1、Section Discovering Useful Structures定语从句1关系副词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词包括when, where, why，一般代替先行词在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因。其具体用法见下表：关系副词先行词在从句中所作的成分when表示时间时间状语where表示地点地点状语why表示原因原因状语I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Beijing.我仍然记得我第一次来到北京的那一天。The factory where/in which his father works is in
2、 the west of the city.他爸爸工作的那个工厂在城市的西边。The reason why/for which he was late was that he missed the bus.他迟到的原因是他错过了公交车。特别提示在比较正式的用法中，可以用“介词which”代替关系副词when, where, why。2关系代词与关系副词的选用定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词取决于定语从句缺少的句子成分。如果从句缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语则用关系代词；如果从句缺少状语则用关系副词。This is the factory where he used to work.这是他以前
3、工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词，无需有宾语，从句缺状语)This is the factory that/which I visited last year.这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit是及物动词，后边缺少宾语)They planted some trees which didnt need much water.他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。(从句缺主语)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?这就是举办展览的那座博物馆吗？(被动语态形式的从句不缺主语、宾语和定语，缺状语)3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词
4、作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成“介词关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which或whom。(1)该结构中的介词可以依据与从句中谓语动词的搭配、与先行词的搭配或句子意义来确定。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这就是你高价买的汽车吗？(根据从句中谓语动词pay的搭配确定)This is the camera with which he often takes photos.这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。(根据与先行词的搭配确定)This is the pilot wit
5、h whom my father has worked for ten years.这就是和我爸爸一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。(根据意义搭配)(2)“名词/数词/代词等介词关系代词”结构。有时“介词关系代词”前还会有名词、数词、代词等，表示部分、整体、数量等概念。The river, the banks of which are covered with trees, flows to the sea.这条河流入大海，河的两岸种满了树。He has three sons, two of whom are teachers.他有三个儿子，其中有两个是老师。特别提示有些“动词介词”短语，如look
6、 for, look after, call on等不可拆开把介词置于关系代词之前。The doctor that you sent for has not come.你派人去请的那个医生还没有来。The girl whom I came across in the street yesterday is a friend of mine.我昨天在街上遇见的那个女孩是我的一个朋友。The chance which I longed for has come at last.我盼望的机会终于来了。用所给词的适当形式填空或在空白处填入适当的词1The reason why he missed th
7、is class is clear now.2Rabbits usually make their homes in fields, where they can hide their young under bushes or grasses.3The village where he grew up is not far away from our town.4It is morning when we have four classes, not afternoon.5She moved to Qingdao in 1985, when she was only 17 years old
8、.6Xiamen is a beautiful city, to_which I paid a twoday visit during the Spring Festival.7This article may shock some sensitive readers, to_whom I offer my apologies in advance.22Section Listening and Talking，Reading for Writing.重点单词1struggle n&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗2gas n汽油；气体；燃气3petrol n(NAmE gas)汽油4subway n地
9、铁5apartment n(especially NAmE)公寓套房6equal n同等的人；相等物adj.相同的；同样的equally adv.相等地equality n同等，平等7gap n间隔；开口；差距8demand n要求；需求vt.强烈要求；需要vi.查问demanding adj.(工作)苛求的，费力的9vocabulary n词汇10description n描写(文字)；形容describe vt.描述11relatev.联系；讲述related adj.有关的；在联系的relation n关系，联系，亲戚relative n亲戚；adj.相对的relativity n相对性
10、.重点短语1point of view观点；看法2fight for为争取而斗争3give up放弃4used to do过去常常干某事5have trouble with sth.在某方面有困难6compare.with.把和相比7depend on依靠；依赖8relate to与相关；涉及；谈到9aside from除了以外10cant help but do不得不11at the beginning of在开始的时候12introduce sb. to sb.把某人介绍给某人.重点句型1Listening to English radio programmes helps me get
11、used to how fast native speakers talk.收听英语广播节目帮助我习惯母语是英语的人说话的速度。2Would you mind opening the window，please?打开窗户，你介意吗？3But if Im talking to someone who isnt very close to me，I must make my request longerand I must make it a question，not a demand，e.g.，“Could you open the window，please？”但是如果我和一个不是很亲近的人说
12、话，我必须把我的请求说得长一点我必须让它成为一个问题，而不是一个要求，如“你能把窗户打开吗？”4I cant keep all the new vocabulary straight in my head，and I certainly cant remember how to use them all properly.我不能把所有的新词汇都记在脑子里，当然我也记不住如何正确地使用它们。1 典型例句They had to struggle with / against all kinds of difficulties.他们得和各种各样的困难做斗争。She struggled to get
13、away from her attacker.她挣扎着想摆脱那个袭击她的人。After a long struggle，the old woman gained control of her business.经过长期努力，这位老妇人在业务上已能应付自如。He struggled against cancer for two years.他同癌症抗争了两年。He has been struggling for success in business.(He has been struggling to succeed in business.)为了事业的成功，他一直努力奋斗。思维拓展strug
14、gle to do sth.努力去做某事struggle with/against.同做斗争struggle for sth.为某事而努力struggle on挣扎着坚持下去struggle to ones feet挣扎着站起来即学即练(1)This small food factory reduced their product prices to struggle for existence in the local market.(2)The prisoner struggled with/against the policeman but couldnt escape.(3)Brave
15、ly, Mary struggled to her feet, and fought against the wind and rain.(4)He has been struggling with/against illness for many years.2 典型例句Are men equal to women in physical strength?在体力上男人和女人相同吗？She did not feel equal to receiving visitors.她觉得自己不适合接待来客。Yao Ming is a basketball player without equal in
16、 China.在中国，姚明是个无与伦比的篮球运动员。思维拓展be equal ton./doing sth.等于；与相等；有的能力(勇气、力量等)；胜任，能干be without equal/have no equal无与伦比equal vt.等于；抵得上A equals B in.A在方面比得上Bequally adv.相同地；同样地equality n平等即学即练(1)He equals me in strength but not in intelligence(智力)(2)I couldnt find a person who can be equal to this work.典型例
17、句It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.这是一个两难的问题，因为如果我们错了，足球队员就可以要求赔偿损失。Good secretaries are always in demand.优秀的秘书总是很抢手。It is impossible to satisfy all your demands.满足你所有的要求是不可能的。I demand to see the manager.I demand that I (should) see the manager.我坚决要
18、求见经理。All the settlers nearby demanded that the nightclub (should) move away as soon as possible.附近所有居民都要求那家夜总会尽早搬走。思维拓展meet/satisfy sb.s demands满足某人的要求in demand非常需要的；受欢迎的demand to do sth.要求做某事demand that.要求demand sth. of/from sb.向某人要求某物误区警示demand(要求)作动词，后跟宾语从句时，从句用虚拟语气；demand(要求)作名词时，与其相关的名词性从句亦应用虚拟
19、语气。两种情况下，从句谓语形式均为“(should)动词原形”。巧学妙记“一二三四”记“虚拟”表示“命令；要求；劝告”的词归纳(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句中需用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用should动词原形，should可省略)：一坚持：insist二命令：order; command三建议：advise; suggest; propose四要求：request; require; demand; desire即学即练We demanded that we (should)_be_informed (inform) any change in the plan.4 典型例句He
20、gave a full description of the accident.他详细地描述了那场事故。思维拓展beyond description难以描述，无法形容give a description of.描述describe v描写；描述describe.as/to be.把描述成即学即练The beauty of my hometown is beyond description (describe)5 典型例句I found it difficult to relate the two ideas in my mind.我觉得很难把这两种想法联系在一起。She relates her
21、 childhood experiences in the first chapters.在开始的几章中，她讲述了自己童年的经历。It is difficult to relate these results with any known cause.这些结果很难与任何已知的原因联系在一起。思维拓展related adj.有关的；在联系的relation n关系，联系，亲戚relative n亲戚；adj.相对的relativity n相对性relate sth. to /with sth.把与联系起来relate to sb./ sth.与相关；涉及；谈到即学即练Can you relate
22、 what happened in your childhood to your present state of mind?考点集训一单句语法填空1They had to struggle for their lives against weather and wild animals.2It has been suggested that the land be shared equally(equal) among the peasants.3She demanded that I (should)_tell (tell) everything to her about it.4Thes
23、e two events were related to each other.5He gave us a brief description (describe) of the problem.1 典型例句Lennox has taken the point of view that money is not everything.伦诺克斯认为金钱不是一切。From my point of view this book is worth reading carefully.在我看来，这本书值得仔细阅读。In my point of view, he is such a wonderful m
24、an.依我之见，他人特别好。思维拓展from/in my point of viewin my opinion在我看来；依我之见；从我的角度看as far as sb. be concerned就而言；关于即学即练Try to look at this from my point of view.2 典型例句He used to smoke.他过去常常抽烟。There used to be low and dirty houses.那里曾有些又矮又脏的房舍。误区警示used to的疑问句和否定句要使用助动词did，此时要用原形use；疑问句也可把used提前，否定句用used not to。D
25、id he use to live in the countryside?他过去常住在乡下吗？Yes，he did./No，he didnt.是的，他常住在乡下。/不，他不常住在乡下。易混辨析容易混淆的三个used句型used to do表示过去惯常的动作或常存在的状态，仅用一般过去时。be used to表示“习惯于”，to为介词，后接(动)名词。be used to do为被动语态，表示“被用来做”。Mr White used to live in China，so he is used to Chinese dishes.怀特先生过去常住在中国，所以习惯吃中国菜。Cloth is use
26、d to make clothes.布料被用来做衣服。即学即练I used to get (get) up early and take exercise，but I am lazy now.3 have trouble with.在某方面有困难典型例句Lucy always has trouble with her brother.露西经常跟她哥哥闹矛盾。Were having a lot of trouble with the new computer system.我们的新电脑系统有许多问题。思维拓展have difficulty with sth. 在某方面有困难have troubl
27、e/difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难误区警示在上述结构中trouble为不可数名词。即学即练Tom was having much trouble getting (get) up in the morning and was always late for work.4 典型例句Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.同时，你还要根据被采访人所说的话准备提出下一个问题。You may depend on/upon her arrivin
28、g on time.你可以相信她会准时到来。Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.孩子们依靠父母供给衣食。思维拓展depend on/upon sb. to do sth.依靠某人做某事depend on/upon sb.s doing sth.相信/指望某人做某事depend on/upon sb. for sth.靠某人供给某物depend on/upon it that.请相信That depends./It all depends.视情况而定。Is Tom coming?汤姆来吗？That depends. He
29、may not have time.那要看情况。他不一定有时间。误区警示depend on后面不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，通常要用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句放在后面。即学即练Im planning to hold a party in the open air，but I can make no guarantees(保证) because it depends on the weather.考点集训二单句语法填空1In my opinion，my best friend changed my attitude towards life.2I used to live (live) in
30、 Shanghai，but now I am used to living (live) here.3I have some trouble reading (read) his handwriting.4It is known to us all that all living things depend on the sun for their growth.5When he was a student，he used to_get (get )up early. Listening to English radio programmes helps me get used to how
31、fast native speakers talk.收听英语广播节目帮助我习惯母语是英语的人说话的速度。这是一个简单句，主语是Listening to English radio programmes，动名词短语在句中作主语。动名词(短语)作主语的用法：直接放在句首作主语，谓语用单数形式用it作形式主语可以用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词作其逻辑主语Its no use pretending that you didnt know the rules.你假装不知道规则是没有用的。It is nice playing chess after supper.晚饭后下象棋很愉快。Roses comin
32、g late makes the teacher very angry.罗斯的迟到使老师很生气。即学即练Its no use lying (lie) to me. I wont believe you.Would/Do you mind.？是礼貌用语，意为“你介意吗？”“劳驾你？”“(你)可以吗？”。用do比较直接，用would则语气比较委婉。在使用时要注意mind后可跟动名词、动名词复合结构或if从句，不跟不定式。在“Would you mind if.？”中从句常用一般过去时；而在“Do you mind if.？”句型中，if从句常用一般现在时。Would you mind my ope
33、ning the window?Would you mind if I opened the window?你介意我打开窗户吗？Do you mind if I smoke?我吸烟你不介意吧？误区警示在回答Would/Do you mind.？问句时，如果表示“不反对或不介意”，常用“No, not at all/certainly not/please do/go ahead.”等；表示“介意”，则用“Im sorry, but I do/Id rather you didnt/youd better not.”等来回答。即学即练Do you mind giving (give) me a
34、glass of water? But if Im talking to someone who isnt very close to me，I must make my request longerand I must make it a question，not a demand，e.g.，“Could you open the window，please？”但是如果我和一个不是很亲近的人说话，我必须把我的请求说得长一点我必须让它成为一个问题，而不是一个要求，如“你能把窗户打开吗？”本句是主从复合句。if Im talking to someone who isnt very close
35、me是if引导的条件状语从句，其中又包含了who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词someone。即学即练Ill give the book to him if he comes here next Sunday. I cant keep all the new vocabulary straight in my head，and I certainly cant remember how to use them all properly.我不能把所有的新词汇都记在脑子里，当然我也记不住如何正确地使用它们。句中and连接两个并列句，how to use them all properly在句中作动词r
36、emember的宾语。“疑问词/whether不定式”结构用法面面观：(1)疑问词：what，which，when，where，how，who，whom等。(2)语法功能：在句中作主语(谓语动词用单数形式)、宾语、表语、同位语、补语等。(3)可以接该结构作宾语的动词有ask，consider，decide，discuss，explain，forget，know，learn，remember，show，teach，tell，wonder等。Where to go for a trip is still a question.去哪里旅游仍是个问题。(作主语)He has to learn how
37、to collect water，hunt for food，and make a fire.他得学会如何收集淡水、寻找食物、生火。(作宾语)The question is which to choose.问题是选哪一个。(作表语)即学即练He told us whether to_have (have) a picnic was still under discussion.考点集训三单句语法填空1Waiting (wait) in a long queue made him tired.2Would you mind my smoking (smoke) here?3What to_do
38、(do)with the problem is still unknown.4When I first came to New York，I had a lot of trouble making myself understood (understand)5The heavy wind made it harder for us to climb the mountain.单词拼写1After a long struggle (奋斗)，he gained control of the business.2I tried speaking to her in her native tongue
39、 (语言)3I locked myself out of our apartment (公寓) and had to break in.4Black people are born equal (相同的) to the whites so they should share the same rights as them.5As populations increase across Australia and the rest of the world，demand (需求) for water will also increase.6The sentence provides a vivi
40、d(生动的) description (描写)7He has a poor vocabulary (词汇)，so he cant express himself correctly.8It is difficult to relate (联系) the cause and effect in the case.9Today，the generation gap (差距) has not disappeared，but it is getting narrow in many families.10Air is a mixture of several gases (气体).单句语法填空1Thr
41、ough determination，she had learned to read and write，and struggled to_become (become) part of the leadership of the village.2Patricia would be equal to the task of running a large department.3Its impossible to satisfy everyones demands (demand)4In my opinion，there is no relation (relate) between the
42、 two things.5Look at the matter purely from the scientific point of view.6In the south，bamboo(竹子) can be used to_build (build) houses.7Do you have any trouble with the students.8Whether well go for a walk depends on the weather.9Would you mind if I opened (open) the window?10As a slave(奴隶)，he was made to_work (work) all the day.