1、必修4 Unit 1, Women of achievement【重点词汇】1.behave：vi. 表现；（机器等）运转；举止端正； vt. 使守规矩；使表现得I couldnt believe these people were behaving in this way.我无法相信这些人竟这样行事。You have to behave.你得守规矩。Under certain conditions, electrons can behave like waves rather than particles. 在某些条件下，电子能像波而不是粒子那样运动。2.observe:观察 ；观测；遵守；
2、庆祝Olson also studies and observes the behaviour of babies.奥尔森还研究并观察婴儿的行为。Imposing speed restrictions is easy, but forcing drivers to observe them is trickier. 实行速度限制容易，而迫使司机遵守较难。The army was observing a ceasefire.军队当时在遵守一项停火协议。. where he will observe Thanksgiving with family members. 在那里他将与家人一起庆祝感恩节
3、。2.respect: n. 尊敬，尊重；方面；敬意;方面（in this respect）vt. 尊敬，尊重；遵守I want him to respect me as a career woman.我要他把我作为一个职业女性来尊重。I have tremendous respect for Dean.我非常敬重迪安。Finally, trying to respect her wishes, I said Id leave.最后，设法尊重她的意愿，我说我会离开。They will campaign for respect for aboriginal rights and customs.
4、他们将开展尊重土著居民权利和风俗的活动。.respect for the law and the rejection of the use of violence.对法律的遵守和对使用暴力的摒弃。Carl had asked him to visit the hospital and to pay his respects to Francis.卡尔已要求他去那所医院向弗朗西斯表示他的敬意。3.argue:vi. 争论，辩论；提出理由vt. 辩论，争论；证明；说服He was arguing with the king about the need to maintain the cavalr
5、y at full strength.他在和国王讨论保留骑兵全部兵力的必要性。They are arguing over foreign policy.他们在讨论外交政策。Dont argue with me.不要和我争辩。His lawyers are arguing that he is unfit to stand trial.他的律师们在辩称他不适宜受审。The report argues against tax increases.该报告陈述理由反对增税。4.crowd: n.人群；观众 vt.挤满；使拥挤A huge crowd gathered in a square outsi
6、de the Kremlin walls.一大群人聚集在了克里姆林宫墙外的广场上。It took some two hours before the crowd was fully dispersed.用了大约两个小时才把人群完全驱散。The hungry refugees crowded around the tractors.饿的难民们围在拖拉机旁。Hundreds of thousands of people have crowded into the centre of the Lithuanian capital, Vilniu几十万人涌进了立陶宛首都维尔纽斯的中心.Thousand
7、s of demonstrators crowded the streets shouting slogans.数千名示威者喊着口号，挤满了街道。a crowd of一大群；许多的5.inspire: vt.激发；鼓舞；启示；产生；使生灵感Our challenge is to motivate those voters and inspire them to join our cause.我们的艰巨任务是要激励那些投票者并鼓励他们加入我们的事业。The book was inspired by a real person, namely Tamara de Treaux.这本书是受一个叫塔玛
8、拉德特罗的人启发而写成的。The cars performance is effortless and its handling is precise and quickly inspires confidence.这辆车开起来毫不费劲且精确到位，能很快激起驾驶员的信心。Hisspiritwillcarry on,and itwillinspireallofustoachievemore.他的精神将得到传承，并激励我们所有人取得更大成就。6. support: vt. 支持，支撑，支援；赡养，供养n. 支持，维持；支援，供养； The vice president insisted that
9、he supported the hard-working people of New York.副总统坚持认为他支持勤劳的纽约人民。I have children to support, money to be earned, and a home to be maintained.我有一群孩子要供，要赚钱，还要养一所房子He supported himself by means of a nearby post.他倚在旁边的一根柱子上.Tim, 17, supports the Knicks.17岁的蒂姆支持尼克斯队。7 intend vt. 打算；想要；意指vi. 有打算Maybe he
10、 intends to leave her.也许他打算离开她。What do you intend doing when you get to this place?你打算到这里干什么？被用于 (某目的或某人This money is intended for the development of the tourist industry.这笔钱是准备用于发展旅游业的。Columns are usually intended in architecture to add grandeur and status.柱子被用于建筑通常是为了增添宏伟和高贵 8.deliver vt. 交付；发表；递送
11、；给接生vi. 实现；传送；履行；投递The Canadians plan to deliver more food to southern Somalia.加拿大人计划向索马里南部运送更多的食物。Although wed planned to have our baby at home, we never expected to deliver her ourselves!尽管我们是打算在家生孩子，可我们从未想过要自己给她接生!The president will deliver a speech about schools.校长将发表关于学校的演讲。【重点短语】1.look down up
12、on轻视；鄙视；看不起Youshouldntlookdownuponhimbecausehe ispoor.你不应该因为一个人穷就看不起他。Eventhosepoorlyeducatedareproud andlookdownuponothers.甚至连教养差的人也看不起别人。Theyfear thatlocal studentswouldlookdownuponandbullytheir children.他们害怕自己的孩子会被城里的孩子看不起、受欺负。2.refer to涉及，谈到，提到；查阅，参考He never referred to his sisters in his letter
13、s.他在信里从未提到过他的姊妹。If you dont know the spelling of a word, you should refer to a dictionary.如果你不会拼写一个词，你应当查一下词典。Refertothe original, please.请参看原文。e across偶然发现; 偶然遇见He came across the jawbone of a 4.5 million-year-old marsupial.他偶然发现了一个450万年前的有袋动物的颌骨。Whenyoucomeacrosssomethingimportant, writeitdown.当你遇
14、到重要的事情时,把它记下来.4.carry on继续；坚持The assistant carried on talking.那个助理接着谈了下去。Her bravery has given him the will to carry on with his life and his work.她的勇气激发了他继续生活和工作下去的意愿。His eldest son Joseph carried on his fathers traditions.长子约瑟夫继承了他父亲的传统。Theteamwill havetocarryonwithoutme.没有我小组也必须继续进行下去【重点句型】1. Onl
15、y after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。【考点】这是一个倒装句。正常语序的陈述句应当是She was allowed to begin her project after her mother came to help her for the first few months.“ Only+状语（副词/介词短语/状语从句）”位于句首时，主句的主语和谓语要部分倒装， 即：将助动词、情态动
16、词或连系动词置于主语之前。但“only+主语”放在句首时，主句不倒装。如：Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. Only in this way can you learn English well.Only when you grow up will you understand your parents completely. Only Ican do this job well.2. For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making t
17、he rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals.40年来，简古道尔一直在呼吁世界上的其他人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。【考点】 1）这个句子用的是现在完成进行时，其结构是have（has）+ been+动词-ing形式，它表示从过去某个时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到现在，可能还会再进行下去。2)the rest of的后面可接可数名词，也可接不可数名词，但要注意其后面接的词的单复数，以便决定后面动词的单复数形式。如：The rest of the money was given to his son.他把
18、剩下的钱都给了他的儿子。The rest of the sailors were missing.其余的水手都失踪了。【拓展】辨析：现在完成时与现在完成进行时现在完成时表示动作开始于过去，到现在已经完成了，并且对现在产生了一定影响或结果。如：What have you done? 你干了什么？I have broken a teapot.我打碎了一把茶壶。而现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性。如：What have you been doing? 你一直在做什么？I have been practising the piano.我一直在练弹钢琴。3Once I stop，it all comes
19、 crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.我一旦停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头，我就会想起实验室里的黑猩猩。【考点】crowding in 现在分词做伴随状语 4 . Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.【考点】It+hit +sb +从句 突然想起 It hit me that I had not told him the news. 我突然想到我还没有告知他这个消息。 It hit
20、me that I had left my key at home.我突然意识到我把钥匙忘在家里了。5. Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her good nature that had got her into medical school.进一步阅读使我了解到，是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进了医学院的大门。【考点】 1)本句主干结构是：reading made me realize that.。是主语+谓语+宾语+宾补的结构。2）从句中还有一个以it wa
21、s that.开头的强调句，被强调的部分是 hard work，determination 和good nature。3)further是形容词far的比较级。far的另一个比较级是farther。farther意思是 “（距离、时间上）更远”，further意思是“更远”或“（程度上）更进一步”。如：Can you go any farther? 你还走得动吗？【拓展】 强调句型强调句型的结构：“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that /who +句子”强调句型主要用来强调主语、宾语、状语等。如果被强调的是人，可用who/whom代替that；句子的谓语都用单数形式。如： 强调主语
22、：It was Mr. Smith who bought a new car from the factory last year. 强调宾语：It was a new car that Mr. Smith bought from the factory last year.强调状语：It was from the factory that Mr. Smith bought a new car last year.【注意】 强调时间和地点时不能用when或where，只能用that，如：It was in Wuhan that all the members held a meeting ye
23、sterday. (强调地点状语, that不可换用 where) It was yesterday that all the members held a meeting in Wuhan. (强调时间状语 that不可换用 when)【重点语法】主谓一致 SubjectVerb AgreementI am a teacher She often does her homework in the morning. There is only one box on the table.There are 50 students in our class.（一）四大原则1、 语法一致原则：即主语
24、是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。（即单复数形式与谓语要一致。）2、 意义一致原则：即主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。（即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。）3、 就近原则：即谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。4、 随前原则（就远原则）：“主语+ 附属结构” 作主语，谓语与主语一致（二） 分类讲解一、语法一致原则1、单数主语，不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数 1. A student is studying English. 2 .Se
25、rving the people is my great happiness. 3 .When we deliver the goods hasnt beendecided. 4 .When and where we will go hasnt been decided.但当what引导的句子做主语，若后面是 “be +名词”的结构时，谓语随名词变化。 1.)What you did is right. 2.)What you need are these dictionaries.2、 复数名词、代词作主语，谓语动词一般用复数形式 All the students _clever. （are
26、） They _English very much. (like)3、 用and或bothand 连接的单数名词、代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语及主语从句作主语谓语动词用复数形式。 Both my father and my mother _farmers. （are） What I think and what I do _been fairly in disagreement. （have）注意:(1.)当and连接的并列单数名词前有each，every, no或者many a 等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。 Each student and each teacher _been gi
27、ven a task. （has） Every flower and every bush _to be cut down. （is） (2.)当主语由and连结时，如果表示同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，此时and后面的名词无冠词。 The worker and writer _(be) from Wuhan. （is） The worker and the writer _(be) from Beijing. （are）4、不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everythin
28、g, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语，谓语动词用单数形式; Something _ (has / have) gone wrong with my watch. （has） Anybody who _ ( break / breaks) the rule will be punished. （breaks）5、 each of/either of./one of谓语动词用单数.none of/neither of可单可复，根据说话人的意思决定；*但代表不可数名词时，用单数 1.) Each of the students _a book.（has） 2) None of
29、 us _perfect. （are，is） 3) Neither of them _the answer.（know/knows） 4) None of this _me. （worries） None of this money _mine. （is） *neither作形容词时与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。Neither statement _true. （was）6、 “many a +单数名词 more than one+单数名词 one and a half +复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数1.) many a foreigner_ been to the Great Wall
30、. （has）2.)More than one student_ turned up at the meeting. （was）3.) One and a half bananas _eaten by the boy. （was）1. Many a man_ the story. A. believes B. believe 2.More than one man _died in the accident.A. has B. have 3.More than five men _died in the accident. A. has B. have 7. Some ./a lot of /
31、half of./the rest of./part of/plenty of/分数（%）+of. the majority of + 名词”等作主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后的名词或代词的单复数形式。 Two-thirds of the students _from countryside. （come） Ninety percent of the work _ been done. （has）8. 定语从句中的主谓一致。 (1)与先行词一致。定语从句中主语是关系代词who, that, which 时，从句谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。 I, who _your teacher, wil
32、l share happiness and sorrow with you.(am) which/as代替一句话内容,谓语动词用单数 As _known, I am beautiful. （is） (3) one of +复数名词 + 定语从句,从句中的谓语用复数形式; the only/exact one of+复数名词 + 定语从句,从句中的谓语用单数形式。 Tom is one of the students who_ good at playing football. （are） Tom is the only one of the students who_good at playi
33、ng football. （is）二、 意义一致原则： 9. 集体名词family, audience, crew, club, class, company, committee, party, crowd group, army, government, the public等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式；如果指集体中的各个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。 The group _ made up of nine students. （is） The group_ dancing happily. （are） 注意1：集合名词cattle, clothes, people, th
34、e police表示复数意义谓语动词永远复数.people 民族（可数名词，peoples) The Chinese people _a brave people （is） Chinese people_making our country richer and richer. （are） 2. Population The population of China _over 1.3billion and 80%of the population_farmers （is,are）10.表示时间、距离、金钱，度量衡等复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词则用单数形式;Two years _
35、 passed since I left Ningbo; （has）One million dollars _ a great sum of money. （is）11. 有些名词如：fish,deer, sheep, means, works, species, 等用作单数或复数均可，谓语动词随其含义而定。 This glass works _built in 1978. （is） Two steel works_ east of the city . （are） Every means_ been tried. （has） Many species _ died out. （have） 1
36、2. 学科名词，或 以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics, mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics. statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 Physics _a fundamental subject in science. （is）13. 成双成对出现的复数名词如glasses, shoes, trousers, pants, gloves, socks, slippers, scissors等作主语时，谓语通常用复数，*但如果前有a/
37、the pair of, a/the suit of等词语修饰时，谓语动词与pair, suit等一致，用单数 1) My trousers very nice. （are） 2)A pair of shoes under the bed. （is）14. 主语是疑问代词who, what, which,不定代词all, more, most, any, none等以及名词half, part, the rest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视它们所代指的名词而定。 1.)Which _more valuable, health or wealth? （is） 2.)Which_
38、prettier, these or those? （are） 3.) we had some paper, but the rest _put back. （was）15. theadj.作主语,theadj.,表示一类人，谓语动词用复数，如the old, the young, the rich, the poor等,the+ adj.,表示某个人或一类抽象的事物，谓语动词用单数，如the beautiful, the good等 The old _ taken good care of in our society. （are）The rich _ for the decision bu
39、t the poor _against it. （was）The wounded _ a young boy. （was）The beautiful _not always the same as the good. （is）16. a/this/that + kind of +名词（单数或复数）作主语时，谓语动词用单数；如果主语是kinds（types) of+名词或复数名词of+ a ( this, that）kind时，谓语动词用复数形式。即 kind(s) of +n.,谓语与kind一致 n+of this kind 谓语与名词一致 The kind of apples _ well
40、.(sell) (sells) Men of this kind _ dangerous . （are）注意 : 由kind,form, type,species,series 等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单复数，而不是他们后面所跟的名词1. This new type of machine_now on show. （is）2. Some new forms of art _discussed at the meeting. （were）17. 主语是a large/small quantity of +名词（可数或不可数）谓语动词用单数；如果是“large (great) qua
41、ntifies of +名词（可数或不可数）”时，谓语动词要用复数。也就是说谓语动词随quantity单复数而定 There _a large quantity of milk/apples on the farm （is） Large quantities of water /coal/bricks _needed here （are）18. a number of （a group of , a variety of)+名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数形式；The number of(the variety of.) +名词复数谓语动词用单数形式。 A number of workers _
42、out of work. （are） The number of the students in our school _eight thousand. （is）19. 两数相减或相除,谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 Sixty minus seventeen _forty-three. (leaves) Six and eight _fourteen. (makes/make)20、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 “The Arabian Nights”_ an interesting story-book.
43、 （is） The United states _on the south of Canada. （is） 21.名词性物主代词作主语，谓语动词根据指代对象而定 Your shoes are white; Mine_black. (are) His coat _yellow; Hers_red. （is）（is）三. 就近一致原则谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。22. 由or, nor, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。1. You or she _good at Eng
44、lish. （is）2._either you or he wrong? (Are)23. 以here, there开头的句子，谓语动词的单复数形式看后面的主语而定，如果主语不止一个，谓语动词于最近的主语保持一致。 Here _some bread. （is） There _a pen and three pencils on the desk. （is）24. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 Such _the result. （is） Such _the facts. (are) On the wall _many pictures (are)四：随前原则 25.当主语后面跟有
45、as well as, as much as, no less than, along with,with ,like, rather than, together with , but , except, besides, ,including等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由主语的单、复数而定。 1. The teacher with two students _ at the meeting . (was / were) 2.E-mail, as well as the telephones, _ an important part in daily communication. A
46、. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play 1)They, together with Tom , _ going to swim this afternoon .(be) (are) 2) No one but your parents _ there then .(be) was 3) He, like you and your brother, _ very clever. (be) （is） 4) The teacher, including his students, _going to see Professor Tell.
47、 (be) （has） 5) Mary, together with his sisters _ gone back.(have) （has）Not only you but also he _ wrong. (is/are)Neither you nor he _ right. (is/are)There _ two shops and a cinema beside the railway station. (is/are)Here _ a map and a handbook for you. (is/are) Nobody but my parents _the secret. (knows) The teacher as well as students _ excited. （is） The students as well as the teacher _learned to drive a car . （have）