expressexpressiondevelopdevelopment blindblindnessmarrymarriage warmwarmthpleasepleasure failfailuresignsignature wisewisdom对点演练单句语法填空1(2018广东揭阳模拟)Mike was dying to apply for a new job, but he was unconfident of himself, for he tho
9、ught of himself as a failure(fail) and unworthy of success.2(2018河北武邑中学一调)Only in this way can we enjoy the pleasure and convenience(convenient) of online shopping without the concern of being cheated.3(安徽卷)Why not buy a secondhand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one?Thats a good s
10、uggestion(suggest)名词的固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“介词名词”和“动词名词”。常考的高频短语：(1)beyond recognition无法辨认in great demand 需求量很大with patience 耐心地by chance/accident 偶然at a loss 不知所措in advance 提前in favor of 支持， 赞成on purpose 故意地(2)have/gain access to 可以获得take advantage of 利用， 趁之机make use of 利用find fault with 挑的错keep pace
11、with 与同步put an end to 结束take notice of 注意到take.into account/consideration 考虑catch sight of 看见make a difference 有影响；有关系do damage to 损害keep/bear in mind 记住attach importance to 重视take the place of 取代， 代替take pride in 以自豪take possession of 占有(3)make preparations for 为做准备take pains to do 尽力， 刻苦make (both
12、) ends meet 使收支相抵take turns to do 轮流做be in high spirits 兴致勃勃burst into tears 放声大哭in all directions (朝)四面八方make contributions to 对做出贡献对点演练单句语法填空1(2018安徽江淮十校联考)Above all, we human beings are supposed to live in harmony(harmonious) with nature.2(2018武汉武昌区调研)Driven by the curiosity(curious) in my heart,
13、 I came to China and took part in a cruise(乘船度假) along part of the river last year.3Many parents in China always attach too much importance(important) to words, ordering their children to do this or that. 名词与语法填空 词性转换题：“句子成分”是关键(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式；(2)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰要考虑名词形式。 名词复数题
14、：“牢记规则”辨是非(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和数词等修饰时，要考虑名词的复数形式；(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。名词与短文改错 遇到名词，首先想到是可数名词还是不可数名词； 看到several，a few，many，one of，three，a number of等要想到名词应用复数形式； 看到information，advice，progress，knowledge等。要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式； 看到冠词等修饰词，要想到应用名词形式； 形容词和名词都可作表语，但形容词作表语说明主语的特点(how)，名词
15、作表语则说明主语的身份、职业等(what)。 冠词题型分类考题印证命题解读语法填空1.(2017全国卷)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.2(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top.近五年高考对冠词的考查主要集中在冠词表泛指、特指的基本用法以及常见的固定搭配中的冠词上短文改错1.(2017全国卷
16、)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.第一个aan/one2(2017全国卷)Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.picture前加the1.不定冠词a和an的错用；2不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用；3单数可数名词前冠词的缺
17、失；4冠词的多余；5常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余不定冠词不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不一定是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是元音音素(不一定是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。1不定冠词的基本用法(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。(全国卷)It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一
18、个”相当于a certain。Excuse me, would you please give the iPad to John?打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？Sorry, but I dont think theres a John in our class.对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。(3)用在“beofa/an名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于be of the same名词。The two plants look different, but they are of a kind(are of the same kind)这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一
19、类。2不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。(北京卷)First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get a second chance to make a first impression.最初的印象最持久。毕竟， 你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。(山东卷)Being a
20、ble to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge, collection, understanding等后面加of.时， 前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of.“精通”；have a(n) (clear)/good understanding of.“了解”。(2018烟台模拟)If you dont have a good knowledge of English, its out
21、 of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.如果你不能精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢。3用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact 事实上at a loss 不知所措；困惑pay a visit to 参观；拜访be/go on a diet 节食give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车have a gift for. 在方面有天赋have a word with 与谈话make a fool of 愚弄in a hurry 匆忙地in a way 从某种意义上说kee
22、p an eye on 留意；留神make a living 谋生a waste of. 浪费once in a while 偶尔as a result/consequence 因此对点演练单句语法填空/单句改错1(2018重庆一中月考)“The match between these two teams is great，” said Jim, and I hope to see a second.2(2015四川卷)Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be a Beethoven.3(2018山东临沭一中月考)In t
23、he car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.在第二个car前加a定冠词1定冠词的基本用法(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。(2015重庆卷)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。(2016四川卷)Were not s
24、aying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only, very, same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。(陕西卷)As is known to all, the Peoples Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。This book is the bet
25、ter one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最的”。 (4)用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中， 表示“按计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore, that is, by the kilogram.他惊奇地发现在这
26、家书店书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。(5)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)sb.介词the表示身体部位的名词”结构中， 其中的the不可用物主代词代替。hit sb. on the head打某人的头pull/take sb. by the hand 拉/抓住某人的手strike sb.in the face 打某人的脸2用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻；目前by the way 顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路go to the cinema/theater 去看电影/戏剧in the distance 在远处in the ha
27、bit of. 有的习惯make the most/best of 充分利用not in the least 一点也不on the contrary 与此相反on the other hand 另一方面the other day 几天之前to tell (you) the truth (跟你)说实话to the point 中肯； 切题take the place of 代替for the time being 暂时对点演练单句语法填空/单句改错1(2018山东寿光现代中学月考)The unsuccessful person, on the other hand, works little a
28、nd just waits to see them pass by.2Qingdao is a most beautiful coastal city and I believe I will come for a second time.Xiamen is the most beautiful coastal city I have ever seen so that I will come again.3(2018江西南昌联考)They only eat what they like and never touch food they dont like even if they real
29、ly need it for their health.food前加the零冠词1零冠词的基本用法(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。(2015福建卷)Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。(江西卷)The Smiths dont usually like stayin
30、g at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。(2)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词等限定词作定语时不用冠词。Each student must hand in his exercise book by the end of this week.每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。(3)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同
31、位语或补语时， 其前通常用零冠词。(四川卷)Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词及球类、棋类和学科名词前。Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful
32、knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。2用于固定搭配中at dawn/dusk/night/noon在黎明/黄昏/夜晚/中午on/catch fire 着火by mistake 错误地by chance/accident 碰巧in history 在历史上under repair 在维修中hand in hand 手拉手do harm to. 对有害on purpose 故意地in place 在正确位置in danger 在危险中make room for. 为让出空间in return 作为回报
33、at present 目前ahead of time 提前in advance 提前lose heart 灰心out of control 失控有无冠词意义不同的搭配at table在吃饭at the table 在桌子旁at school 在上学at the school 在学校in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院里in charge of 掌管in the charge of. 在掌管之中out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能 对点演练单句改错1(2018四川成都外国语月考)I told him I could
34、not go to the college because I did not want to study anymore.去掉the2(2018福建福州十三中期中)How are you? Today Ive got a wonderful news to tell you.去掉a3Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.去掉manager前的the冠词与语法填空 观察空格后部分的中心词是否是名词或相当于名词的词或短语，因为冠词唯一作用就是用来修饰
35、名词； 准确理解语境，确定空格所填词表示泛指还是特指； 理解空格所在句子的意义，分析所填词是否是冠词活用或固定用法。冠词与短文改错 做短文改错时首先要看名词是否可数。不可数名词前不加冠词，故不可数名词前的不定冠词为多余；而可数名词前若无冠词，则为冠词缺失，必须添加相应的冠词。如果名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the； 做题时要看可数名词或可数名词前修饰词的读音。元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。特别注意useful, hour, honest等的读音； 牢记冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。 单句语法填空1(2018安徽六校联考)As a businessman, Mr. Green is a c
36、omplete failure. Being lazy may well be one of the_disadvantages(advantage) to his failure.2(2018哈师大附中月考)As far as I am concerned, my suggestion(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach.3(2018安徽宿州期末)Li Hua has a good knowledge of English and
37、 this will be an advantage over others in finding a proper job.4(2018宁波十校联考)Due to the application(apply) of this medical technology, some diseases can be treated at an early stage.5(2018陕西西安一中期中)I tried to appear at ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on the cheek.6(2018湖南长郡中学期中)Wh
38、en did you meet her last?I dont remember exactly, but Im sure it was an unforgettable Friday when I went for a walk after a wonderful lunch.7We have to take environmental protection into consideration(consider) when developing the economy.8Yesterday the firemen(fireman) examined the ground but were
39、not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.9Please read the instructions(instruct) on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.10Of the two apples, which one do you prefer?The bigger one. It is a most delicious one, I think. 单句改错1(2018山西四校联考)One of our teachers was in the
40、charge of this activity and he divided us into four groups.去掉the2(2018江西省重点中学联考)I dont think the experiment is failure. At least we have gained an experience for future success.在failure前加a;_去掉experience前的an3(2018合肥八中段考)The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship
41、Hotel.minuteminutes4How can I take the medicine, sir?Just follow the direction on the bottle.directiondirections5You should follow the doctors advices and give up smoking.advicesadvice 语法填空(2018安徽师大附中、马鞍山二中阶段性测试)Over the years, I have met some interesting people. Two of 1._ most interesting people w
42、ere two elderly sisters, Joan and Bernice, 2._ way of talking about people inspired me.It was always a 3._ (pleasant) to visit these two sisters. Just being greeted at the door was a joy.They couldnt be 4._ (happy) when seeing me. I always heard about the people who were there before me. Every perso
43、n 5._ (talk) about in a positive way. The conversation would go something like this, “Oh, Kay, soandso was here yesterday, she 6._ (be) just the salt of the earth， isnt she？” The other sister would reply, “Oh, yes! You just cant believe 7._ wonderful she is.” I never heard they said a negative word
44、about anyone. NEVER!I understood why these two had so much company when other people complained that no one cared about 8._(they). It was their attitude 9._ people. There was no doubt that when the next person came to visit, he was going to hear how I was “the salt of the earth”What a wonderful exam
45、ple these two elderly sisters were to me! I will always be 10._(thank) that I had the opportunity to know them. 【解题导语】本文主要介绍了作者所认识的一对很有趣的姐妹的故事。1the解析：考查冠词。由空后的most interesting的提示可知，应用定冠词修饰。2whose解析：考查定语从句。whose引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，先行词为Joan and Bernice。3pleasure解析：考查词性转换。结合语境和冠词a的提示可知，此处应用名词形式。4happier
46、解析：考查形容词比较级。否定词与比较级连用相当于最高级含义，与上文的joy呼应。5was talked解析：考查动词时态和语态。Every person和talk构成逻辑上的动宾关系；再由前一句的时态可知，应用一般过去时的被动语态。6is解析：考查动词时态。由附加问句isnt she可知，此处应用is。7how解析：考查连接副词。how引导宾语从句且在从句中修饰形容词wonderful。8them解析：考查代词。介词about后应跟代词的宾格形式且表示“他们”，故填them。9toward(s)/to解析：考查介词。attitude toward(s)/to sb.意为“对某人的态度”，符合语
47、境。10thankful解析：考查形容词。be动词后一般跟形容词作表语，故此处用形容词形式。 短文改错(2018湖北七市联考)I have met many teachers since I begin my schooling. Of all my teachers, Mrs. Green is the one who impresses me most. Though she is 50, she looks very young at her age. Comparing with other teachers，Mrs. Green pays more attention to her
48、way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and interestingly.In her opinion，we will not only know “what” but also understand “why”So instead of giving us answer immediately，she encourages us to think carefully every time when she puts forward questions. With her help, we have le
49、arned how to analyze and settled problems. What the amazing world of “why” she leads us! She is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.答案：I have met many teachers since I my schooling. Of all my teachers, Mrs. Green is the one who impresses me most. Though she is 50, she looks very y
50、oung her age. with other teachers，Mrs. Green pays more attention to her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and . In her opinion，we will not only know “what” but also understand “why”So instead of giving us immediately，she encourages us to think carefully every time she puts forward questions.With her help, we have learned how to analyze and problems. What amazing world of “why” she leads us ! She is such a learned person that we all admire very much.