1、Unit1 Back to school Section B【重点陈列】v 重点词汇1.proposal n.提议,建议,动议2.aim n.目的,目标vi.& vt.力争做到;目的是;针对3.style n. 风格;方式;样式 4.technique n. 技巧,技艺;技能5.workshop n.研讨会,讲习班;车间,作坊6.professional adj.职业的,专业的;有职业的;娴熟的,精通业务的n. 专门人员,专业人士7.material n.材料;素材adj. 物质的,实际的;客观存在的8.poster n.海报;(在网络留言板上)发布消息的人9. focusn.焦点,重点vt.
2、& vi.集中10.detailn.细节;具体情况11.tip n.指点,实用的指示;尖端;小费12.basevt.以为基础n.根据;基础;基底;总部,大本营13.remind vt.提醒,使想起 v 重点短语1.as a result of 由于2.stick to坚持;固守;维持3.live a happy life过着幸福的生活4.set goals制定目标5.in the future未来6.realize goals 实现目标7.make progress取得进展e true实现9.aim to目的10.be intended to意图是11.refer to参考;涉及;指的是;适用
3、于 v 重点句式1.Setting goals gives you a focus in life.2.By setting goals now,you are deciding what you want to achieve in the future.【重点词汇归纳拓展】1.Setting goals gives you a focus in life.设定目标给你一个生活的焦点。(P6)【词汇精讲】focus在句中为名词,表示“焦点,重点”。它还有动词用法,表示“集中;聚焦”。Unless you can sleep well,you will lose the ability to
4、focus.除非你能睡个好觉,否则你就无法集中注意力。【词汇拓展】focus on.集中于focus ones attention/eyes/energy on.集中注意力/目光/精力于the focus of attention/concern注意力/关注的焦点Now focus your attention on the tallest player.现在把你的注意力集中到那个最高的球员身上。【名师点津】表示“注意,集中精力于”的短语还有:concentrate ones attention on;fix ones attention on;pay attention to等。Would
5、you please fix your attention on your study?你能不能把注意力放在学习上? 2.To realize your goals,you need to have a good plan,manage your time well and pay attention to details.为了实现你的目标,你需要拥有一个好的计划,管理好你的时间,注意细节。(P6)【词汇精讲】detail为名词,表示“细节;具体情况”。My sister doesnt care about details.我姐姐不关心细节。I checked every detail of
6、her research.我核对了她的研究的各个细节。【归纳拓展】in detail详细地detailed adj.详细的,精细的Its my pleasure to have this opportunity to explain Chinese painting in detail.我很高兴有这次机会详细介绍中国绘画。 3.When you achieve a goal,you see the result of your hard work and know how much progress you have made.当你实现了一个目标时,你看到了你努力工作的结果,知道你取得了多少进
7、步。(P6)【词汇精讲】progress为不可数名词,在句中表示“进步”。它还有“发展;前进”之意。Progress must lead to a better life and a better way of doing things.发展一定会带来更好的生活和更好的做事方法。Strike leaders have reported some progress in the talks to settle the dispute.罢工的领导人汇报了在解决争端的谈判中所取得的某些进展。【词汇拓展】in progress在进行中make progress in在方面取得进步/取得进展Only i
8、n this way can you make progress in English. 只有用这种办法你才能在英语上取得进步。 4.As a result of your action,your dream will come true and hopefully you will live a happy life.因为你的行动,你的梦想会成真,你就有希望过上幸福的生活。(P6)【词汇精讲1】result在句中为名词,表示“结果”。它还有“成绩;答案;比赛结果”之意。它还有动词用法,表示“结果;导致;产生”。as a result of为固定搭配,意为“由于”。Are you please
9、d with the result?你对结果满意吗?As a result of more and more pollution,many animals are dying.由于越来越多的污染,许多动物正在死亡。【词汇拓展1】result from 由造成;因而产生as a result 结果result in导致There is more and more pollution.As a result,many animals are dying.污染越来越严重。因此,许多动物正在死亡。More and more pollution has resulted in many animals
10、death.越来越多的污染导致了许多动物的死亡。【词汇精讲2】live a happy life表示“过幸福的生活”,相当于lead a happy life。We like to live a life full of variety and our tastes are various.我们喜欢过丰富多彩的生活,我们的品位也各不相同。 5.Instead,you should set goals based on your abilities and skills.相反,你应该根据自己的能力和技能来设定目标。(P7)【词汇精讲】base在句中为动词,表示“以为基础(依据)”。它还有名词用法
11、,表示“根据;基础;基底;总部,大本营”。He thinks to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it.他认为读原著比看由原著改编的电影更好。He was forbidden to leave the base as a punishment.作为惩罚,他被禁止离开基地。【词汇拓展】base.on/upon.把建立在基础之上be based on/upon以为基础;依据 basic adj.基本的;基础的You can choose one based on your own interests.你
12、们可以根据自己的兴趣选择一个。 6.Break big goals into small ones.把大目标分成小目标。(P7)【词汇精讲】break into在句中表示“分解”。它还表示“闯入,进入,破门而入”。She finally broke into films.她终于成功进入了电影界。No one nearby might see him trying to break into the house.当时附近没有人可能看见他试图闯进那所房子。【词汇拓展】break down出故障;失败;垮掉;分解break in 破门而入;打断(谈话等)break out (战争、火灾等)爆发;发生
13、(无被动语态) break away from 脱离;挣脱break up打碎;分裂;解体;分拆;分解;驱散;分手;结束Thieves had broken in while we were away on holiday. 我们假日外出时,窃贼曾进入屋内。Police were called in to break up the meeting.出动了警察将集会驱散。【名师点津】 break into中into为介词,其后须接宾语;而break in中的in为副词,break in为不及物动词短语。 7.This will remind you of what you are working
14、 for and keep you focused.这会提醒你为什么工作并且让你精力集中。(P7)【词汇精讲】remind为及物动词,表示“提醒,使想起”。I was reminded how lucky I was.这使我想起,我是多么幸运。Do I have to remind you yet again?还需要我再次提醒你吗?【词汇拓展】remind sb of.提醒某人;使某人想起 remind sb to do sth提醒某人做某事remind (sb) that/how/what.提醒(某人);使某人想起 I dont want them to remind me of her.我
15、不想让他们使我想起她来。I reminded her how much the fare was.我提醒她车票的价钱. 8.All my efforts will pay off!我所有的努力都会有回报的!(P7)【词汇精讲】pay off表示“得到好结果;取得成功”。它还可表示“偿清”。They have a lot of bills to pay off.他们有很多账单要去偿还。Our determination and patience paid off with a breakthrough.我们的决心和耐心有了突破性的结果。【词汇拓展】pay sb for sth付钱给某人作为的费用
16、pay for sth为付费/吃苦头/受惩罚pay back还钱;报复pay a price for.为付出代价You can pay back the loan over a period of three years.你可以在三年内还清贷款。Loss of health is too high a price to pay for success.为了成功而搞垮身体,代价太高了。【名师点津】pay off表示“得到回报;取得成功”时是不及物动词短语,不用于被动语态。 9.Give the signed proposal to Mr Zhou.把签字的提案交给周先生。(P8)【词汇精讲】pr
17、oposal为名词,表示“提议,建议,动议”。Are you for or against the proposal?你支持还是反对这个建议?The proposal from Zhong Nanshan plays an important role in fighting against COVID -19.钟南山的建议在对抗新冠疫情方面发挥着重要作用。【词汇拓展】propose vt.建议propose to do/doing sth打算做某事proposal for sth对某事的建议proposal to do sth做某事的建议What do you propose to do n
18、ow?现在你打算做什么? How do you propose getting home?你打算怎么回家? He proposed fighting with others against the flood.他建议一起防汛。She put forward some good proposals for school reopening.她为学校复课提出了一些好的建议。【名师点津】(1)在 It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential+that从
19、句中,从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。(2)在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。(3)用于表示建议、愿望、命令等的动词demand,order,require,insist,suggest,propose,advise,request,urge,command,prefer,desire,recommend等后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气“should+ 动词原形”,should可以省略。It is insi
20、sted that the meeting(should) be put off till next week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。 10.The aims of the club俱乐部的宗旨(P8)【词汇精讲】aim在句中为名词,表示
21、“宗旨”。它还有“目标;目的” 之意。它还有动词用法,表示“力争做到;目的是;针对”。Teamwork is required in order to achieve these aims.要达到这些目标需要齐心协力。【词汇拓展】achieve ones aim 达到某人的目的;实现某人的目标take aim at向瞄准with the aim of以为目标;意在aim at doing sth/aim to do sth意欲/企图/力求做某事be aimed at目的是;旨在aim for瞄准;以为目标地aimless adj.没有目标的;漫无目的的aimlessly adv.漫无目的I a
22、m here with the aim of doing as well as possible.我在这里意在尽可能做到最好。In the process,you may aim for clear goals.在这个过程中,你有可能会设定一些明确的目标。 11.Our club aims to/ is intended to.我们的俱乐部旨在(P10)【词汇精讲】intend在句中为动词,表示“专门为”。它还有“打算,计划”之意。I intend you to come with us.我想让你同我们一起来。【词汇拓展】intend doing/to do sth打算做某事intend sb
23、 to do sth打算让某人做某事be intended to do sth/for sth专门为;专门给 with an/the intention of抱有的目的;打算had intended to do sth/intended to have done sth本来打算做某事intend that.(should) do sth打算/主张intention n.计划;打算The university is intended for international students.这所大学以期面向国际学生。I had intended to catch the early train,bu
24、t I didnt get up in time.我本来打算赶早班的火车,但没及时起床。【重点句式归纳拓展】1.Setting goals gives you a focus in life.设定目标给你一个生活的焦点。(P6)【句式剖析】Setting goals 在句子中作主语,gives作谓语,you是间接宾语,a focus 是直接宾语。Listening to music is my sisters hobby.听音乐是我姐姐的爱好。【句式拓展】动词-ing(短语)作主语时,谓语用单数。有时用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语移到句尾。Getting up early is necess
25、ary for us.早起对我们来说是必要的。It is a waste of time arguing with him.和他争辩是浪费时间。It is useless learning the theory without practice.学习理论而不实践是没用的。 2.By setting goals now,you are deciding what you want to achieve in the future.通过现在设定目标,你决定了你将来想要实现什么。(P6)【句式剖析】by doing用在句子中作方式状语,what you want to achieve in the
26、future作decide的宾语。After that,he knew he could get through any emergency by doing what he could to the best of his ability.在此之后,他知道只要尽全力就能应对一切紧急事件。【句式拓展】what引导的名词性从句,可表示 “的地方,的东西或事情,的人或样子”等意思。After many days voyage,they arrived in what is called Africa now.经过许多天的航行之后,他们到达了如今被称为非洲的地方。【语法归纳】一、句子成分1.主语句子
27、成分和句子结构主语(subject)是一个句子的中心,是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。A tree has fallen across the road.一棵树倒下横在路上。(名词)Youre not far wrong.你差不多对了。(代词) Three is enough.三个就够了。(数词)Old and young marched side by side.老少并肩而行。(名词化的形容词)The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.人必须承受人生的沉浮。(名词化的介词) T
28、o find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。(不定式)Watching a film is a pleasure;making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事,制作影片则是苦差事。(动词-ing形式) The disabled are to receive more money.残疾人将得到更多的钱。(名词化的过去分词) Whenever you are ready will be fine.你无论什么时候准备好都行。(从句) 2.谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后
29、。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+实义动词)构成。What happened?发生了什么事?He worked hard all day today.他今天苦干了一天。You can do it if you try hard.你努力就可以做到。英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have,get,take,give 等。I had a swim yesterday.我昨天游了一次泳(had a swim 代替了swam)。I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。(got a good shake-up代替了was
30、 shaken up thoroughly)。 3.宾语宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动词-ing形式、名词化的过去分词、从句等。They wont hurt us.他们不会伤害我们。(代词) I shall do my possible.我将尽力而为。(名词化形容词) Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗?(不定式)He never did the unexpected.他从不做使人感到意外的事。(名词化的过去分词)Do you unde
31、rstand what I mean?你明白我的意思吗?(从句)宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这种双宾语的及物动词,常用的有answer,bring,buy,do,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass, pay,play,promise,read,save,sell,send,show,sing,take等,间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。I ha
32、ve found him a place.我给他找到了一个位置。(him为间接宾语,place为直接宾语) 4.表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补足语。它位于系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中,连系动词只是形式上的谓语,而真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、动词-ing形式、分词、介词短语、从句等。The wedding was that Sunday.婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。(名词) Are you busy?你有空吗?(形容词)All I could do was to wait.我只能等待。(不定式
33、) Complimenting is lying.恭维就是说谎。(动词-ing形式) I was so much surprised at it.我对此事感到很惊讶。(过去分词)She is in good health.她很健康。(介词短语)Is that why you were angry?这就是你发怒的原因吗?(从句) 5.定语定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动词-ing 形式、过去分词、介词短语、从句等。He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是在世的最好的小提琴手了。(形
34、容词) a baby girl 女婴sports car 跑车(名词)Your hair needs cutting.你该理发了。(物主代词)Everybodys business is nobodys business. 人人负责就是无人负责。(不定代词所有格) Theres only one way to do it.做此事只有一种方法。(数词)the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界(副词) Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。(不定式)a walking stick 拐杖sleeping pills 安眠药(动词-
35、ing形式)a retired worker 一个退休工人a faded flower 一朵凋谢了的花(过去分词)This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。(介词短语)The car thats parked outside is mine.停在外面的车是我的。(从句) 6.补语补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语(object complement).(1)可以作主语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介
36、词短语等。He was seen playing basketball yesterday.昨天有人看见他在打篮球。(动词-ing形式) The glass was found broken.玻璃杯被发现已经打碎了。(过去分词) The cards should be kept in good order. 卡片须排好序。(介词短语)(2)可以作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语等。They named the child Jimmy.他们将孩子命名为吉米。(名词) He boiled the egg hard.他将鸡蛋煮老了。(形容词)The comra
37、des wanted Dr.Bethune to take cover.同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。(不定式) 7.状语(1)状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。The girl is improving remarkably.这个女孩大有进步。(2)可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。He speaks the language badly but reads it well.这种语言,他讲得不好,但阅读能力很强。Naturally we expect hotel
38、 guests to lock their doors. 当然我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。(3)状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、伴随等状语。地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fish in the sea.海里有很多种鱼。时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中。Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?我们今天去购物还是明天?结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。She woke suddenly to find someone sta
39、nding in the doorway. 她突然醒来,发现有人站在门口。原因状语,包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill,Tom lost his job.汤姆因为生病而失去了工作。条件状语,多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。If he were to come,what should we say to him?如果他要来,我们该跟他说什么?目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调时可以置于句首。In order to get into a good school,I must study even harder.为了上
40、一所好学校,我必须得更努力学习。让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。He helped me although he didnt know me.尽管他不认识我,他还是帮助了我。伴随状语,常由短语和独立主格等表示。可位于句末或句首。All night long he lay awake,thinking of the problem.他整夜躺在床上睡不着,思考着那个问题。程度状语,常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。To what extent would you trust them?你对他们信任程度如何?二、句子结构常见的句子结构(sentence structures)有以下八种:
41、1.SV(主+谓)可以作主语的成分有名词、主格代词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式等。主语一般出现在句首。注意可数名词的单数形式常和冠词不分家!谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:They came.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S V(不及物动词)The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。The moon rose.月亮升起来了。The universe remains.宇宙长存。We all breathe,eat,and drink.我
42、们都呼吸、吃饭和喝水。Who cares?谁在乎呢?They talked for half an hour.他们谈了半个小时。 2.SVO(主+谓+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语发出的 动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。这类动词叫作及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后,与主语的成分基本一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是“宾格”, 如:me,him,them等。S V(及物动词) OWho knows the answer?谁知道答案?She expressed her gratitude.她表达了谢意。He has refus
43、ed to help them.他拒绝帮他们。He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。He said “Good morning!”他说:“早上好!” I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。He admitted that he had made mistakes.他承认犯了错。 3.SVP(主+系+表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子的谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫系动词。系动词分两类:be,look
44、,seem,remain等属一类,表示状况;get,grow,become,turn等属另一类,表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起联系主语和表语的作用。其他系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作系动词:look well看起来不错,sound nice听起来不错,feel good感觉良好,smell bad气味难闻。S V(系动词) PThis is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是一本英汉词典。The dinner smells good.晚餐闻起来很香。Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。He is growing
45、 tall and strong.他长得又高又壮。The problemis that they are short of money.问题是他们缺钱。Our well has gone dry.我们的井干枯了。His face turned red.他的脸红了。 4.SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来辅助宾语, 才能使句子意思完整。宾语补足语是位于宾语之后对宾语做出补充说明的成分,宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格+名词The war made him a
46、soldier.战争使他成为一名战士。名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods make the job easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松。名词/代词宾格+介词短语I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作。名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher asks the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户。名词/代词宾格+分词I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路。S V(及物动词) O(宾语) C(宾补) They appointed him manag
47、er.他们任命他当经理。They painted the door green.他们把门涂成绿色。This set them thinking.这使得他们开始思考。They found the house deserted.他们发现那所房子无人居住。What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想?We showed him out.我们送他出去。He asked me to come back soon.他要我早点回来。I saw them getting on the bus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。 5.SV IO DO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语
48、,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;另一个指物,为直接宾语。间 接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的语序为:动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如:Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语时,语序:动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如:Show this house to Mr Smith.S V(及物动词) IO(多指人) DO(多指物) She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己订了一条新裙子。She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美
49、餐。He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。He denies her nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。I showed him my pictures.我给他看我的照片。I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的车。I told him that the train was late.我告诉他火车晚点了。He showed me how to run the machine.他向我展示了如何操作机器。 6.there be句型该句型表达存在,看似一种无主语的“有”,其实是一种倒装句式:主语位于谓语动词 be 之后,there 仅为引导词,并
50、无实际意义。be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上保持一致,有时态和情态的变化。如:现在有 There is/are.过去有 There was/were.将来有 There will be./There is/are going to be.现在已经有 There has/have been.可能有 There might be.肯定有 There must be./There must have been.过去常有 There used to be.似乎有 There seem/seems/seemed to be.碰巧有 There happen/happens/happened to be.
51、该 句 型 的 变 式 结 构 是 “There live/stand/come/go/lie/remain/exist/arrive.+主语+地点状语”。如: There stands an old temple on the top of the mountain.山顶上有一座古庙。There once lived an old man by the sea.从前有个老人住在海边。 7.SVOA(主+谓+宾+状)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词为及物动词,后面需要加宾语, 而且需要加上状语意思才完整。有些状语,如时间状语、原因状语等位置灵活,可出现在句首。S V(及物动词)OAHe put the coffee on the table.他把咖啡放在桌子上。I looked at him in panic. 我惊恐地看着他。 8.SVA(主+谓+状)此句型句子的共同特点是,作谓语的不及物动词跟上状语意思才完整。S V(不及物动词)AThe pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔写起来很流畅。The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。The terrible accident happened yesterday afternoon.可怕的事故发生在昨天下午。