1、专题二名词和冠词一、名词全国卷考情分析题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1(2017年全国卷)This trend，.，has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.2(2017年全国卷)This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electricpowered engines
2、 and lifts.1给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词；3名词的固定搭配。短文改错1(2017年全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the wordwords，“Speed up！” “Slow down！”2(2017年全国卷)Besides，they often get some useful informationsinformation from the Internet.1可数名词单复数的错用；2混淆名词的可数与不可数。(对应学生用书第200页)名词的数 先试做题组 .单句语法填空1(2016年四川
3、高考)Any smell might attract natural enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.2(2017年淄博二模)He lost all his keys(key) to the doors，so he had to get them opened by force.单句改错Though we are now out of danger，the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a 【导学号：31670158】再解读要点名词按
4、其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。1可数名词复数的变化规则(1) 名词复数的规则变化一般情况下在词尾直接加s。如：books，horses，beds，pages以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词，在词尾加es，如：glasses，boxes，brushes，watches(例外：stomach stomachs)以辅音字母y结尾的名词，把y变为i再加es；以元音字母y结尾的名词，直接加s，如：cities，countries，factories，boys，toys，holidays以o结尾的名词，常在词尾加s
5、，如：radios，photos，pianos，zoos(例外：heroes，tomatoes，potatoes)以f或fe结尾的名词，常把f或fe变成v，再加es，如：half halves，knife knives，leaf leaves；少数词尾加s，如：roofs，chiefs，gulfs，beliefs，proofs(2) 名词复数的不规则变化单复数同形：deer，sheep，Chinese，means(方式， 方法)，series，species词形变化：man men，woman women，child children，tooth teeth，foot feet，mouse m
6、ice，ox oxen合成名词的复数：passerby passersby，lookeron lookerson，grownup grownups，standby standbys名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如：woman doctor women doctors，man waiter men waiters(3)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks，congratulations，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，spirits(情绪)，instructions(操作说明)，direction
7、s(用法说明)，papers(试卷， 文件)，times(时代)等。2抽象名词具体化experienceU经验 an experienceC一次经历surpriseU惊奇 a surpriseC一个/次令人吃惊的人或事pleasureU愉快 a pleasureC一件乐事successU成功 a successC一个(件)成功的人或事comfortU安慰 a comfortC一个(件)令人安慰的人或事名词的固定搭配先试做题组.单句语法填空1I have no hesitation(hesitate) in recommending her for the job.2(江西高考)Whenever
8、 I made mistakes(mistake)，the teacher pointed them out with patience.单句改错Many parents in China always attach too much important to words，ordering their children to do this or that.importantimportance再解读要点名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词名词”和“介词名词”。常考的高频短语：(1)beyond recognition无法辨认in great demand需求量很大with patience耐
9、心地by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措in advance提前in favor of支持， 赞成on purpose故意地(2)have/gain access to可以获得take advantage of利用， 趁之机make use of利用find fault with挑的错keep pace with与同步put an end to结束take notice of注意到take.into account/consideration考虑catch sight of看见make a difference有影响；有关系do damage to损害keep/
10、bear in mind记住attach importance to重视take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以自豪take possession of占有(3)make preparations for为做准备take pains to do尽力， 刻苦make(both) ends meet使收支相抵take turns to do轮流做be in high spirits兴致勃勃burst into tears放声大哭in all directions向四面八方make contributions to对做出贡献技法点拨名词与语法填空名词与短文改错1词性
11、转换题：“句子成分”是关键(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式；(2)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰，要考虑名词形式；1遇到名词，首先想到是可数名词还是不可数名词；2看到several，a few，many，one of，three，a number of等要想到名词应用复数形式；3看到information，advice，progress，knowledge等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式；2名词复数题：“牢记规则”辨是非(1)如果空格处被these，several，many和数词等修饰时，要考虑名词的复数形式；(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词
12、是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。4看到冠词等修饰词，要想到应用名词形式；5形容词和名词都可作表语，但形容词作表语说明主语的特点(how)，名词作表语则说明主语的身份、职业等(what)。二、冠词全国卷考情分析题型分类典题试做命题解读语法填空1.(2017年全国卷)As a result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.2(2017年全国卷)This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building
13、 a strong roof over the top.近五年高考对冠词的考查主要集中在冠词表泛指、特指的基本用法以及常见的固定搭配中的冠词上。短文改错1.(2017年全国卷)They live far from the school，and it takes them about aan/one hour and a half to go to work every day.2(2017年全国卷)Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time：car magazines
14、and musical instruments.1.不定冠词a和an的错用；2不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用；3单数可数名词前冠词的缺失；4冠词的多余；5常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。(对应学生用书第202页)不定冠词先试做题组.单句语法填空1(2017年重庆一中月考)“The match between these two teams is great，” said Jim，and I hope to see a second.2(2015年四川高考)Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be a Beethove
15、n.单句改错(2017年山东临沭一中月考)In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.在第二个car前加a再解读要点不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。1不定冠词的基本用法(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。It is generally a
16、ccepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。Excuse me，would you please give the iPad to John?打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？Sorry，but I dont think theres a John in our class.对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。(3)用在“beofa/an名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于of the
17、same名词。The two plants look different，but they are of a kind (of the same kind)这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。2不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。(北京高考)First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression.最初的印象最持久。毕竟， 你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽
18、象名词：success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，pity，danger，comfort，honour等。(山东高考)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of.时， 前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of.“精通”；have a (clear/good) unde
19、rstanding of.“了解”。(2017年烟台模拟)If you dont have a good knowledge of English，its out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！3用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上at a loss不知所措；困惑pay a visit to参观；拜访be/go on a diet节食give sb.a lift让某人搭便车make a fool of 愚弄i
20、n a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生a waste of.浪费once in a while偶尔keep an eye on 留意；留神have a gift for在方面有天赋have a word with与谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a result/consequence 因此定冠词先试做题组单句语法填空1(2017年江西南昌联考)They only eat what they like and never touch food they dont like even if they really need it for their health.food
21、前加the2(2017年山东寿光现代中学月考)The unsuccessful person，on the other hand，works little and just waits to see them pass by.3Xiamen is the most beautiful coastal city I have ever seen so that I will come again.比较应用Qingdao is a most beautiful coastal city and I believe I will come for a second time.再解读要点1定冠词的基本
22、用法(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。(2015年重庆高考)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。(2016年四川高考)Were not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only，
23、very，same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。(陕西高考)As is known to all，the Peoples Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。This book is the better one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。易错警示a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最的”。(4
24、)用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中， 表示“按计算”。但size，weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore，that is，by the kilogram.他惊奇地发现在这家书店书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。(5)用于“动词(hit，strike，pull，take等)sb.介词the表示身体部位的名词”结构中， 其中的the不可用物主代词代替。hit sb.on the head 打某人的头p
25、ull /take sb.by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb.in the face打某人的脸2用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻，目前 by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路in the distance在远处not in the least 一点也不on the contrary与此相反the other day 几天之前on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯， 切题take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧in the habit of有的
26、习惯make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话for the time being 暂时零冠词先试做题组单句改错1(2017年四川成都外国语学校月考)I told him I could not go to the college because I did not want to study anymore.去掉the2(2017年福建福州十三中期中)How are you？Today Ive got a wonderful news to tell you.去掉a3Sam has been appointed the m
27、anager of the engineering department to take the place of George.去掉manager前的the再解读要点1零冠词的基本用法(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。(2015年福建高考)Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和
28、谐相处。(江西高考)The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。(2)名词前已有this，that，my，your，some，each，no，any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。Each student must hand in his exercise book by the end of this week.
29、每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。(3) 表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时， 其前通常用零冠词。(四川高考)Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类和学科名词前。Of all the subjects，I like history be
30、st because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。2用于固定搭配中on/catch fire着火by mistake错误地by chance/accident碰巧in history在历史上under repair在维修中hand in hand 手拉手do harm to对有害on purpose故意地in place在正确位置in danger在危险中in return作为回报at present 目前ahead of time 提前in ad
31、vance 提前lose heart 灰心out of control失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黄昏/夜晚make room for为让出空间3有无冠词意义不同的搭配技法点拨冠词与语法填空冠词与短文改错1观察空格后部分的中心词是否是名词或相当于名词的词或短语，因为冠词的作用通常就是用来修饰名词。1做短文改错时首先要看名词是否可数。不可数名词前不加冠词，故不可数名词前的不定冠词为多余；而可数名词前若无冠词，则为冠词缺失，必须添加相应的冠词。如果名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the。2准确理解语境，确定空格所填词表示泛指还是特指。3理解空格所在句子的意义，分析所填词是否是冠词活用
32、或固定用法。2做题时要看可数名词或可数名词前修饰词的读音。元音音素前用an。辅音音素前用a。特别注意useful，hour，honest等的读音。3牢记冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。(对应学生用书第204页)核心考点针对练.单句语法填空1(2017年安徽六校联考)As a businessman，Mr.Green is a complete failure.Being lazy may well be one of the disadvantages(disadvantage) to his failure.2(2017年哈师大附中月考)As far as I am concerned，m
33、y suggestion(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach.3(2017年安徽宿州期末)Li Hua has a good knowledge of English and this will be an advantage over others in finding a proper job.4(2017年山东寿光现代中学月考)I considered myself very lucky because I was the o
34、nly one of my friends who had their dads around.5(2017年河北邯郸模拟)The experiment took us five months and turned out a great disappointment.6(2017年宁波段考)My grandparents like to live in the countryside where they can enjoy a leisurely walk on the country road and feel the warmth of the sun on their faces.7
35、What if your first choice is wrong？If so，just give yourself a second chance.8You are working too hard.Youd better keep a balance between work and relaxation.9Yesterday the firemen(fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.10For many young people，going
36、to university is one of the most important stages(stage) of their lives.单句改错1(2016年天津高考)The dictionary is out of the date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.去掉date前的the2(2017年江西省重点中学联考)I dont think the experiment is a failure.At least we have gained an experience for f
37、uture success.去掉experience前的an3(2017年合肥八中段考)The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel.minuteminutes4How can I take the medicine，sir?Just follow the direction on the bottle.directiondirections5You should follow the doctors advices and give up smoking.advic
38、esadvice高考题型综合练.语法填空(2017年河北省石家庄市质检二)Felicity Miller，a 32yearold British woman， 1 has a Chinese husband，still remembers the 2 (excite) when she first learned to use the “red packet” function on WeChat in 2015.She sent and grabbed some red packets in her Chinese familys group.The rule in her family w
39、as that the person who grabbed the 3 (high) amount sent the next.Attracted by the unique way of communicating，many foreigners 4 (join) in sending and grabbing red packets so far.Usually，the money in each packet is random.Thus the amount of money one can grab 5 (large) depends on his or her luck，from
40、 0.01 yuan to less than 200 yuan.Many foreigners get more familiar 6 Chinese culture through “red packets”Two years ago，when Felicity Miller was sent 5.20 or 8.88 yuan red packets，she had no clue about the 7 (hide) meanings.Now，she has not only known about them，but also has sent a few.However，the po
41、pularity of virtual red packets doesnt stop people sending paper red packets 8 (contain) real cash during the Spring Festival.It 9 (call) lucky money.In Chinese tradition，people take giving children lucky money as 10 blessing.【语篇解读】许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。但是真正的纸质红包并未被替代，在春节时人们给孩子压岁钱以表示对孩子的祝福。1who考查定语从
42、句。分析本句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为a 32yearold British woman，故用who引导该定语从句。2excitement考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the可知，空处用名词形式。3highest考查最高级。根据语境并结合常识可知，抢到红包金额最高的人要发下一个红包，故用最高级。4have joined考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“so far”可知，到目前为止，已经有许多外国人被“微信红包”这一特殊的交流方式吸引，并参与了抢红包和发红包。据此可知，本句用现在完成时。5largely考查副词。空处修饰动词短语“depends on”，故用副词形式。
43、6with考查固定搭配。许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。get familiar with为固定搭配，意为“熟悉”。7hidden考查形容词。Felicity Miller不知道这两个数字后的隐藏意义。根据空前的冠词the和空后的名词meanings可知，此处应用形容词作定语，故填hidden。8containing考查现在分词。paper red packets和动词contain之间是主谓关系且contain与句子谓语之间无连词，故用现在分词短语作名词paper red packets的后置定语。9is called考查动词的时态和语态。这种纸质的红包被称为“压岁钱”。根据句意
44、可知，主语“It”和动词call之间为动宾关系，故用被动语态；本句陈述的是一般现象，故用一般现在时。10a考查不定冠词。人们将给孩子压岁钱作为一种祝福。此处泛指“一种祝福”，故用不定冠词。.短文改错(2017年湖北七市联考)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不
45、计分。I have met many teachers since I begin my schooling.Of all my teachers，Mrs.Green is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50，she looks very young at her age.Comparing with other teachers，Mrs.Green pays more attention to her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and
46、 interestingly.In her opinion，we will not only know “what” but also understand“why”So instead of giving us answer immediately，she encourages us to think carefully every time when she puts forward questions.With her help，we have learned how to analyze and settled problems.What the amazing world of “w
47、hy” she leads us! She is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.【答案】I have met many teachers since I my schooling.Of all my teachers，Mrs.Green is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50，she looks very young her age. with other teachers，Mrs.Green pays more attention to her way
48、of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and .In her opinion，we will not only know “what” but also understand“why”So instead of giving us immediately，she encourages us to think carefully every time she puts forward questions.With her help，we have learned how to analyze and problems.What amazing world of “why” she leads us ！ She is such a learned person that we all admire very much. 【导学号：31670159】
