1、小学英语史上最全最实用最好复习资料目录一、小学英语词汇汇总.31、3A.32、3B.43、4A.44、4B.55、5A.56、5B.67、6A.68、6B.6二、小学英语短语汇总.71、短语归纳.152、动词短语.173、noun短语:.184、介词短语:.185、句子:.19三、词法类练习汇总.201、写出完全形式.202、写出下列单词的复数形式.203、反义词或对应词.214、近义词.215、同音词.216、现在分词.227、综合.238、人称代词.24四、话题与语法汇总.251、字母.252、数字.253、颜色.264、时间.275、食品与饮料.276、服装.287、玩具和文具.288、
2、日常生活用品.299、动物.2910、植物.3011、环境与建筑.3012、身体.3013、个人情况.3114、家庭、亲属和朋友.3215、学校.3416、社交礼仪.3417、国家与城市.3518、天气.3619、节日.3620、方位.3721、正在发生的事情.3822、日常生活.3823、计划与打算.3824、能力和可能.39五、附录:怎样才能学好英语?.39一、小学英语词汇汇总1、3A1.Animals(动物)dog 狗 cat 猫 monkey 猴子tiger 老虎 panda 熊猫zebra 斑马bird 鸟elephant 象 2.Fruit (水果)apple 苹果 orange
3、橘子banana 香蕉 pear梨peach 桃子mango 芒果 pineapple 菠萝watermelon 西瓜 3.Clothing items (衣物类)coat 外套;大衣 jacket 茄克衫;短上衣 sweater 毛衣;(厚)运动服blouse(女式)衬衫 dress 连衣裙;晚礼服 skirt 短裙 shirt 衬衫 T-shirt T恤衫 4.Food and drinks(食物和饮料)cake 蛋糕 hamburger 汉堡 egg 蛋;鸡蛋 ice-cream 冰淇淋 coffee 咖啡 tea 茶;茶叶 milk 牛奶 juice 果汁5.Colours(颜色)re
4、d 红色;红色的 green 绿色 white 白色 black 黑色 yellow 黄色 blue 蓝色orange桔黄色 brown棕色;褐色6.Things for school(学校用品)book 书 pen 钢笔 pencil 铅笔 ball pen 圆珠笔 pencil box 文具盒 pencil sharpener 卷笔刀 rubber 橡皮 ruler 尺7.Vehicles(交通工具)car 小汽车 bike 自行车 bus 公共汽车 plane 飞机8.Places (场所)zoo 动物园 park 公园 cinema 电影院 supermarket 超市 the Gre
5、at Wall 长城9.People(人物)man 人;男人 woman 妇女 boy 男孩 girl 女孩10.Things in a room(房内物品)bed 床 table 桌子 chair 椅子 fridge 冰箱 bookcase 书橱 desk 书桌 sofa 沙发 telephone 电话 light 电灯 TV 电视机door 门 window 窗子 Walkman 随身听 box 盒子 basket 篮子 tap水龙头2、3B1、Family members(家庭成员)father父亲 mother 母亲 grandfather祖父 grandmother 祖母 aunt姨
6、妈;舅母 uncle 伯父;舅父 brother/son 兄;弟/儿子 sister/daughter 姐;妹/女儿 2、Clothing items(衣物)cap 便帽 hat 帽子 tie 领带 vest 背心 belt 皮带 trousers(复数)长裤shoe 鞋 sock 袜子 3、Things for school(学校用品)storybook 故事书 copybook 抄写本 knife 小刀tape 修正带;胶带 crayon 蜡笔 school bag 书包 stapler 订书机4、Things in a room(室内物品)clock 闹钟 computer 电脑 rad
7、io 收音机 camera 照相机 watch 手表 toy train 玩具火车 key 钥匙5、Musical instrument(乐器)piano 钢琴 violin 小提琴 guitar 吉他accordion 手风琴6、Sports(体育运动)football 足球basketball 篮球volleyball 排球 baseball 棒球swimming 游泳skating 滑冰climbing 爬山skiing 滑雪fishing 钓鱼jogging 慢跑running 跑 rowing 划船7、Food and drinks(饮食)hot dog 热狗sandwich 三明治
8、pie 馅饼bread 面包rice 米饭soft drinks清凉饮料chocolate 巧克力milk 牛奶8、Rooms(房间)sitting-room 起居室dining-room 餐厅bedroom 卧室bathroom 舆洗室study 书房kitchen 厨房3、4Aa pen一支钢笔 a dog一条狗 a key一把钥匙 a ball pen一支圆珠笔 a tiger一支老虎 a purse一个钱包 a pencil一支铅笔 a fan一把扇子 a storybook一本故事书 a book一本书 a cat一只猫 a tape一个修正带 a car 一辆小汽车 a bike
9、一辆自行车 a kite 一个风筝 a bus一辆公共汽车 a ruler一把尺 a rubber一块橡皮 a pencil case一个铅笔袋 a tiger一只老虎 a panda一只熊猫 a desk一张课桌 a shop一家商店a pair of shoes 一双鞋子 a sweater 一件毛衣a jacket 一件茄克衫 big 大的 small 小的 long 长的 short 短的 one 一 two 二 three 三 four 四 five 五 six 六 seven七 eight八 nine 九 ten 十 eat 吃 drink 喝 write 写 read 读 clo
10、se 关、闭 open 打开 tired 疲劳的、累的 ill 有病的 cold 冷的 hungry 饥饿的 thirsty渴的4、4Ba student 一个学生 a teacher 一个老师 a doctor 一个医生a nurse 一个护士 a boy 一个男孩 a girl 一个女孩 a man 一个男人a woman 一个女人 new 新的 grandfather(外)祖父 grandmother(外)祖母 father 父亲 mother 母亲 brother 兄弟 sister 姐妹 an eye 一只眼睛 a mouth一张嘴 white白色的 a skirt一条短裙 a fr
11、iend一个朋友 a policeman一个警察 a policewoman一个女警察 a waiter一个男服务员 a waitress一个女服务员 a driver一个司机a worker一个工人 an engineer一位工程师 a farmer 一个农民a postman一个邮递员 a cook一个厨师 apples苹果 an apple一只苹果 oranges桔子 an orange一只桔子bananas香蕉 a banana一只香蕉 peaches桃子 a peach一只桃子grapes葡萄a grape 一粒葡萄watermelons西瓜a watermelon一个西瓜pears
12、梨 a pear一只梨 some一些a station一个车站a hospital一家医院a supermarket一家超级市场by train坐火车 by plane坐飞机 by taxi坐出租汽车 on foot步行please请chip油炸土豆条 noodle面条 sweet糖果chocolate巧克力 tea茶 coffee咖啡 juice汁液a pie 一个馅饼a chair一张椅子 a blackboard一块黑板 a computer一台计算机a picture一张图画 a bookcase一个书架(橱)an office一个办公室a playground一片操场 a class
13、room一个教室 our我们的a knife一把刀a plate一个盘子a glass一个玻璃杯a cup一个杯子a bottle一个瓶子 a table一张桌子 a fridge一只冰箱 an egg一个蛋(不可数名词)bread面包 rice米;米饭5、5Aday(一)天;白天 all所有的;全部a reading room一间阅览室 sure有把握的 floor(楼房的)层;地面;地板 a garden一个花园 a house 一间房子 a flower一朵花 live居住;生活 a study一个书房 a bedroom一间卧室 large大的 beside在旁边;靠近 a wall一
14、面墙 between在中间;在(两者)之间 a bed一张床 under在下面 behind在后面 a door一扇门 a lesson 一课a song一首歌 sing唱,唱歌 dance跳舞 play演奏 learn学,学会 listen听 swim游泳 make 做,制造ride骑(马、自行车)put放,摆 can能 a family一个家庭 things东西、物品 a vase一个花瓶 a horse一只马 a chicken一只鸡 a duck一只鸭子 a pig一只猪 evenings晚上 need需要 work工作,劳动 a candle 一支蜡烛morning早晨,上午 rin
15、g(铃、钟等)响 sweep扫,扫除 Maths数学sleep睡觉 run 跑,奔跑 walk步行,散步 jump 跳跃 say说 chess棋laugh笑,大笑 a newspaper一张报纸 class课,(学校里的)班 perhaps可能a tent一个帐篷 a pot一只锅a towel一条毛巾 a hill 一座小山children孩子们,儿童 fat胖的 thin瘦的show出示,给看over结束a square 一个正方形 a star一个星形、星形物 us我们(宾格)fly飞、放(风筝、飞机模型等)art艺术、美术 teach教、教书 the moon月亮 paper纸 a h
16、eart一个心、心形物 a shape一个形状 a circle一个圆圈 the sun太阳 helpwith帮助 wash clothes洗衣服6、5BMonday 星期一 Tuesday 星期二 Wednesday星期三Thursday星期四 Friday星期五 a week一星期(周)Chinese 汉语、中文、中国人 Science 科学、自然科学Computer Studies 计算机课程 English 英语、英国的、英国人的a subject 一门学科(科目)interesting 有趣的a headache 头疼 a cough 咳嗽a fever 发烧a cold 伤风 lu
17、nch 午餐 speak 说,讲(同义词:say)bad 坏的、严重的(反义词:good)get 变得、购买feel 感觉、觉得 now 现在 a stamp 一张邮票 a coin 一个硬币 a ship 一艘船an animal 一只动物 a classmate 一位同班同学 collect收集beautiful 美丽的、漂亮的 hobbies(复数)业余爱好 collect stamps 收集邮票 collect coins 收集硬币go shopping 去购物 take photos 拍照 make clothes做衣服an e-mail 一封电子邮件 write an e-mail
18、写一封电子邮件a town 一个城镇 busy 忙(碌)的age 年龄 usually 通常 well 好 fast 快的,快地high 高的,高地 run fast 跑得快 jump high 跳得高time时间,次 left左 right右 stop停止touch触摸,接触an arm一只手臂 a hand一只手 a leg一条腿 a foot一只脚a face一张脸 a game一个游戏,一次比赛half半,一半night夜,夜间 on duty值日 past过 a quarter一刻钟,四分之一 quick快的(地)ready准备好的 really真正地,确实 talk谈话,讲话 sp
19、end度过 weekend周末 very很,非常learnfrom向学习sport体育运用 often经常,常常of course当然catch抓住,捉住 an ant一只蚂蚁 a bee一只蜜蜂 a butterfly一只蝴蝶 a visitor一位参观者,一位来访者UK英国,联合王国 visit参观,访问British英国人 the Great Wall长城 USA美国 American美国人Japan日本Japanese日本人,日语 France法国 French法国人,法语7、6Astop停止 mean意思是,意指 should应当,应该 must必须,应当 shouldnt=shou
20、ld not不应当 litter乱丢杂物 park停放(汽车)danger危险 March三月 April四月 May 五月 June六月 July七月 when什么时候,何时 ago 以前 as作为,当做 ago 以前 moment瞬间,片刻 a date一个日期 a birthday一个生日 a present 一份礼物 excited激动的,兴奋的 exciting令人激动的,令人兴奋的 a race一次竞赛 plant种植 milk挤;牛奶 a cow 一头母牛 taste品尝 pull up把向上拔 a festival一个节日 a gate一扇大门answer回答;答复 ask问;
21、请求people人;人们 last最近刚过去的;最后的 in front of 在前面 take photos拍照 look for寻找 just now刚才(a moment ago)pull up把向上拔 have a good time过得愉快 Childrens Day儿童节 National Day国庆节 Spring Festival春节New Years Day元旦 8、6Bthan 比young年轻的old年老的heavy 重的light 轻的tall高的strong 强壮的low低 fish鱼,钓鱼 slow慢late晚 stop停车站along沿着street街、街道pos
22、t office邮局weather天气spring春季summer夏季hot热的autumn秋季cold冷的winter冬季plan计划,打算 picnic野餐 play(戏剧的)演出be good at善长于 turn left向左转 turn right向右转 post office邮局 get on 上车 get off下车 take part in参加参与 write a letter写(一封)信 penfriend 笔友also也 glue胶水 二、小学英语短语汇总a new student 一个新学生 a new teacher一个新老师 Im new here.我是新来的.Wel
23、come to our school.欢迎到我们学校.excuse me 打扰一下the boy in the tree 树上的那个男孩 let me see 让我看看 come down 下来 climb trees 爬树in the zoo 在动物园里 come here 过来 the man over there 那边的那个男人 good evening 晚上好 at a party在聚会上 my brother 我的弟弟/哥哥 the boy with big eyes大眼睛的那个男孩 nice to meet you 见到你很高兴 the one in the white skirt
24、 那个穿着白色短裙的 which one 哪一个 the man with a big mouth那个大嘴巴的男人the one in red那个穿红衣服的 the girl with a small nose 那个小鼻子的女孩 the woman with long hair那个长头发的妇女 be late for school上学迟到 the boy with big ears 大耳朵的那个男孩the one in the green shirt 那个穿着绿色衬衫的男人 in the car 在小汽车里 my good friend我的好朋友 her small eye她的小眼睛 a bi
25、g nose一个大鼻子Youre right.你是对的an old woman 一个老太太 buy fruit 买水果 some grapes 一些葡萄 how many kilos 多少公斤 three kilos三公斤 Id like-我想要-Here you are.给你.these apples这些苹果 those oranges那些桔子 these or those这些还是那些 Can I help you?我能为你效劳吗?(营业员用语)by taxi坐出租车 on foot 步行 go by taxi 坐出租车去 go to the theatre去剧院 go there 去那儿
26、go to the Great Wall去长城go to the supermarket去超市 this train for Shanghai去上海的火车 the plane for Beijing 去北京的航班 good idea 好主意 play football 踢足球 in the school 在学校be free 有空.go to school by bike 骑自行车去学校 at a snack bar在一家小吃店(快餐店)里 how about-?-怎么样?some noodles 一些面条Something to drink一些喝的东西 something to eat一些吃
27、的东西 orange/apple juice 桔汁/苹果汁 Anything else?还要别的东西吗?a cup of coffee/tea 一杯咖啡/茶 a glass of milk/juice一杯牛奶/果汁some chocolate 一些巧克力 some sweets一些糖果 some water 一些水play basketball 打篮球 some cakes 一些蛋糕 get up 起床 have some juice 喝点果汁What would you like?你要什么?open day 接待日 our classroom我们的教室 watch TV看电视big and
28、bright又大又明亮 in your classroom 在你的教室里 in class在课上 near the window靠近窗 some songbooks一些歌本 on the piano在钢琴上 lots of books许多书 in the library在图书馆里 in the playground 在操场上 On the chair在椅子上 on the table在桌上 open the blue box 打开蓝色的盒子in the cupboard 在碗柜里 on the table在桌上 in the fridge在冰箱里 on the sofa 在沙发上 use ch
29、opsticks 用筷子 Id like to try.我想试试.a pair of chopsticks 一双筷子 Let me try again.让我再试试.in my classroom 在我的教室里 Good idea!好主意!the first day of the new term 新学期的第一天all the students 所有的学生at school 在学校see each other 互相见面a new building 一座新大楼a lot of 许多Im not sure.我不确定。go and see 去看看have a look 看一看how many 多少ne
30、ar your house 在你的房子附近 on the plate 在盘子里her parents 她的父母near her school 在她的学校附近very much 很,非常some dolls 一些洋娃娃on the wall 在墙上a map of the world 一幅世界地图a map of China 一幅中国地图behind the door 在门后in the basketball 在篮子里under the bed 在床下on my chair 在我的椅子上in the cats mouth在猫的嘴里look happy 看起来快乐at a Music lesson
31、 在一节音乐课上two oclock in the afternoon 下午两点钟in the music room 在音乐室里have a music lesson 上一节音乐课sing a song 唱首歌,唱歌follow me跟着我sing together一起唱make a puppet做木偶make a model plane做飞机模型,做模型飞机play the violin拉小提琴play the guitar弹吉他play the piano弹钢琴put a book on your head 在你头上放一本书have an ice cream 吃冰淇淋after class
32、 下课后play basketball 打篮球a Halloween party 一个万圣节聚会What do they need?他们需要什么?like masks 喜欢面具a pumpkin lantern 一个南瓜灯What else do you need?你还需要些什么?Heres your change.这儿是你的零钱。some sweets 一些糖果on Saturdays and Sundays 在周六和周日like swimming 喜欢游泳play table tennis with friends 和朋友打乒乓watch TV 看电视listen to music 听音乐
33、read the book 读书open the door开门 write the new words写新单词 read the book读书draw a picture画一幅画 drink the water喝水 this red vase这个红色的花瓶 in the picture在图片里eat the noodles吃面条 put the flowers in the vase把花放在花瓶里play computer games打电脑游戏do housework 做家务 Sunday morning 星期天上午 at home 在家 Are you free now?你现在有空吗?swe
34、ep the floor 扫地、擦地板 clean the windows 擦窗户 do homework 做家庭作业 help me with my Maths 帮助我学习数学this afternoon 今天下午 wash clothes 洗衣服 make a cake 做蛋糕 see you this afternoon 今天下午见come and help me 过来帮我 sit on the chair 坐在椅子上 how about 怎么样 after school 放学后three oclock in the afternoon 下午三点钟look for 寻找 help you
35、 帮助你in the playground 在操场上 play basketball 打篮球 go and join them 去加入他们go to the playground去操场 study in the library 在图书馆学习 clean the library 打扫图书馆read a newspaper 看报纸 read a magazine 看杂志 play chess 下棋play cards 打扑克 play with a yo-yo 玩溜溜球 sit on a football 坐在足球上 eat the food 吃食物 play computer games 玩电脑
36、游戏clean the study 打扫书房 on the kite 在风筝上 all busy 都忙a camping trip 一次日野营旅行 their teachers 他们的学生near the hill 在小山附近 a camping site 一个野营营地 a big tent 一个大帐篷 a tin of chicken 一罐头鸡肉a tin of fish 一罐头鱼肉over there 在那边 two new blankets 两条新毛毯 a box of chocolate 一盒巧克力 some fruit 一些水果 in the fridge 在冰箱里an Art le
37、sson 一节美术课look at the blackboard 看着黑板fly a kite 放风筝 draw a circle 画一个圆 show us how to draw it 给我们看看怎么画它on the paper 在纸上make a card 做一张卡片many circles 许多圆形一节体育课 a PE lesson在操场 in the playground上一节体育课 have a PE lesson按照指令 follow the orders发出指令 give the orders站成一排 stand in a line做锻炼 do some exercise上下up
38、 and down上下跳 jump up and down仔细地听 listen carefully十次 ten times向左转turn left 向右转turn right 做这个十次do this ten times 把放在上 put on把放在里面 putin仰躺 lie on ones back 抬起 lift up用触摸 touchwith右手 right hand每天 every day忙碌的一天 a busy day在晚上 at night值日 on duty快点 be quick一场足球赛 a football game看电视 watch TV吃晚饭 have supper打
39、扫图书馆 clean the library做作业 do ones homework加入我们 join us开始上课 classes begin洗衣服 wash clothes在周末 at the weekends过周末spend ones weekends谈论 talk about在星期五下午 on Friday afternoon放学后 after school上网 surf the Internet向我学英语 learn English from me 听音乐 listen to music在家at home荡秋千 play on the swings做家务 do housework当然
40、 of course/sure 看卡通watch cartoons抓昆虫 catch insects抓蝴蝶 catch butterflies我们的好朋友our good friends一所小学 a Primary School在树上 in the tree/on the tree在瓶子里in bottles英语俱乐部the English Club不同的国家different countries 居住在纽约 live in New York说英语 speak English教英语 teach English一个大城市 a big city读书 read books参观中国 visit Chi
41、na日本参观者Japanese visitors一个英国朋友an English friend发邮件 write an e-mail写信write a letter打乒乓play table tennis居住live in一个小镇 a small town相同的年龄 the same age在学校 at school从周一到周五 from Monday to Friday大声地说 speak loudly跑得快 run fast跳得高 jump high走路小心walk carefully安静地坐sit quietly跳舞跳得美dance beautifully拍照 take photos购物
42、 go shopping收集邮票 collect stamps收集中国邮票collect Chinese stamps种花 grow flowers做衣服make clothes洗衣服wash clothesBen的爱好 Bens hobby一些爱好 some hobbies许多漂亮的邮票many beautiful stamps出示给看showto动物邮票 animal stamps在花园里 in the garden做饭 cook food浇花 water the flowers相同的爱好 the same hobby一次电话通话a telephone call午饭以后 after lun
43、ch呆在床上stay in bed严重的咳嗽a bad cough吃药take some medicine去看医生go to see a doctor张开你的嘴open your mouth好好休息have a good rest打错电话 wrong number新学期 a new term星期一上午Monday morning在星期一上午on Monday morning她的学生 her students第一节课the first lesson欢迎回到学校 welcome back to school什么科目what subjects八门课eight subjects八节课eight les
44、sons在一周内in a week立刻,马上at once他的家人his family感觉病了feel ill来自日本from JapanNo smoking 禁止吸烟 No littering禁止扔杂物No parking禁止停车 No eating and drinking 禁止吃喝keep off the grass不接近草坪Be quiet保持安静Do not touch不要摸climb trees爬树go to the park去公园 go home回家 have an ice cream吃一个冰激凌 have dinner吃饭 watch TV看电视 play computer g
45、ames 玩电脑游戏 go to bed睡觉 a lot of a lot大量的;许多 public signs公共标志on the wall在墙上 stay away from远离 walk on the grass在草地上走 he birds cage鸟笼 make noise发出噪音take a walk散步a ten-yuan note 一张十元的钞票 look around四周看 pick up捡起 a new student in Bens class 本班上的一位新学生 go home together一起回家after school放学以后 talk about谈论有关the
46、third of March三月三日your birthday你的生日blow out吹灭as a birthday present作为生日礼物birthday cake生日蛋糕come to my birthday party 来参加我的生日聚会 have a birthday party举办生日聚会 a VCD of Japanese cartoons 一张日本卡通光盘open the door 开门 make a birthday card 做一张生日贺卡 take off脱下 Sports Day运动日all the students所有的学生very exciting非常令人兴奋 l
47、ook for寻找 a running race一场赛跑 let me see让我看看a moment ago/just now刚才 on the ground在地上 pick them up for me 帮我把它们捡起来 in front of 在前面a pair of glasses一副眼镜(单数)a roll of film一卷胶卷(单数)three diaries三本日记 a pair of earphones一副耳机(单数)listen to music 听音乐 yesterday evening 昨天晚上 under the table在桌子下面 close your eyes
48、闭上你的眼睛 play a game 玩游戏National Day(国庆日)the National Day holiday(国庆假期)last week/last year上个星期/去年after the holiday(假期后)go to school early(很早上学)/early latein the school playground(在学校操场上)before class(上课前)/before aftera funny cartoon(一部有趣的卡通片)visit a farm with my family(和我的家人一起参观农场)on the farm(在农场里)wate
49、r trees(浇树)pull up carrots(拔胡萝卜)milk cows(挤牛奶)collect eggs(收集鸡蛋)fruit trees(果树)pick a lot of oranges摘许多橘子taste them(品尝它们)go to the farm(去农场)at the weekends(在周末)watch cartoons(看动画片)visit the zoo(参观动物园)play volleyball打排球clean the house(打扫房子)visit Liu Taos grandparents拜访刘涛的祖父母camping trip(野营旅行)at a cam
50、p(在一个营地上)cook a lot of food(做许多食物)play a lot of games(玩许多游戏)go camping(去野营)have a good time(玩得很高兴)come after 在之后到来New Years Day 元旦on New Years Day 在元旦at Christmas 在圣诞节go to parties 去参加聚会have a big lunch 吃一顿丰盛的午餐at Spring Festival 在春节What do people usually do at Spring Festival?人们通常在春节干什么?visit their
51、 relatives and friends 拜访他们的亲戚和朋友eat lots of delicious food吃许多美味的食物last Spring Festival 上个春节of course 当然my favourite holiday 我最喜爱的节日in October 在十月dress up in costumes 用戏服装扮last Halloween 去年万圣节eat moon cakes 吃月饼play with lanterns 玩灯笼watch the moon赏月on different holidays 在不同的节日last year 去年at Easter 在复
52、活节listen to him 听他讲in the grass 在草丛中a popular holiday 一个流行的节日in China 在中国 in January or February 在一月或二月 eat rice dumplings 吃粽子 like to play with lanterns喜欢玩灯笼eat chocolate eggs 吃巧克力蛋make pumpkin lanterns制作南瓜灯笼give presents to your friends 把礼物给你的朋友go to Beijing 去北京this afternoon 今天下午play with balloon
53、s 玩气球sing and dance唱歌跳舞meet Helen in the playground 在操场上遇见海伦 visit a farm with my parents 和我的父母亲一起参观农场play with friends 和朋友玩 watch the dragon boat races 观看龙舟比赛on Christmas Day 在圣诞日 Jims family 吉姆一家人in his grandparents house在他爷爷奶奶的房子里Christmas trees 圣诞树the presents under the Christmas tree 在圣诞树下的礼物so
54、 many 这么多from grandmother 来自祖母open it for me 为我打开它like drinking tea 喜欢喝茶Christmas presents 圣诞礼物at Jims house 在吉姆家draw and write in the diary 在日记上画和写go to the supermarket 去超市sit at the back of the bus 坐在公共汽车的后面get off 下车the seat in front of me 在我前面的座位the woman beside him 在他旁边的妇女walk to the driver 走向驾
55、驶员after lunch 午餐后You are welcome.不用谢write his diary 写他的日记under the seat 在座位下面open the presents 打开礼物6B词组归纳去散步 go for a walk很高兴见到 be glad to see聊天 have a chat双胞胎姐妹 twin sisters看起来很像 look the same大10年 ten years older than小20分钟 twenty minutes younger than唯一的孩子 the only child再试试 try again擅长于英语 be good at
56、 English擅长于唱歌 be good at singing做得好 do well in体育需要帮助 need help with PE怎么拉?Whats wrong?/Whats the matter?一位好篮球运动员 a good basketball player那是事实。Thats true.男孩中的一些 some of the boys在我班里 in my class别担心。Dont worry.做更多锻炼 do more exercise变得更强壮 get stronger起得早 get up early慢跑去学校 jog to school玩球类运动 play ball ga
57、mes开始上课 start our lesson读新单词 read the new words我们所有人 all of us上学迟到 be late for school来自于 be from/come from去历史博物馆的路 the way to the History Museum认识路 know the way怎样到达那儿 how to get there告诉我 tell me沿着街走 walk along the street在第四个十字路口左拐 turn left at the fourth crossing在你右边 on you right多远 how far错过它 miss i
58、t五公里远 five kilometres away一段长的距离 a long walk每五分钟 every five minutes每六天 every six days去邮局 go to the post office在中山路 on Zhongshan Road在街上 in the street乘5路车 take bus No.5在电影院前 in front of the cinema在第二个车站下车 get off at the second stop到达购物中心 get to the shopping centre一本关于动物的书 a book about animals跑出商店 run
59、 out of the shop过来帮助 come to help沿着街跑run along the street开始跑 start to run拿回钱包 get my purse back跳高 high jump跳远 long jump下个星期 next week(要)一年 for one year知道天气 know the weather纽约的天气 the weather in New York在夏天 in summer最好的季节 the best season在乡下 in the countryside听起来不错。Sounds great.大多数时间 most of the time哪个
60、季节 which season最喜欢春天 like spring best堆雪人 make snowmen/make a snowman冬天需要温暖的衣服 need warm clothes for winter树木变绿 the tree turn green有课,上课 have school他们的周末计划 their plans for the weekend看京剧 see a Beijing opera加入我们 join us花园剧院 the Garden Theatre顺便问问 by the way明天下午 tomorrow afternoon在音乐会上 at the concert和J
61、im一起来 come with Jim去远足 go on an outing野餐 have a picnic看演出 see a play参加歌唱比赛 take part in a singing contest运动会 sports meeting一位小学生 a primary school student在金陵小学 at Jinling Primary School第二中学 No.2 Middle School上一节室外活动课 have a class outing为班级课题 for class project什么动物 what animal回家来 come home昨天下午 yesterda
62、y afternoon读有关昆虫的 read about insects在报纸上 in the news paper想要一位笔友 want a penfriend/would like a penfriend一些书写纸some writing paper干什么?What for?写一封信 write a letter写信给我的奶奶 write to my grandma成为好朋友 be good friends有共同的爱好 have the same hobby我希望如此。I hope so.告诉关于 tellabout最喜欢的科目 favourite subject电子邮件地址 e-mail
63、 address一瓶胶水 a bottle of glue一些其他科目 some other subjects小学毕业 finish primary school上中学 go to middle school关于你的每件事 everything about you祝好!With best wishes!/Best wishes!我们五个 five of us来自澳大利亚 be from Australia/come from Australia睡觉比晚 go to bed later than比我们所有人好 better than all of us和一样高 as tall as和一样跑得快
64、run as fast as比飞得低 fly lower than1、短语归纳a:a little(一点)a lot(很,非常),a lot of(许多),lots of(许多,很多),a bottle of(一盒),a piece of(一张/片),a cup of(一杯),a glass of(一玻璃杯),all right(好,行,不错),most of(大部分),plenty of(很多,大量的)be:be good for(对于来说是好的),be bad for(对于来说是不好的),be going to(将要做),be good at(在方面出色),be late for(迟到),
65、betweenand(在两者之间),bothand(两着都).come:come from(来自),Come in(进来).Come on 过来呀!快来呀)!Come with me(跟我来)!different from(与不同),of course(当然)Do:do ones homework(做家庭作业),do housework(做家务),do some reading(读书),on duty9(值日),do morning exercises(做早操).get:get down(下来),get up(起床),get on with(在方面进展),get home(到家),get to
66、 school(到校)go:go boating(去划船),go swimming(去游泳),go running(去跑步),go walking(去散步),go shopping(去购物),go skating(去滑冰),go skiing(去滑雪),go fishing(去钓鱼),go sightseeing(去游览,去观光),go climbing(去爬山),go home(回家),go to school(去上学),go to work(去上班),go straight/down/on/along(一直走),go along(沿着一直走)have:have breakfast(吃早餐)
67、,have lunch(吃午饭),have supper(吃晚饭),have dinner(吃正餐),have a class(上课),have a look(看一看),have got(有),have a good appetite(有好胃口,食欲强),have a picnic(野餐)how:how many(多少),how much多少(用于不可数名词),how old(几岁),how often(多久一次)look:look at(看),look like(看起来象),very much(很,非常),in English(用英语)put:put into(把放到),put on(穿上)
68、,put away(把放好/收起来),take:take(good)care of(好好爱护,关心,照顾,保管),take photos(照相),take a bath(洗澡),take exercise(进行锻炼,进行练习).2、动词短语 fly a kite(放风筝),ride a bike(骑自行车),play a game(做游戏),throw away(把扔掉),turn on(开),stand up(站起来),sing a song(唱歌),ask a question(问问题),run away(流走,跑走),look forward to(盼望),try to(尝试做.),be
69、 angry with(对生气),divided by(除以),come to(合计),collect coins(收集硬币),climb up to the mountain/hill(爬到山上)by the way(顺便问问),time短语:in the morning(在早上),in the afternoon(在下午),in the evening(在晚上),Good morning/afternoon/evening/night(早上/下午/晚上好/晚安).for hours(持续小时),for an hour(持续一个小时),At this time of day(每天的这个时候)
70、,five minutes past nine(九点零五分),quarter past nine(九点十五分),quarter to nine(差十五分到九点),all day(整天),on Sunday/Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday/Saturday(在星期天/星期一/星期二/星期三/星期四/星期五/星期六),Mid-autumn Festival(中秋节),Spring Festival(春节),National Day(国庆节),Childrens Day(儿童节),New Year(新年),Womens Day(妇女节),May Da
71、y(劳动节),Teachers Day(教师节),Partys Birthday(党生日)3、noun短语:family tree(家族谱),favourite food/drinks/colour/subject(喜爱的食物)paint brush(画笔),an office worker(一个办公室文员),class teacher(班主任),an old(一个/件老的/旧的),years old(.岁),the high jump(跳高),the long jump(跳远),a map of China/the UK(一张中国/英国地图),e-mail address(电子邮箱地址),t
72、elephone number(电话号码)交通手段:on foot(走路),by bus/car/ship/plane/underground/bike(乘公共汽车/小轿车/轮船/飞机/地铁/自行车),4、介词短语:at the beginning of(在的开始),at the end of(在.的结尾/结束),at the weekend(在周末),on the weekdays(在工作日),in front of(在.的前面),in the front of(在物品内的前面),in the middle of(在的中间),next to(在旁边),at the gate of(在的大门)
73、,on the floor(在地板上),on the()floor(在第几层楼),on the ground floor(在一楼),at home(在家),at school(在学校),over there(那里,那边),in the sun(在阳光下),fromto(从到),turn right/left(向右/左转),on the left(在左边),on the right(在右边),to the east/west/north/south of(在.的东/西/北/南方),from the left/right(从左/右),kilometers/metres away(离千米/米远),i
74、n Class One(在一班),in Grade Six(在六年级)5、句子:Please say hello tofor me(宾格)/人名请代(我)向问好.Here it is(是).Here they are().Here you are(给你).Nice to meet you(很高兴见到你)!Nothing much(没什么).Not at all(没关系).Shall we?(用于建议)我们好吗?Ill take it(我买了).Its time to(是做的时候了)Its time for.(是的时候了)Excuse me(对不起,打扰了).See you(再见)!welcom
75、e to(欢迎到),Youre welcome(别客气).What about?(呢?)How do you do?你好吗?(用于初次见面,答句相同)How do you like?(你觉得怎么样?)It doesnt matter.(没关系)Thats a pity.(真糟糕)Never mind!(不要紧)And you?(你呢?)Happy birthday!(生日快乐)地方建筑:post office(邮局),police station(警察局),train station(火车站),sports stadium(大型露天运动场),department store(百货商场),kin
76、ds of(不同种类),the Childrens Home(少年之家),primary school(小学),middle school(中学)三、词法类练习汇总1、写出完全形式。1.whos who is 2.shes she is 3.hes he is 4.whats what is 5.wheres where is 6.were we are 7.youre you are 8.thats that is 9.Im I am 10.isnt is not 11.arent are not 12.theyre they are 13.dont do not 14.lets let u
77、s 15.cant can not 16.its it is 17.Ive I have 18.Id I would 19.hasnt has not 2、写出下列单词的复数形式。1.bus buses 2.box boxes 3.glass glasses 4.class classes 5.watch watches 6.mango mangoes 7.firefly fireflies 8.sheep sheep 9.people people 10.man men 11.woman women 12.apple apples 13.family families 14.library
78、libraries 15.baby babies 16.boy boys 17.toy toys 18.child children 19.foot feet 20.strawberry strawberries 21.horse horse 22.policeman policemen 23.dress dresses 24.fish fish 25.tooth teeth 26.country countries 27.foot feet 28.dragonfly dragonflies29.me us 30.building buildings 31.cloth clothes 32.t
79、his these 33.that those 34.circle circles 35.story stories 3、反义词或对应词。1.same different 2.new old 3.old young 4.short long 5.big small 6.tall short 7.yes no 8.open close 9.hot cold 10.here there 11.sit stand 12.up down 13.thin fat 14.father mother 15.right wrong 16.black white 17.this that 18.these th
80、ose 19.boy girl 20.grandfather grandmother 21.man woman 22.husband wife 23.aunt uncle 24.brother sister 25.he she 26.left right 27.go come 28.nurse doctor 29.good bad 30.minus plus 31.his her 32.busy free 33.hand foot 34.legs arms 4、近义词。1.desk table 2.like love 3.often usually 4.start begin 5.great
81、good 5、同音词。1.to too 、two 2.right write 3.no know 4.for four 5.hear here 6.I eye 7.see(C)sea 8.son sun 9.be(B)bee 10.there their 11.U you 12.Y why 13.by buy、bye 14.pair pear 15.R are 16.whose whos 17.aunt arent6、现在分词。1.swim(现在分词)swimming e(现在分词)coming 3.dance(-ing形式)dancing 4.ski(-ing形式)skiing 5.sit(
82、-ing形式)sitting 6.fly(-ing形式)flying 7.stay(-ing形式)staying 8.travel(-ing形式)travelling 9.cry(-ing形式)crying 10.play(-ing形式)playing 11.listen(-ing形式)listening 12.collect(-ing形式)collecting 13.make(-ing形式)making 14.take(-ing形式)taking 15.write(-ing形式)writing 16.read(-ing形式)reading 17.clean(-ing形式)cleaning 1
83、8.sing(-ing形式)singing 19.sweep(-ing形式)sweeping 20.run(-ing形式)running 7、综合。1.study(第三人称单数)studies 2.students(名词所有格)students3.sister(名词所有格)sisters 4.two(序数词)second 5.have(第三人称单数)has 6.cat(名词所有格)cats 7.Tom(名词所有格)Toms 8.teacher(动词)teach 9.cry(第三人称单数)cries 10.Nancy(名词所有格)Nancys11.can(否定式)cant 12.good(比较级
84、)better13.catch(第三人称单数)catches 14.wash(第三人称单数)washes15.quickly(形容词)quick 16.visit(名词)visitor 17.China(形容词)Chinese 18.French(名词)France 19.quiet(副词)quietly 20.one(序数词)first 21.cook(第三人称单数)cooks 22.do(第三人称单数)does 23.beautifully(形容词)beautiful 24.many(比较级)more 25.Australian(名词)Australia 26.brush(第三人称单数)b
85、rushes 27.work(名词)worker8、人称代词。1.I(宾格)me 2.you(宾格)you 3.he(宾格)him 4.she(宾格)her 5.I(复数)we 6.you(复数)you 7.he/she/it (复数)they 8.we(宾格)us 9.you(宾格)you 10.they(宾格)them 11.I(形容词性物主代词)my 12.you(形容词性物主代词)your 13.he(形容词性物主代词)his 14.she(形容词性物主代词)her 15.they(形容词性物主代词)their 16.I(名词性物主代词)mine 17.you(名词性物主代词)your
86、s 18.he(名词性物主代词)his 19.she(名词性物主代词)hers 20.we(名词性物主代词)ours 21.you(名词性物主代词)yours 22.they(名词性物主代词)theirs 四、话题与语法汇总话题1、字母(大小)辨认、书写顺序:Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz.元音字母:A a,Ee,Ii,Oo,Uu半元音字母:Yy书写容易错误的字母:E,F,G,M,N,d,i,p,q,x,y.2、数字基数词和序数词的运用,如计算、购物等.基数词:One,t
87、wo,three,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen twenty,twenty-one thirty,forty,fifty eighty,ninety,one/a hundred,one/a hundred and one two hundred.序数词:first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfth twentieth,twenty-first,twenty-second
88、,twenty-third,twenty-fourthirtieth,fortieth,fiftieth eightieth,ninetieth相关句型:1)Whats thirty and forty?That comes to seventy.2)Whats your telephone number?My telephone number is 83555723.3)What time is it?Its half past ten.4)When do you usually get up?At six thirty-five.5)Where do you live?I live at
89、No.48 Renmin Road.6)How old are you?Im twelve.7)How much does it cost?It costs 50 yuan.8)How many cars have you got?I have got 6 cars.9)How many birds can you see in the tree?I can see 3.10)How many dolls are there on the bed?There is one/a doll.11)How many dolls are there on the bed?There are four
90、dolls.12)Which floor do you live on?I live on the fifth floor.13)Excuse me,can you tell me the way to Baiyun hotel?Yes,go down this street,then turn left at the third crossing.14)Whos the fifth girl from the right?Shes my cousin.注意:数词的应用;不可数名词及它的量的表示方法;many与much在用法上的区别;there is/are与have/has在用法上的区别.3
91、、颜色实物的颜色 colours:red,pink(粉红),yellow,brown,grey(灰色),blue,purple(紫色),orange,black,white,dark blue(深蓝),light blue(浅蓝).相关句型:1)What colour is your coat?Its.2)Whats your favourite colour?My favourite colour is 4、时间年、季节、月、星期、日、时刻 year,season(spring,summer,autumn,winter),month:January,February,March,April,
92、May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December.Week:Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday.Day:1st May(the first of May),May 2nd(May the second)Time:(an)hour,minute,second10:05(five minutes past ten,ten o five)10:10(ten minutes past ten,ten ten)10:15(quarter past ten,ten
93、fifteen)10:30(half past ten,ten thirty)10:45(quarter to eleven,ten forty-five)11:00(eleven oclock)相关句型:1)How old is your mother?Shes thirty-six years old.2)How many months are there in a year?There are 12.3)Whens your birthday?My birthday is on 15th January(the fifteenth of January).4)When do you ge
94、t up?I get up at six oclock.5)When does spring last?It lasts for 3 months from March to May.6)What time is it?Its quarter to nine.5、食品与饮料人对食品与饮料的喜好;东西方食品 food:meat,rice,fish,bread,eggdrinks:water,milk,orange juice,coke,coffee相关句型:1)Would you like something to drink/eat?Yes,Id like someNo,thanks.2)Wo
95、uld you like to eat/drink?Id like to eat/drinkNo,thanks.3)Whats your favourite food/drinks?My favourite food/drink is 4)Could I have some?Yes,please.6、服装服装的颜色:人对服装的喜好;某人的穿戴;所属关系 clothes:hat,cap,coat,shirt,T-shirt,skirt,dress,sweater,jacket,trousers,sock,shoeput on,wear 所属关系:形容词性的物主代词:my,your,his,her
96、,its,our,their名词性的物主代词:mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs相关句型:1)What does it look like?It likes wearing a blue shirt.2)Whose shoes are these?Theyre mine.Theyre Toms.3)Is this/that/it your book?Yes,it is.No,it isnt.4)Is this pencil yours?Yes,it is.No,it isnt.5)Are these/those/they your coats and tro
97、users?Yes,they are.No,they arent.6)Are those clothes theirs?Yes,they are.No,they arent.7)This is my hat.That hat is his.注意:名词单,复数;物主代词(名词性的物主代词,形容词性的物主代词);名词所有格,如:Toms,my fathers,the teachers.7、玩具和文具特点、颜色、所属关系;存在的位置 Toys:doll,toy文具:desk,book,bag,pen,pencil,pencil-box,ruler,chair,ball存在的位置:in,on,unde
98、r,beside,behind,in front of,in the front of,in the middle of,at the back of(a place/a person).相关句型:1)There is a cup of tea on the table.2)There are some oranges in the fridge.3)Is there any milk in the glass?Yes,there is.No,there isnt.4)Are there any oranges in the fridges?Yes,there are.No,there are
99、nt.5)Whats under the desk?There is an oranges./There are some oranges.8、日常生活用品特点、颜色、所属关系;存在的位置 words:shelf,table,clock,brush,telephone,light,computer,bike,fridge,glass,knife,keyboard,bottle,box,plate,photo,photograph,fax,radio,super-market,特点:big,small,heavy,light,white,black,empty,full,old,new,beau
100、tiful,cute,tall,short,strong,plump,nice,good,bad9、动物家畜、家禽;农场动物、动物园及野生动物的特点;生活地点和所属关系 words(animals):cat,dog,duck,goose(geese)fish,sheep,bird,panda,monkey,rabbit,hen,cock,chick,tiger,lion,pig,cow,mouse(mice)生活地点:at home,in a farm,in a zoo 所属关系:同上话题(7)10、植物特点、所属关系;存在的位置 words:tree,rose,flower,leave(le
101、aves)11、环境与建筑特点、所属关系;存在的位置 buildings:factory,hospital,park,house,library,museum,office,farm,post office,bank,police station,train station,sports stadium,department store,store,school,classroom,house:bathroom,living-room,sitting-room,bedroom,kitchen,garden房子的基本构造:door,gate,wall,window,floor 相关句型:1)Wh
102、ere do you study at?I study at Longdong Primary School.2)Where does your mother work at?She works at a hospital.3)Lets meet at the gate of the park.4)My brother is playing in the garden.12、身体特点 body:head,hair,eye,nose,ear,mouth,neck,shoulder,hand,finger,foot(feet),toe外貌:fat,thin,plump,tall,short,old
103、,young,round face,two big blue eyes,long hair,short hair,black hair,white hair相关句型:1)Im/Youre/Hes/Shes/Were/Theyre(not)tall.2)Is he/she tall or short?Hes/Shes tall(short).3)I/We/They/You have(got)black hair.4)He/She has(got)a round face.5)Has he/she got long hair?Yes,he/she has.No,he/she hasnt.注意:描述
104、人的外貌时,have与has用法上的区别;形容词的用法,如:tall,short,old,young,black,long13、个人情况姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好 age,year,address,e-mail address,hobby,hobby:collecting stamps(coins),going swimming doing sth相关句型:1)How old are you?Im thirteen years old.2)Im a thirteen-year old boy.3)Whats your address?I live at No.48 Renmin road.4
105、)Whats your e-mail address?My e-mail address is 123VIP.5)Whats your hobby?My hobby is going running.Or:I like going running.6)I/You/They like music.7)He likes sightseeing.8)Do you like reading?Yes,I do.No,I dont.9)Does he/she like playing basketball?Yes,he/she does.No,he/she doesnt.注意:描述个人的喜好时:名词和动词
106、-ing 形式作宾语;主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化。动词ing的变化规律:1)直接加ing,如:open-opening,clean-cleaning,meet-meeting,sing-singing,study-studying,2)去掉词尾不发音的e,如:take-taking,close-closing,come-coming,drive-driving,have-having,use-using,write-writing,practice-practicing,3)重读闭音节的,双写最后的字母,加 ing,如:sit-sitting,put-putting,begin-
107、beginning,get-getting,swim-swimming,run-running,cut-cutting,become-becoming,主语是第三人称单数时一般现在时动词的变化规律(与名词变复数规律相同):1)直接加s,如:cook-cooks,come-comes,close-closes,2)以o,x,s,sh,ch 结尾+es,如:teach-teaches,go-goes,do-does,catch-catches,wash-washes,brush-brushes,miss-misses,3)辅音字母加y结尾,把y改为i,+es,如:fly-flies,worry-w
108、orries,carry-carries,4)以f或fe结尾,把f或fe,改为v+es.5)特殊:have-has,14、家庭、亲属和朋友姓名、年龄、地址、特点与爱好:与你的关系 words:family,grandfather(grandpa/granddad),grandmother(grandma/grand mum),father,mother,brother,sister,uncle,aunt,cousin,friend相关句型:1)Is he/she Toms cousin?Yes,he/she is.No,he/she isnt.2)Whos he/she?Hes/Shes my
109、 friend.3)How many people are there in your family?Who are they?There are four,my father,my mother,my brother and me.注意:1)名词单复数,如:family-families;名词单数-复数规律:1)直接加s,如:boy-boys,term-terms,2)以o,x,s,sh,ch 结尾+es,如:box-boxes,class-classes,glass-glasses,coach-coaches,dress-dresses,fax-faxes,inch-inches,matc
110、h-matches,3)辅音字母加y结尾,把y改为i,+es,如:baby-babies,lady-ladies,factory-factories,peach-peaches,library-libraries,watch-watches,4)以f或fe结尾,把f或fe,改为v+es:leaf-leaves,knife-knives,wife-wives,shelf-shelves,5)特殊:man-men,policeman-policemen,woman-women,child-children,goose-geese,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,6)不变:hair,mi
111、lk,tea,coffee,water,bread,rice,paper,juice,meat,people,fish,sheep,2)名词所有格,表明是“谁的”如:my cousins,his parents它的构成规则:单数名词后+“s”,Mikes mother.复数名词词尾有,其后只+“”,Teachers Da教师节.若是两人共有时,只在后者+“s”,Jim and Toms mother.吉姆和汤姆的母亲。不是两者所共有的,两者都+“s”,Jims and Toms mother.吉姆母亲和汤姆的母亲。名词若是无生命,所有格构成用of,a map of China.一幅中国地图15
112、、学校学校建筑和学校生活 words:school building,classroom,dormitory,playground,librarysubjects:Chinese,maths,English,music,computer,PE,art,biology,politics,history,meeting,geography相关句型:1)Whats your favourite subject?English.2)Wheres the library?Its behind the dormitory.3)When do you go to school?At 7:20.4)When
113、does Chinese begin on Monday?At Eight oclock.5)Does geography begin at twenty to ten on Monday?Yes,it does.No,it doesnt.6)Were having an English class.16、社交礼仪礼貌用语;询问与应答 1.Greetings:Hello!Hi!Good morning/afternoon/evening.How are you?Fine,thanks.And you?Please say hello to your parents for me.2.Intro
114、duction:My name is Im a pupil.Im new here.This is Mr/Mrs/Miss White.Hello,nice to meet you.3.Farewells:Goodbye/Bye-bye/Bye.See you then/tomorrow.Good night.Its late.I must go home now.Thanking for coming.4.Thanks:Thank you(very much).Youre welcome.Not at all.5.apologies:Sorry.Im sorry.Thats all righ
115、t.Excuse me.6.Incitation:Will you go shopping with me?Would you like to go?Id love to.Thank you.7.Asking for permission:May I have an apple?Could/Can I use your bike?Sure.Certainly.Yes,of course.Yes,do please.8.Expressing wishes:Happy birthday!Thank you.9.Offering help:Can I help you?What can I do f
116、or you?10.Making appointments:Are you free tomorrow?What about tomorrow afternoon?Lets meet at the gate at 7:50.Shall we visit the museum?11.Hello!May I speak to Kate?Speaking/Its Kate here.Whos this/that,please?12.Taking meals:Would you like something to eat/drink?Would you like some fish/meat?13.S
117、hopping:Can I help you,sir?What can I do for you,sir?What about this one?Do you like this one?I want/Id like some oranges.How much is the shirt/are the socks?Its to small.Two kilos,please.Ill take it.14.Asking the way:Excuse me.Where is the Guangzhou Library?Can you tell you me the way to the Garden
118、 Hotel,please?Can I take this bus to Beijing Road?Is there a hotel near here?Its over there.Turn right/left17、国家与城市地理位置;特点 Countries:China,Japan,America(the USA),English(the UK),Australia,Russia,Canada,Italy,India,France,Nationalities:Chinese,Japanese,American,Englishman,Australian,Russian,Canadian,
119、Italian,Indian,French,相关句型:1)Wheres Japan?Its to the east of China.2)Where does your friend come from?She comes from English.3)Where are they from?Theyre from Russia.4)What country do you from?I come from China.5)What country is he from?Hes from France.6)What language does she speak?She speaks Frenc
120、h.7)What language do they speak?They speak Chinese.18、天气气候特征 weather:hot,cold,cool,warm,sun,shine,sunny,rain,heavy rain,light rain,rainy,wind,strong wind,windy,snow,heavy snow,light snow snowy,cloud,cloudytemperature:15(fifteen degrees centigrade),0(zero degree centigrade),-5(minus degrees centigrad
121、e)相关句型:1)Whats the weather like in spring?Its warm,rainy and wet.2)What will the weather be like there?It will be sunny.3)Is it snowing?Yes,it is a snowy day.4)Will there be cloudy?Yes,there will.5)The sun is shining.6)I like taking a warm bath.19、节日节日的特点;节日的活动 festivals:New Years Day,Spring Festiva
122、l,Womens Day,April foolish Day,May Day,Mothers Day,Childrens Day,Fathers Day,Partys Day,Armys Day,Mid-autumn Festival,Teachers Day,National Day,Thanks Giving Day,Christmas Day.New Years Day:1st January.Spring Festival:Its the Chinese New Year.Its the first day of the Chinese year.Its a very special
123、festival for all Chinese people.It is usually at the end of January or the beginning of February/in late January or early February.The children can get“lucky money”.Womens Day:Its on 8th March.April Foolish Day:on 1st April,on this day,people can play jokes to their friends.May Day:1st May,laborers
124、day.Mothers Day:on the second Sunday of May.Childrens Day:on June 1st.Fathers Day:on the third Sunday in June.Partys birthday:in China,its on 1st July.Armys Day:in China,its on 1st August.Mid-autumn Festival:on 15th August of Chinese lunar calendar.In China,people eat special cakes calls moon cakes
125、and watch the full moon.Teachers Day:on 10th September.National Day:in China,its at the beginning of October.Thanks Giving Day:the last Thursday in November,its American festival.Christmas Day:December 25th.20、方位人或物的位置;问路与应答 place:in,on,at,under,near,next to,beside,behind,in front of,in the front of
126、,in the middle(of),back,on the right/left,the second/person from the right/left A:Excuse me.Wheres the department store?Can you tell me the way to the Garden Hotel,Please?Can I take this bus to Beijing Road?Is there a hotel near here?B:Its over there.Turn right/left at the first crossing.The hotel i
127、s on the right/left.Im sorry,I dont know.21、正在发生的事情现在进行的动作和发生的事 be doing something1)Im/Youre/Hes/Shes/Were/Theyre(not)working.2)Are you playing football?Yes,I am/we are.3)Is he/she taking exercise?Yes,he/she is.No,he/she isnt.4)Are they going shopping?Yes,they are.No,they arent.5)What are you doing?
128、Im/Were cleaning the room.6)Whats he/she doing?Hes/Shes having supper.7)What are they doing?Theyre reading.22、日常生活日常生活、工作、学习的活动 daily routineget up brush ones teeth,wash ones face,make breakfast,have breakfast,go to school/work,do morning exercises,have classes,play basketball,play football,run,jump
129、,go home,have lunch,have supper,do ones homework,watch TV,do some reading,take a bath,go to bed1)What time do you get up?I usually get up at 6 oclock.2)Shen Zhen often takes a bath at 9 oclock in the morning.3)My mother is never late for work.23、计划与打算计划和将要进行的动作和发生的事 be going to do 1)Im/Youre/Hes/She
130、s/Were/Theyre(not)going to visit the museum.2)Are you going to swim?Yes,I am/we are.No,Im not/we arent.3)Is he/she going to see Miss Wang?Yes,he/she is.No,he/she isnt.4)What are you going to do tomorrow?Im/Were going to visit the farm.5)I/You/He/She/They/We will go skiing.6)Are you going to be busy
131、tomorrow?Yes,I am/we are.7)go swimming,go shopping,go climbing,go skiing,go walking,go running,go fishing,go skating,go sightseeing,24、能力和可能可能进行的动作和发生的事1)I/You/He/She/We/They can(cant)come here tomorrow.2)Can he/she visit the factory today?Yes,he/she can.No,he/she cant.3)Can they go by bus?Yes,they
132、can.No,they cant.4)May I visit the factory this afternoon?Yes,of course/Sure/Certainly.5)May I sit here?Yes,of course/please do.注意:情态动词can的用法,can do(+动词原形).小学英语语法大全第一章 名 词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。二、分类 1.名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如:john is a student student是普通名词,john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/a
133、n,定冠词the 或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。2.普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。3.专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可以数的名词 不可数名词数不清(没有复数)drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2
134、、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some,any,a lot of(lots of)两者都可以修饰。3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词 数词+量词+of+名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1)some,much,a little,a lot of ,a bit of,plenty of 用等表示多少。注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plen
135、ty of,some,a lot of,lots of ,most of 等。如there is much water in the bottle.瓶中有很多水。ill tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。2)用单位词表示。用a.of 表示。如 a cup of(一杯.),a bottle of(一瓶.)a piece of(一张.),a pair of shoes(一双鞋)如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of pa
136、per(五张纸)注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。如two hundred students(200名学生)ten thousand trees(10000棵树)测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fish的复数仍为fish或fishes)=he caught a lot of fishes.the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)5、可
137、数名词分为单数和复数。名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。1)单数 如a desk(一张桌子)an old desk(一张旧书桌)2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式 规则变化 1)一般情况下加-s 如book-books(书)desk-desks(书桌)2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾加-es 如box-boxes(盒子)bus-buses(公共汽车)注意以 th 结尾加-s,month-months stomach-stomachs 3)以辅音字母+结尾,变y为i再加-es。如city-cities(城市)country-countries(国家)注意以元音+y,直接加s。如
138、:day-days(天),boy-boys(男孩)4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es 如knife-knives(书),half-halves(一半)(thief,wife,life,shelf,knife,leaf,self,half,wolf)注意有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs(屋顶)5)以o结尾(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮)potato-potatoes(土豆)(2)元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如piano-pianos(钢琴),zoo-zoos(动物园)photo-photos(照片),kangaroo-
139、kangaroos(袋鼠)kilo-kilos(千克)注意zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或 zeroes(零)不规则变化 1)元音字母发变化。如man-men(男人),woman-women(妇女)tooth-teeth(牙齿),foot-feet(脚)mouse-mice(老鼠),policeman-policemen(警察)policewoman-policewomen(女警察)2)词尾发生变化。如child-children(小孩),ox-oxen(公牛)3)单、复数形式相同。如fish-fish(鱼),sheep-sheep(绵羊),deer-deer(鹿),chines
140、e-chinese(中国人),yuan-yuan(元),jinn-jinn(斤)注意 不说an english,要说an englishman.fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。4)形似单数,实为复数意义。如people(人,人们)these people(不说a people,可说a person)police(公安,警察)ten police(不说a police,可说a policeman)5)由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)a woman
141、 doctor-women doctors(女医生)6)合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机)注意如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s。如:grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)letter-box-letter-boxes(信箱)注意hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。如would you like some more fruit?你要不要再吃点水果?we bought a lot of frui
142、t from the market.我们从市场上买了许多水果,china has some good frits.中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)she has a few white hairs.她有几要白头发。his black hair is going white.他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。注意wind,snow和rain这类词,有时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。如 boy student-boy students(男学生)girlfriend-girlfriends(女朋友)7)有些名词只有作复数。如s
143、cissors(剪刀)a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词,其复数形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman)改成men(women)。如englishman-englishmen(英国人)frenchwoman-frenchwomen(法国妇女)注意german不是复合词,它的复数是germans。四、名词的所有格 有些
144、名词的可以加来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。如marys father(玛丽的父亲)jims mother(吉姆的母亲)与所有格相对来看,不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。1.名词所有格的构成法 1)单数名词词尾加s复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加s。如toms knife(汤姆的小刀)childrens books(儿童书籍)2)表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人名字后加,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加。如jim and mikes room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间 jims and mikes rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s,
145、只加即可。如the students reading-room(学生阅览室)everyone needs to have at least eight hours sleep a night.每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)注意所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词。如this is a womans work.这是女人干的工作。this is a girls school.这是一所女子学校。4)以-s结尾的专有名词,构成所有格仍然加s,或只加,但读音都是/iz/。如 mr joness(mr jones)book(琼
146、斯先生的书)keats works(济慈的作品)(1)表示时间和距离的名词。如where is todays newspaper?今天的报纸在哪儿?an hours walk isnt far.一小时的路程不远。(1)有些无生命东西的名词,如国家,城市季节,太阳,月亮,大地,江河,海洋,船等名词也可用s,表示所有关系。如chinas population(中国人口)the citys life(城市生活)注意在表示店铺或某人家时,为避免重复(因前面已提到),名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。my uncles(我叔叔家),the doctors(医生的诊所)2.短语所有格 有生命的名词,我们
147、用s结构来表示所有关系,如果是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示。the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)注意当s所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如:男式鞋应是mens,而不是shoes of men。3.of+名词所有格 of+名词所有称为双重所有格,使用时要注意以下几项。1)表示部分时,前面的词一定要有a,an,some,any,few,two,no,several(几个)之类有修饰语,不能是one和the。如可说:a book of my brothers 我兄弟的一本书 不说:books of my brothers或 book o
148、f my brothers.2)当带有感情色彩时,可用the,this,that,these,those于名词前。如the pretty daughter of your sisters 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿 did you read that book of lu xuns?你读过鲁迅的那本书吗?3)of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。如不说:this is john of his uncles.4)of 后面的名词必须是特定的。如these books of my friends are good 我朋友的这些书很好。5)of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。比较不说it is a leaf of
149、the trees.a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用,意义无甚区别。如a friend of my brothera friend of my brothers 测试点a car of bettys cars,不可换为a car of betty.。jims and toms fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。常用口诀 表示民族的名词顺口溜(1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。(2)“英、法”联盟a变e。(3)其他一律加s 即chinese,japa
150、nese单复数同形;englishman,frenchman的复数为englishmen,frenchmen;其他像german,american,australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。o结尾的名词顺口溜 1)有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加es,凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加s。有生命:potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes,negro-negroes 如无生命:zoo-zoos,radio-radios,photo-photos,piano-pianos,zero-zeros,bamboo(竹竿)-bamboos,
151、tobacco(烟丝)-tobaccos1)2)两人两菜一火山。(+es)小学中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时,加es的只有negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆),tomato(西红杮),volcano(火山),这就是“两人两菜一火山”。或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes)2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。图景:你在“zoo”里,看见一要“bamboo”,上面挂着一张“photo”,所照的是一架“piano”,上面放着一台“radio”。zoo-zoos,bamboo-bamboos,ph
152、oto-photos piano-pianos,radio-radios.f、fe结尾的顺口溜(1)以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s,其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命)leaf(树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。(2)以f结尾的名词,一般把把f改为ves,但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的,如gulf,roof,chi
153、ef,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief。编成口诀联想:海湾边、屋顶上,首领农仆相望;谁说他们无信仰,语气定在手帕上 巧记不规则名词单变复 男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese;mouse-mice;louse-lice.第二章 冠 词一、定义冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子),帮助指明名词的含义。二、分类共3类:定冠词(the definite article),不定冠词(the indefinite article)、零冠
154、词(zero article)。三、用法1、定冠词的用法a、an与数词one 同源,是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前,而an则用于元音音素前。(1)表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用,表示一个。i gave him a book yesterday.我昨天给了他一本书i am reading an interesting story.我在读一则有趣的故事。(2)表示人或事物的某一种类,强调整体,即以其中的一个代表一类。a horse is useful to mankind.马对人类有用。(3)不定冠词用在事物的单位前,如时间,速度,价格等意义
155、的名词之前,表示 每一。we often go to school two times a day.我们常常一天两次去学校。i went to the library once a week at least.(4)不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。a boy came to see you a moment ago.刚才有一个小孩来找你。(5)在序数词前表示又一;再一时。如:i want to read the story a second time 我想再读一遍这篇小说。(6)表示不特定的某一个时。如:a mr.smith is calling on the phone.
156、有一位史密斯先生来电话找你。(7)在特定的短语里表示特定的含义,与不可数名词连用,如:have a good time 过得高兴(8)一日三餐前有修饰语时。如:-mum,what shall we have for lunch?-jiaozi.-oh,what a wonderful lunch!i enjoy it very much.(9)在形容词最高级前表示非常时。如:lesson nine is a most difficult lesson,but it isnt the most difficult one.(10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。a little/a few/a lot/
157、a type of/a pile/a great many/many a/as a rule/in a hurry/in a minute/in a word/in a short while/after a while/have a cold/have a try/keep an eye on/all of a sudden2.定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词this,that,these,those同源,有那(这)个 这(那)些的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形:(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前:take the medi
158、cine.把药吃了。(2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前:he bought a house.ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。(3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前:the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth(4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the fox is cunning.狐狸是狡猾的。(5)与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人;the living 生者。(6)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:where do you live?i live on the se
159、cond floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。thats the very thing that ineed 那正是我需要的东西。(7)在表示.世纪.年代的结构之前he began to learn russian in the 1950s.他在20实际50年代开始学俄语。但注意:in ones 50s意为在某人五十多岁时。如:he looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s.(8)在比较级的两种句型中:表示越.,就越.时。如:the lighter,the better.越轻越好。表示两者中比较.时,用定冠词。如:there are two bo
160、oks on the table.i like the thicker one.(9)用在动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名称的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如:the ball hit me on the back.球打中了他的头。(10)在表示计量单位的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如:the workers are paid by the hour/day/month.按月付给工人工资.(11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the great wall(长城),the peoples park(人民公园)等。the peoples republic of chin
161、a 中华人民共和国 the united states 美国(12)用在表示乐器的名词之前:she plays the piano.她会弹钢琴.the little girl likes to play the violin.小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。(13)定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。they are going to the cinema tonight.他们今晚要去影院看电影。(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇)(15)在方位名词之前,如:in the west on the west(16)在某些短语中 in the day,i
162、n the morning(afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow,the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky(water,field,country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle(of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre3、零冠词(不用定冠词)(1)在物质名词前,如:water is very important.水是非常重要的。(2)在抽
163、象名词前,如:failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。(3)复数名词表示人或物的种类时,如:doctors cure patients.医生治病救人.those people are teachers,not students.这些人是老师,不是学生.(4)在有关游戏的名词前,如:do you like to play chess?你喜欢下棋吗?(5)在by+交通工具的短语里,如:shall we walk or go by bus?我们乘车还是步行?(6)在国名,人名和地名前通常不用定冠词,如:england,mary;(7)在年份、季节、月份、节日
164、、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;we go to school from monday to friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。(8)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;the guards took the american to general lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。(9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前,不加冠词。如:have breakfast,play chess(10)在某些固定词组中,是否有冠词,意义不同。如:in hospital住院,in the hospital在医院里 in bed在卧床,in the bed在床上in front
165、 of在.(外)前面,in the front of 在.(内)前部go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)口 诀泛指用a/an,单数可数;特指用the,不特不the。释:1)泛指用a/an,单数可数泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/an。2)特指用the如果是特指,那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。3)不特不the不特指则不用the,包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/an,泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词,泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。定冠词:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独一无二,序数最高级,某些专
166、有名,习语及乐器。(1)the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如:where is the teacher?老师在哪里?(2)the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如:i can see a cat.the cat is lucy”s.我能看见一只猫,那只猫是露茜的。(3)the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the earth goes around the sun.地球围绕着太阳转。(4)the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如:mike is the tallest of the three boys.迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。(5)the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:
167、the great wall(长城),the people”s park(人民公园)等。(6)the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如:in the day(在白天),play the piano(弹钢琴)等。不用冠词:代词限定名词前,专有名词不可数,复数名词表泛指,学科球类三餐饭,季节星期月份前,颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。(1)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,these,those,my,your,his,her,our,their,some等限定词时,不用冠词。如:this eraser,her pencil-box,some boxes,those women等。(2)泛指
168、的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如:meat,rice,water,bread,tea,milk,juice等。(3)复数名词表示泛指时,不用冠词。如:the people in the room are doctors.房间里的那些人是医生。(4)在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如:chinese,english,maths,physics,history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如:have breakfast/lunch/supper,play basketball/football等。(5)在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如:autumn,summer,winter,s
169、pring,teacher”s day,children”s day,sunday,february等。(6)在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如:white,brown,french,australia等。(7)在表示称呼语的名词之前,以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如:doctor green is a scientist.格林博士是位科学家。有水无湖、有球无星、有山无峰、有独无欧(二)、有(足)族无球(运动)、有文无章、学而不专:1)有水无湖:海、洋、海湾、河等,都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the);the red sea,the pacific ocean,the pe
170、rsian gulf,the yangtze riverthe great lakes(五大湖);lake erie(伊利湖)2)有球无星:地球,月亮用the;行星不用the:mars,venus;3)有山无峰:the huangshan mountains(黄山);mount everest(珠穆朗玛峰);mount(or mt.)tai(泰山).4)有独无欧(偶):独一无二的,the earth,the moon,the sun用the;欧洲等七大洲不用the.europe,africa,asia,north america,south america,antarctica,oceania
171、5)有(足)族无球(运动):种族用the:the indians(印第安人);球类运动baseball,basketball6)有文无章:历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用thethe constitution(宪法);chapter one7)学而不专:学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the;the university of fudan;fudan university 第三章 介词一、定义介词preposition缩写prep.,又叫前置词,表示其后的名词或代词(或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词,不能单独在句中作成分。二、
172、介词的用法1、表示时间的(at、on、in、at、before,after、by、until、through、from、since、within)(1)at:用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前(2)on:用于星期,某天,某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时,一律用)on sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份 in summer 在夏季
173、 in the afternoon在下午过后(未来时间)i think he will be back in an hour.我想他一小时后就会回来。i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。(4)before:在之前 wei hua got up before 7 oclock this morning.今天早晨,魏华在7点之前起床了。(5)after:在之后 after that,no noe should ever kill a seagull.从那时起,任何人不得捕杀海鸥。(6)by:在前(时间),截止(到)by the
174、 time i arrived,she had already gone.在我到达之前,她已经走了。(7)for:达之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时,过去时,将来时连用,但是经常和完成时连用。florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest.弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。(8)during:在期间 during the lifetime of one man,north america and europe will more further apart by nearly two metres.在一个人的一生期间,
175、北美洲和欧洲由于漂移,其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。(9)through:一直(从开始到结束)he,who led the united states through these years,was shot on april 14,1865,at a theater in washington 领导美国度过了这些年代的他,于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。(10)from:从起(时间)the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening.工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。(11)sin
176、ce:自从以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)since that time,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起,我的眼睛一直不是很好。(12)within:不超过的范围 he will arrive within an hour.他一小时内就人到。2、表示地点(at、in、on、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from)(1)at:在某地点
177、(表示比较狭窄的场所)at school上学 at home在家 at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号 at the station 在火车站 (2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)she will arrive in shanghai at ten.10点她将到达上海。(3)表示地点方向的on,under,over,above,belowon:在上面,有接触面 on the table 在桌子上面above:在上方 sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees.有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。over:在
178、正上方,是under的反义词 over these tombs,they built pyramids.在这些坟墓上,他们建起了金字塔。under:在下面,在之内the twin sisters put the basket under the tree.这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。below:在下方,(不一定是正下方)three thousand metres below her,she could see nothing except the thick jungle.3000米以下,除了茂密的丛林之外,她什么也看不见。(4)near,bynear:近的,不远的(=not far)是的反义词,
179、near还可以指时间,in the near future在不远的将来。greens lake was a small lake near his home.格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。by:在旁边,比的距离要近juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days.朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。(5)between,among,aroundbetween:在两者之间 the differences between american english and british english are not very grea
180、t.美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。among:在三者或者更多的之中there are some american students among us.在我们中间有几个美国学校。around:环绕,在.的周围,在的四周 they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it.他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷(6)in front of,behindin front of:在的前面 there is a car in front of the house.房子前面有一辆小汽车。behind:在.后边are there any co
181、ws behind the house?房子后面有一些牛吗?(7)in,into,out of in:在.之内,用于表示静止的位置 there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come,go,walk,jump,run.she took me from the hall into my classroom.她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。(8)along,across,throughalong:沿着 go along zhongshan road and turn right
182、at the second crossing.沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。across:横过(平面物体)very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world.各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。through:贯通,通过the students walked through the gate with uncle wang.学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。(9)to,for,from到达地点(目的地)或方向 wheres jack?he has gone to london.杰克上哪了?他去伦敦了。for:表示目的,为
183、了do you know what he comes here for?你知道他为什么来这儿吗?from:从地点起 how far is it from london to new york?从伦敦到纽约有多远?3、表示手段和材料的介词用(1)with和在一起these plates keep moving,like great ships,carrying the continents with them.这些板块载着各个大陆,像航船一样不断地漂移。具有,带有a person with good manners is always kind and polite.有礼貌的人总是和和气气,彬彬
184、有礼的。用某种工具或方法he could swim with some special swimming shoes.穿着一些特制的游泳鞋,他能游泳。(2)in:表示用什么材料(例如:墨水,铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着,声调特点时,不用with而用in。whats this in english.这个用英语怎么说?(3)by:通过方法,手段what do you mean by the word“island”?“island”是什么意思 i prefer traveling by train.我更喜欢乘火车旅行。4、其他(1)of,fromof 属于)的,表示.的数量或种类 it was
185、beginning of the term.这是学期开始的时候。from:来自(某地,某人),以.起始 she is a lady from canada.她是一位加拿大的女士。(2)without,like,aswithout:没有,是with的反义词she often worked for twenty-four without rest.她通常工作24小时而不休息。like:像一样 like many children of her age,ding fang is a young pioneer.像很多同龄的孩子一样同,丁芳是个少先队员。as:作为they are carrying u
186、s as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。(3)against:反对。靠着 everyone tried to fight against the locusts.所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。(4)about:关于,各处,四周nightingale wrote a book about nursing.南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。询问某人,某物的情况或提出建议 what about your family?你家里人怎么样?口 诀口诀1:年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不借。at也
187、在时分前,说“差”用to,说“过”要用part。口诀2:in在里,out在外,在旁边的是beside,靠近的为by。on在上,under在下,above在上头,below在底下。口诀3:this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。over、under正上下,above、below则不然,若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。同类比较except,加for异类记心间。口诀4:before、after表一
188、点,ago、later表一段。before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。since以来during间,since时态多变换。与之相比beside,除了last but one。口诀5:早、午、晚要用in 例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例:at dawn,at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six oclock 在6点钟 at 7:30(seven thirty)
189、在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半 at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m.在上午10点30分 at the weekend 在周末年、月、年月、季节、周用in。例;in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april 在四月 in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fist week of this
190、 semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in,在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。例:dont read in dim light.切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。they are reviewing their lessons in the bright light.他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。they are sitting in the shade of a tree.他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station.他冒雨到车站去接我。in th
191、e bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女 将来时态in.以后 例:they will come back in 10 days.他们将10天以后回来。ill come round in a day or two.我一两天就回来。well be back in no time.我们一会儿就回来。come and see me in two days time.两天后来看我。(从现在开始)after.(从过去开始)小处at大处in im in liaoning,at anshan.我住在辽宁省鞍山市 有形with无形by,语言、单
192、位、材料in 例:the workers are paving a road with stone.工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)taking tiger mountain by strategy is a good opera.是-出好戏。(无形)the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil.这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。(表示方式、手段、方法-无形)i reall
193、y cant express my idea in english freely in-deed 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。(表示某种语言用in)the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。(表示度、量、衡单位的用in)this board was cast in bronze not in gold.这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in 特征或状态:they found the patient in a coma.他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。h
194、e has not been in good health for some years.他几年来身体一直不好。the house was in ruins.这房屋成了废墟。her clothes were in rags.她的衣跟穿破了。还有一些心理短语也用in,如:in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地,in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复,in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。介词at、to表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分。介词at和to都可以表示方向;用at表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to表示方向
195、时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。she came at me.她向我扑过来。she came to me.她向我走过来。he shouted at the old man.他大声喝斥那老人。he shouted to the old man.他大声向那老人说 she talked at you just now.她刚才还说你坏话呢。she talked to you just now.她刚才还同你谈话呢.she threw a bone at the dog.她用一块骨头砸狗。she threw a bone to the dog.她把一块骨头扔给狗吃 小学英语语法大全第一章 名
196、 词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。二、分类 1.名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如:john is a student student是普通名词,john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an,定冠词the 或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。2.普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。3.专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数
197、名词。可数名词可以数的名词 不可数名词数不清(没有复数)drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some,any,a lot of(lots of)两者都可以修饰。3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词 数词+量词+of+名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how man
198、y 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1)some,much,a little,a lot of ,a bit of,plenty of 用等表示多少。注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of,some,a lot of,lots of ,most of 等。如there is much water in the bottle.瓶中有很多水。ill tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些
199、有用的消息。2)用单位词表示。用a.of 表示。如 a cup of(一杯.),a bottle of(一瓶.)a piece of(一张.),a pair of shoes(一双鞋)如two cups of tea(两杯茶),five pieces of paper(五张纸)注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式;千、百等数词与名词加用,表示复数时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。如two hundred students(200名学生)ten thousand trees(10000棵树)测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼(此处为许多条鱼,fi
200、sh的复数仍为fish或fishes)=he caught a lot of fishes.the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。(此处fish表示不同种类的鱼,加复数词尾-es)5、可数名词分为单数和复数。名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。1)单数 如a desk(一张桌子)an old desk(一张旧书桌)2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式 规则变化 1)一般情况下加-s 如book-books(书)desk-desks(书桌)2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾加-es 如box-boxes(盒子
201、)bus-buses(公共汽车)注意以 th 结尾加-s,month-months stomach-stomachs 3)以辅音字母+结尾,变y为i再加-es。如city-cities(城市)country-countries(国家)注意以元音+y,直接加s。如:day-days(天),boy-boys(男孩)4)以f或fe结尾,复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es 如knife-knives(书),half-halves(一半)(thief,wife,life,shelf,knife,leaf,self,half,wolf)注意有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs(屋顶)5)以o结尾(1)
202、辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮)potato-potatoes(土豆)(2)元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如piano-pianos(钢琴),zoo-zoos(动物园)photo-photos(照片),kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠)kilo-kilos(千克)注意zero 两种方式都可:zero-zeros或 zeroes(零)不规则变化 1)元音字母发变化。如man-men(男人),woman-women(妇女)tooth-teeth(牙齿),foot-feet(脚)mouse-mice(老鼠),policeman-policemen(
203、警察)policewoman-policewomen(女警察)2)词尾发生变化。如child-children(小孩),ox-oxen(公牛)3)单、复数形式相同。如fish-fish(鱼),sheep-sheep(绵羊),deer-deer(鹿),chinese-chinese(中国人),yuan-yuan(元),jinn-jinn(斤)注意 不说an english,要说an englishman.fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。4)形似单数,实为复数意义。如people(人,人们)these people(不说a people,可说a pers
204、on)police(公安,警察)ten police(不说a police,可说a policeman)5)由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)a woman doctor-women doctors(女医生)6)合成名词变为复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机)注意如果没有主体名词,就在最后一词上加-s。如:grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)letter-box-l
205、etter-boxes(信箱)注意hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需用这两个词的复数形式。如would you like some more fruit?你要不要再吃点水果?we bought a lot of fruit from the market.我们从市场上买了许多水果,china has some good frits.中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)she has a few white hairs.她有几要白头发。his black hair is going white.他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。注意wind,snow和rain这类词,有
206、时也可以有复数形式,表示多次的风、雪或雨。注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时,一般只把后一名词变成复数。如 boy student-boy students(男学生)girlfriend-girlfriends(女朋友)7)有些名词只有作复数。如scissors(剪刀)a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词,其复数
207、形式通常与简单名词一样,即把man(woman)改成men(women)。如englishman-englishmen(英国人)frenchwoman-frenchwomen(法国妇女)注意german不是复合词,它的复数是germans。四、名词的所有格 有些名词的可以加来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词的形式称为该名词的所有格。如marys father(玛丽的父亲)jims mother(吉姆的母亲)与所有格相对来看,不带这种词尾的形式就称为普通格。1.名词所有格的构成法 1)单数名词词尾加s复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加s。如toms knife(汤姆的小刀)childrens books
208、(儿童书籍)2)表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人名字后加,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加。如jim and mikes room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间 jims and mikes rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加即可。如the students reading-room(学生阅览室)everyone needs to have at least eight hours sleep a night.每个人每晚需要至少8小时的睡眠。(新目标英语九年级)注意所有格的读音和名词复数的读音一样。名词所有格主要用于表示有生命东西(特别是人或高级动物)的
209、名词。如this is a womans work.这是女人干的工作。this is a girls school.这是一所女子学校。4)以-s结尾的专有名词,构成所有格仍然加s,或只加,但读音都是/iz/。如 mr joness(mr jones)book(琼斯先生的书)keats works(济慈的作品)(1)表示时间和距离的名词。如where is todays newspaper?今天的报纸在哪儿?an hours walk isnt far.一小时的路程不远。(1)有些无生命东西的名词,如国家,城市季节,太阳,月亮,大地,江河,海洋,船等名词也可用s,表示所有关系。如chinas p
210、opulation(中国人口)the citys life(城市生活)注意在表示店铺或某人家时,为避免重复(因前面已提到),名词所有格后面可省略它所修饰的名词。my uncles(我叔叔家),the doctors(医生的诊所)2.短语所有格 有生命的名词,我们用s结构来表示所有关系,如果是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示。the window of the house(这间房子的窗户)注意当s所有格用来表示事物类别或属性时不可用of所有格。如:男式鞋应是mens,而不是shoes of men。3.of+名词所有格 of+名词所有称为双重所有格,使用时要注意以下几项。1)表示
211、部分时,前面的词一定要有a,an,some,any,few,two,no,several(几个)之类有修饰语,不能是one和the。如可说:a book of my brothers 我兄弟的一本书 不说:books of my brothers或 book of my brothers.2)当带有感情色彩时,可用the,this,that,these,those于名词前。如the pretty daughter of your sisters 你姐姐的漂亮的女儿 did you read that book of lu xuns?你读过鲁迅的那本书吗?3)of 前面的名词不能是专有名词。如不
212、说:this is john of his uncles.4)of 后面的名词必须是特定的。如these books of my friends are good 我朋友的这些书很好。5)of 后面的名词必须是指人的名词。比较不说it is a leaf of the trees.a picture of my father指的是爸爸本人的照片。注意of 所有格和双重所有格有时可以交替使用,意义无甚区别。如a friend of my brothera friend of my brothers 测试点a car of bettys cars,不可换为a car of betty.。jims
213、and toms fathers are in the same office now.吉姆的父亲的汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。常用口诀 表示民族的名词顺口溜(1)“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。(2)“英、法”联盟a变e。(3)其他一律加s 即chinese,japanese单复数同形;englishman,frenchman的复数为englishmen,frenchmen;其他像german,american,australian等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。o结尾的名词顺口溜 1)有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加es,凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时,词尾加s。有生命:potato-pot
214、atoes,tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes,negro-negroes 如无生命:zoo-zoos,radio-radios,photo-photos,piano-pianos,zero-zeros,bamboo(竹竿)-bamboos,tobacco(烟丝)-tobaccos1)2)两人两菜一火山。(+es)小学中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时,加es的只有negro(黑人),hero(英雄),potato(土豆),tomato(西红杮),volcano(火山),这就是“两人两菜一火山”。或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tom
215、atoes and potatoes)2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。图景:你在“zoo”里,看见一要“bamboo”,上面挂着一张“photo”,所照的是一架“piano”,上面放着一台“radio”。zoo-zoos,bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos piano-pianos,radio-radios.f、fe结尾的顺口溜(1)以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时,有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s,其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词则直接加“s”。妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。wife(妻子),knife(刀子),wolf(狼)thief
216、(小偷),shelf(架子),life(生命)leaf(树叶),self(自己),half(一半),这9个名词变复数时,都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。(2)以f结尾的名词,一般把把f改为ves,但也有特殊情况是直接加-s的,如gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief。编成口诀联想:海湾边、屋顶上,首领农仆相望;谁说他们无信仰,语气定在手帕上 巧记不规则名词单变复 男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese;mouse-mice;louse-li
217、ce.第二章 冠 词一、定义冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面(相当于名词的帽子),帮助指明名词的含义。二、分类共3类:定冠词(the definite article),不定冠词(the indefinite article)、零冠词(zero article)。三、用法1、定冠词的用法a、an与数词one 同源,是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前,而an则用于元音音素前。(1)表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用,表示一个。i gave him a book yesterday.我昨天给了他一本书i am readi
218、ng an interesting story.我在读一则有趣的故事。(2)表示人或事物的某一种类,强调整体,即以其中的一个代表一类。a horse is useful to mankind.马对人类有用。(3)不定冠词用在事物的单位前,如时间,速度,价格等意义的名词之前,表示 每一。we often go to school two times a day.我们常常一天两次去学校。i went to the library once a week at least.(4)不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。a boy came to see you a moment ago.
219、刚才有一个小孩来找你。(5)在序数词前表示又一;再一时。如:i want to read the story a second time 我想再读一遍这篇小说。(6)表示不特定的某一个时。如:a mr.smith is calling on the phone.有一位史密斯先生来电话找你。(7)在特定的短语里表示特定的含义,与不可数名词连用,如:have a good time 过得高兴(8)一日三餐前有修饰语时。如:-mum,what shall we have for lunch?-jiaozi.-oh,what a wonderful lunch!i enjoy it very much
220、.(9)在形容词最高级前表示非常时。如:lesson nine is a most difficult lesson,but it isnt the most difficult one.(10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。a little/a few/a lot/a type of/a pile/a great many/many a/as a rule/in a hurry/in a minute/in a word/in a short while/after a while/have a cold/have a try/keep an eye on/all of a sudden2.定冠词
221、的用法定冠词the与指示代词this,that,these,those同源,有那(这)个 这(那)些的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形:(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前:take the medicine.把药吃了。(2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前:he bought a house.ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。(3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前:the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth(4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the fox is c
222、unning.狐狸是狡猾的。(5)与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人;the living 生者。(6)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:where do you live?i live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。thats the very thing that ineed 那正是我需要的东西。(7)在表示.世纪.年代的结构之前he began to learn russian in the 1950s.他在20实际50年代开始学俄语。但注意:in ones 50s意为在某人五十多岁时。如:he lo
223、oked quite healthy though he was in his 80s.(8)在比较级的两种句型中:表示越.,就越.时。如:the lighter,the better.越轻越好。表示两者中比较.时,用定冠词。如:there are two books on the table.i like the thicker one.(9)用在动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名称的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。如:the ball hit me on the back.球打中了他的头。(10)在表示计量单位的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。如:the workers ar
224、e paid by the hour/day/month.按月付给工人工资.(11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the great wall(长城),the peoples park(人民公园)等。the peoples republic of china 中华人民共和国 the united states 美国(12)用在表示乐器的名词之前:she plays the piano.她会弹钢琴.the little girl likes to play the violin.小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。(13)定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。they are going to the c
225、inema tonight.他们今晚要去影院看电影。(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇)(15)在方位名词之前,如:in the west on the west(16)在某些短语中 in the day,in the morning(afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow,the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky(water,field,country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,
226、in the middle(of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre3、零冠词(不用定冠词)(1)在物质名词前,如:water is very important.水是非常重要的。(2)在抽象名词前,如:failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。(3)复数名词表示人或物的种类时,如:doctors cure patients.医生治病救人.those people are teachers,not students.这些人是老师,不是学生.(4)在有关游戏的名词前,如:do you
227、like to play chess?你喜欢下棋吗?(5)在by+交通工具的短语里,如:shall we walk or go by bus?我们乘车还是步行?(6)在国名,人名和地名前通常不用定冠词,如:england,mary;(7)在年份、季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;we go to school from monday to friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。(8)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;the guards took the american to general lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。(9)在三餐、球
228、类运动的名称前,不加冠词。如:have breakfast,play chess(10)在某些固定词组中,是否有冠词,意义不同。如:in hospital住院,in the hospital在医院里 in bed在卧床,in the bed在床上in front of在.(外)前面,in the front of 在.(内)前部go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)口 诀泛指用a/an,单数可数;特指用the,不特不the。释:1)泛指用a/an,单数可数泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/an。2)特指用the如果是特指
229、,那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。3)不特不the不特指则不用the,包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/an,泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词,泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况。定冠词:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独一无二,序数最高级,某些专有名,习语及乐器。(1)the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如:where is the teacher?老师在哪里?(2)the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如:i can see a cat.the cat is lucy”s.我能看见一只猫,那只猫是露茜的。(3)the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the ea
230、rth goes around the sun.地球围绕着太阳转。(4)the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如:mike is the tallest of the three boys.迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。(5)the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the great wall(长城),the people”s park(人民公园)等。(6)the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。如:in the day(在白天),play the piano(弹钢琴)等。不用冠词:代词限定名词前,专有名词不可数,复数名词表泛指,学科球类三餐饭,季节星期月份前,颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。(1)
231、名词前已有作定语用的this,that,these,those,my,your,his,her,our,their,some等限定词时,不用冠词。如:this eraser,her pencil-box,some boxes,those women等。(2)泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。如:meat,rice,water,bread,tea,milk,juice等。(3)复数名词表示泛指时,不用冠词。如:the people in the room are doctors.房间里的那些人是医生。(4)在表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。如:chinese,english,maths,physic
232、s,history等。在三餐饭和球类运动名词前一般不加冠词。如:have breakfast/lunch/supper,play basketball/football等。(5)在季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。如:autumn,summer,winter,spring,teacher”s day,children”s day,sunday,february等。(6)在表颜色、语种和国家名词前不用冠词。如:white,brown,french,australia等。(7)在表示称呼语的名词之前,以及职务、头衔的名词前不用冠词。如:doctor green is a scientist.格林博
233、士是位科学家。有水无湖、有球无星、有山无峰、有独无欧(二)、有(足)族无球(运动)、有文无章、学而不专:1)有水无湖:海、洋、海湾、河等,都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the);the red sea,the pacific ocean,the persian gulf,the yangtze riverthe great lakes(五大湖);lake erie(伊利湖)2)有球无星:地球,月亮用the;行星不用the:mars,venus;3)有山无峰:the huangshan mountains(黄山);mount everest(珠穆朗玛峰);mount(or mt.)t
234、ai(泰山).4)有独无欧(偶):独一无二的,the earth,the moon,the sun用the;欧洲等七大洲不用the.europe,africa,asia,north america,south america,antarctica,oceania5)有(足)族无球(运动):种族用the:the indians(印第安人);球类运动baseball,basketball6)有文无章:历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用thethe constitution(宪法);chapter one7)学而不专:学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the;the un
235、iversity of fudan;fudan university 第三章 介词一、定义介词preposition缩写prep.,又叫前置词,表示其后的名词或代词(或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词,不能单独在句中作成分。二、介词的用法1、表示时间的(at、on、in、at、before,after、by、until、through、from、since、within)(1)at:用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前(2)on:用于星期,某天,某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时,一律用)o
236、n sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份 in summer 在夏季 in the afternoon在下午过后(未来时间)i think he will be back in an hour.我想他一小时后就会回来。i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。(4)before:在之前 wei hua got up before 7 oc
237、lock this morning.今天早晨,魏华在7点之前起床了。(5)after:在之后 after that,no noe should ever kill a seagull.从那时起,任何人不得捕杀海鸥。(6)by:在前(时间),截止(到)by the time i arrived,she had already gone.在我到达之前,她已经走了。(7)for:达之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时,过去时,将来时连用,但是经常和完成时连用。florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest.弗洛沦斯常常工作24小
238、时而不休息。(8)during:在期间 during the lifetime of one man,north america and europe will more further apart by nearly two metres.在一个人的一生期间,北美洲和欧洲由于漂移,其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。(9)through:一直(从开始到结束)he,who led the united states through these years,was shot on april 14,1865,at a theater in washington 领导美国度过了这些年代的他,于1865年
239、4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。(10)from:从起(时间)the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening.工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。(11)since:自从以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)since that time,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起,我的眼睛一直不是很好。(12)within:不超过的范围 he will arrive within an hour.他一小时内就人到。2、表示地点(at、in、on、under、
240、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from)(1)at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)at school上学 at home在家 at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号 at the station 在火车站 (2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)she will arrive in shanghai at ten.10点她将到达上海。(3)表示地点方向的on,under,o
241、ver,above,belowon:在上面,有接触面 on the table 在桌子上面above:在上方 sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees.有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。over:在正上方,是under的反义词 over these tombs,they built pyramids.在这些坟墓上,他们建起了金字塔。under:在下面,在之内the twin sisters put the basket under the tree.这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。below:在下方,(不一定是正下方)three thou
242、sand metres below her,she could see nothing except the thick jungle.3000米以下,除了茂密的丛林之外,她什么也看不见。(4)near,bynear:近的,不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间,in the near future在不远的将来。greens lake was a small lake near his home.格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。by:在旁边,比的距离要近juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days.
243、朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。(5)between,among,aroundbetween:在两者之间 the differences between american english and british english are not very great.美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。among:在三者或者更多的之中there are some american students among us.在我们中间有几个美国学校。around:环绕,在.的周围,在的四周 they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around
244、it.他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷(6)in front of,behindin front of:在的前面 there is a car in front of the house.房子前面有一辆小汽车。behind:在.后边are there any cows behind the house?房子后面有一些牛吗?(7)in,into,out of in:在.之内,用于表示静止的位置 there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come,go,walk,jump,run.
245、she took me from the hall into my classroom.她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。(8)along,across,throughalong:沿着 go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing.沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。across:横过(平面物体)very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world.各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。through:贯通,通过the students walke
246、d through the gate with uncle wang.学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。(9)to,for,from到达地点(目的地)或方向 wheres jack?he has gone to london.杰克上哪了?他去伦敦了。for:表示目的,为了do you know what he comes here for?你知道他为什么来这儿吗?from:从地点起 how far is it from london to new york?从伦敦到纽约有多远?3、表示手段和材料的介词用(1)with和在一起these plates keep moving,like great shi
247、ps,carrying the continents with them.这些板块载着各个大陆,像航船一样不断地漂移。具有,带有a person with good manners is always kind and polite.有礼貌的人总是和和气气,彬彬有礼的。用某种工具或方法he could swim with some special swimming shoes.穿着一些特制的游泳鞋,他能游泳。(2)in:表示用什么材料(例如:墨水,铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着,声调特点时,不用with而用in。whats this in english.这个用英语怎么说?(3)by:通过方法
248、,手段what do you mean by the word“island”?“island”是什么意思 i prefer traveling by train.我更喜欢乘火车旅行。4、其他(1)of,fromof 属于)的,表示.的数量或种类 it was beginning of the term.这是学期开始的时候。from:来自(某地,某人),以.起始 she is a lady from canada.她是一位加拿大的女士。(2)without,like,aswithout:没有,是with的反义词she often worked for twenty-four without r
249、est.她通常工作24小时而不休息。like:像一样 like many children of her age,ding fang is a young pioneer.像很多同龄的孩子一样同,丁芳是个少先队员。as:作为they are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。(3)against:反对。靠着 everyone tried to fight against the locusts.所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。(4)about:关于,各处,四周nightingale wrote a book about nursing.南丁格尔写了一部关于护理
250、方面的书。询问某人,某物的情况或提出建议 what about your family?你家里人怎么样?口 诀口诀1:年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不借。at也在时分前,说“差”用to,说“过”要用part。口诀2:in在里,out在外,在旁边的是beside,靠近的为by。on在上,under在下,above在上头,below在底下。口诀3:this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。over、under正上下
251、,above、below则不然,若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。同类比较except,加for异类记心间。口诀4:before、after表一点,ago、later表一段。before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。since以来during间,since时态多变换。与之相比beside,除了last but one。口诀5:早、午、晚要用in 例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the
252、 day 在白天黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例:at dawn,at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six oclock 在6点钟 at 7:30(seven thirty)在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半 at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m.在上午10点30分 at the weekend 在周末年、月、年月、季节、周用in。例;in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april 在四月 in march
253、在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in,在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。例:dont read in dim light.切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。they are reviewing their lessons in the bright
254、light.他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。they are sitting in the shade of a tree.他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station.他冒雨到车站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女 将来时态in.以后 例:they will come back in 10 days.他们将10天以后回来。ill come round in a day or two.我一两天就回来。well be back in no ti
255、me.我们一会儿就回来。come and see me in two days time.两天后来看我。(从现在开始)after.(从过去开始)小处at大处in im in liaoning,at anshan.我住在辽宁省鞍山市 有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in 例:the workers are paving a road with stone.工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)taking tiger mountain by strategy i
256、s a good opera.是-出好戏。(无形)the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil.这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。(表示方式、手段、方法-无形)i really cant express my idea in english freely in-deed 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。(表示某种语言用in)the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。(表示度、量、衡单位的用
257、in)this board was cast in bronze not in gold.这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in 特征或状态:they found the patient in a coma.他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。he has not been in good health for some years.他几年来身体一直不好。the house was in ruins.这房屋成了废墟。her clothes were in rags.她的衣跟穿破了。还有一些心理短语也用in,如:in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite
258、恶意地,in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复,in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。介词at、to表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分。介词at和to都可以表示方向;用at表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。she came at me.她向我扑过来。she came to me.她向我走过来。he shouted at the old man.他大声喝斥那老人。he shouted to the old man.他大声向那老人说 she talked at you just now.她刚才还说你坏话呢。she talked to you just now.她刚才还同你谈话呢.she threw a bone at the dog.她用一块骨头砸狗。she threw a bone to the dog.她把一块骨头扔给狗吃