1、Section Discovering Useful Structures过去分词作定语和宾语补足语过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。过去分词通常与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。一、过去分词作定语1过去分词作定语时的意义不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。(1)只表示完成不表示被动fallen leaves落叶the risen sun 升起的太阳a retired teacher 一位退休的教师(2)表示
2、被动an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人a guided trip 一次有导游的旅行(3)表示被动和完成the broken glass 碎了的杯子the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题a divided country 一个分裂的国家2过去分词作定语时的位置(1)前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。The broken vase has been thrown outside.那个打烂的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。The injured workers are now being taken good care of i
3、n the hospital.受伤的工人现在正在医院受到良好的照料。(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。The advice (which had been) sent to the committee was adopted.呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(that has ever been written)这将是这类小说中写得最好的。注意：有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given
4、(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。There is little time left. Lets hurry up.剩余的时间不多了，我们赶快吧。过去分词修饰代词时，应置于被修饰词之后。He is one of those invited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同。试比较：This is a used car which is worth only 5,000 yuan.这是一辆仅值五千元的旧车。The method used is very efficient.所用的这个方法很有效。过去分词可作非限制性定语，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，前面常用
5、逗号与被修饰的成分隔开。A girl, dressed like a student, came in and sat beside me.一位学生打扮的女孩走进来，坐在我的旁边。3现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1)过去分词与所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作。现在分词与所修饰的名词之间存在主谓关系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。This is a letter written in black ink.这是一封用黑墨水写的信。There are so many people showing interest in surfing the Internet.那么多人对上网感兴趣。
6、(2)过去分词作定语表示被修饰的人或相关的人的自身感受，现在分词作定语表示被修饰的人或物对别人造成的感受。Have you noticed the surprised expression on his face?你注意到他脸上惊讶的表情了吗？(他很惊讶)What came to us was surprising news.我们得到的是令人吃惊的消息。(消息令人吃惊)二、过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词(此时的过去分词一般是及物动词)作宾补时，表示被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。作宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的承受者。1常见的过去分词作宾补的情况(1)使役动
7、词have，get，make, leave, keep等后可用过去分词作宾语补足语。She raised her voice to make herself heard by all the people in the hall.她提高了嗓音让大厅里的人都能听见她说的话。(2)感官动词see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now.刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。When I came in, I found a strange
8、 girl seated in the corner.我进去时发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角落里。(3)表示“意愿；命令”的动词，如like, want, wish, order等可用过去分词作宾语补足语，相当于过去分词前省略了to be。The father wants his daughter taught the piano.这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。They are talking about the plan they wish carried out next year.他们正在谈论着希望明年能实施的这个计划。(4)在“with宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语，过
9、去分词与宾语之间为动宾关系。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。She usually works in her study with the door locked.她通常锁着门在书房工作。The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind back.凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。2过去分词作宾补与其他非谓语动词作宾补的区别(1)及物动词的过去分词作宾补时，表示被动，说明宾语是过去分词动作的承受者；不及物动词的过去分词作宾补时，表示动作的完成，说明分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。We have our classr
10、oom cleaned after school every day.每天放学后我们把教室打扫干净。(classroom与clean之间为逻辑上的被动关系)When I got home, I found my wallet gone.当我回到家时，我发现我的钱包丢了。(“丢”这一动作已经完成)(2)用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行且与宾语构成主谓关系。When I came here, I saw Li Lei reading an English book.当我来到这儿，我看到李蕾正在读一本英语书。(“读书”这一动作正在进行)(3)不定式作宾补时，一般表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之后
11、发生，但动词feel, see, hear, watch, notice, observe后的不定式作宾补时(不定式的to须省略)，表示不定式动作的全过程。The teacher will have Li Lei clean the classroom today.今天老师将让李蕾打扫教室。(Li Lei与clean之间为逻辑上的主动关系，clean这一动作发生在have之后)I heard Wei Fang sing this song.我听到魏芳唱了这首歌。(“我”听见了“唱”的整个过程)1This is the statue of a brave soldier seated (seat
12、) on a horse, with a gun on his back.2Professor Jordan gave us a more confusing (confuse) lecture this afternoon and most of us were confused (confuse)3He is enthusiastically talking with a man called (call) Mike.4The meeting held (hold) yesterday was of great importance.5The boy absorbed (absorb) i
13、n his homework was my deskmate.6Do you know the tower located (locate) in the heart of the city?7There is a determined (determine) look on her face.8The people linked (link) to the robbery were put into prison.9The girl lost (lose) in thought is second to none in maths.10There is a polluted (pollute
14、) river near my house, giving a bad smell.11When he came back ten years later，he found his hometown greatly changed (change)12I want him to_finish (finish) the homework in time.13My father had had the house painted (paint) before we moved in.14The end of the story left me puzzled (puzzle)15I turned
15、around because I heard someone speaking (speak) my hometown dialect.16The speaker raised her voice to make herself heard (hear)17I saw them playing (play) football when I passed by.18They kept the door locked (lock) for a long time.19We can hear the windows being_beaten (beat) by the rain drops.20We must get the work finished (finish) by 10 oclock.