1、高考英语语法核心考点专项复习10：定语从句 什么是定语？ 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用 的 表示。例 a beautiful girl the noisy music什么是定语从句？一、定义：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫作定语从句。例 I like the book which is about tale story. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 二
2、、先行词：定语从句在句中作定语, 用来修饰某个名词或代词, 这个名词或代词叫先行词, 而定语从句位于先行词的后面。三、关系词：用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词分关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose)和关系副词(when, where, why)。关系词常有3个作用：1.连接作用。连接主句和从句。 2.指代作用。指代先行词 3.在从句中充当一定成分。指人指物所作成分关系代词that主语、宾语、表语which主语、宾语、表语who主语、宾语、表语whom宾语whose定语as主语、宾语、表语关系副词when时间状语why原因状语where地点状语注意：that
3、和which的用法区别1只用which不用that的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中，which既可代表先行词又可代表前面的一整句话，译成“这一点，这一件事”。(2)在介词后面。(3)先行词是代词that或those时。2只用that不用which的情况(1)当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, none等不定代词时，只用that。(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。(3)如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。(4)先行词被the only, the last, the way等修饰时用
4、that。(5)在疑问词who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句中，为了避免重复只用that。四、“介词 关系代词” 引导的定语从句作介词宾语的关系代词一般是which和whom，“介词which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：1介词 关系代词Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉是我寻求建议的一位黑人律师。2名词/代词/数词介词关系代词La
5、st Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels. 上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。3形容词最高级 介词 关系代词China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。四
6、、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，去掉了不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如：People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得更长些。(限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子的意思就不完整。)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.
7、他女儿现在在波士顿，(她)下星期回来。(非限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整。)五、必须注意的几个问题1定语从句与状语从句、同位语从句及强调句的辨析比较例句区别与where引导的地点状语从句的区别Years later, he went to New York, where/in which he made great success.The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain.where引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词，在从句中作状语，where可以转化为“介词 which”。 句中where引导的从句前无先行词，因
8、此引导的是地点状语从句，where本身在从句中作状语，不能转化为“介词关系代词”。 比较例句区别与同位语从句的区别This is the suggestion(that) he put forward. He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 oclock. that引导的是定语从句，that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语。同位语从句中连接词that 在从句中无意义，不作成分但不可省略。与强调句的区别It was last night that I saw the accident.It was a time when there wer
9、e still slaves.判断强调句的方法是把it is/ was和 that (who) 去掉，如果句子仍然完整，则是强调句。(句去掉it wasthat 成为I saw the accident last night.) 2.“使用where而非真实地点”型定语从句定语从句的先行词是situation, case, point, scene等名词而且从句缺少状语时，要使用where表示“一种特定的情况”或“一个特定的场合”。如：I have come to the point where I cant stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。Hes got himself i
10、nto a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步。1关系代词的误用及漏用(1)【误】 Ive read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 Ive read all the books that you lent me. 【解析】 定语从句的先行词被all，some，any，no，few等修饰时，关系代词用that。(2)【误】 The student is standing there is our monito
11、r. 【正】 The student (who/that is) standing there is our monitor. 【解析】 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略；此处也可把定语从句改为现在分词作定语。(3)【误】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. 【解析】 用which引导非限制性定语从句，而不用that引导。(4)【误】 He lives in the
12、 room，the window of that faces the south. 【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the south. 【解析】 “介词关系代词”中的关系代词用which不用that。(5)【误】 The man with who I worked has left. 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. 【解析】 “介词whom”引导定语从句。 2.定语从句主谓不一致 【误】 This is one of the rooms that is free now.
13、【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now. 【解析】 在one of结构中，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数。先行词是the only/very one of复数名词时，从句谓语用单数。3关系词与被替换词重复【误】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. 【解析】 which在从句中作宾语，it多余。4介词的误用【误】 The computer to which I pai
14、d 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【正】 The computer for which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【解析】 介词的选用既要考虑先行词，又要考虑定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯。此处payfor sth.为固定短语，意为“花钱买”。5from where与from which混用【误】 They stood on the top of the building, from which they could see the whole city. 【正】 They stood on the
15、top of the building, from where they could see the whole city. 【解析】 from wherefrom the top of the building，from whichfrom the building，显然前者比较合适。6忽视倒装结构【误】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies. 【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which lies a well. 【解析】
16、in front of放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词lie, stand等，主语为名词，这时要采用倒装结构，把lie, stand等放在作主语的名词前。7限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句误用 (1)【误】 Charles Smith, that was my former teacher, retired last year. 【正】 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用who, whom。 (2)【误】 This novel, I have re
17、ad three times, is very touching. 【正】 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。(3)【误】 I had told them the reason, why I didnt attend the meeting. 【正】 I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 【解析】 that, why通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句。专题十 反面解读(4
18、)正如所通知的那样，我们下个月要举行期末考试。【误】 It has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month.【误】 Which has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next mon
19、th. 【解析】 as has been announced引导一个定语从句，放在句首，不能使用which；有时可与It is/has been that转换。(5)我看过金婚这部电影，它的男主角是张国立。【误】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniver
20、sary, its leading actor Zhang Guoli. 【解析】 在定语从句中，whose既可指人，也可指物，往往放在从句中的某一名词前作定语；该句也可改为独立主格形式。 8定语从句的分隔Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. Awhere Bwhen CWho Dwhich【误】 由于不能正确判断哪个是先行词而误选C。【正】 cases是先行词，正确答案是A。【解析】 cases在定
21、语从句中作状语，构成in the cases，主句是cases will be introduced to readers，所以用where引导定语从句。在定语从句中有时会出现先行词与定语从句分隔的现象。要注意准确辨认。课堂练习1Patience，without_you cant do the work well，is a kind of quality.Athat BitCwhich Dwhat解析：句意为：耐心是一种品质。没有了耐心，你不能做好工作。此处考查了定语从句中“介词which”的情况，which指代的是先行词patience。答案：C2The owner wanted to ch
22、arge $5,000 for his car，_I managed to lower to $3,500.Asince BWhat Cwhich Dthat解析：关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当lower 的宾语，而that不能引导非限性定语从句。答案：C3. still cant believe my eyes when I remember the scene_the best player should miss the pass.Athat BwhichCwhere Dhow解析：where 引导定语从句修饰先行词scene，where在从句中作状语。句意为：当我
23、记起当时那个最好的选手没有过关时，我简直不敢相信我的眼睛。答案：C4. _was reported in the paper，people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island.AIt BThatCAs DWhat解析：选择定语从句的引导词的关键是：在主句中找出先行词。该句中定语从句的先行词是后面的整个句子people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the floode
24、d area in Taiwan Island.答案：C5. Chinas new food law provides for a food recall system_producers have to stop production if their food isnt up to standards.Awhere BthatCwhen Dwhich解析：考查定语从句。句意为：中国新的食品法规定了食品召回制度，即如果食品达不到标准，生产者就必须停止生产。先行词为a food recall system，定语从句为producers have to stop production if th
25、eir food isnt up to standards(in the food recall system)，故选A。答案：A6. Our teacher urges us to form a good habit of learning，_we think will benefit us in the long term.Awhat Bthat Cwhich Dwho解析：本题考查定语从句。本题属于非限制性定语从句，从句意可知关系代词指代a good habit of learning，在从句中作主语，因此选择which。答案：C7. Remember that there is sti
26、ll one point_we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.Awhere BwhyCwhen Dthat解析：考查定语从句。解定语从句题的关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是one point，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，这里先行词在从句中作make clear的宾语，所以用关系代词that/which引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，据此选D项。答案：D8Shes in a hopeless situation，_we will keep a very close eye on.Awhere Bw
27、henCwhich Dthat解析：考查定语从句。定语从句的解题关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是a hopeless situation，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，此处关系词在从句中作on的宾语，同时这里又是非限制性定语从句，所以应该用关系代词which，选C项。答案：C9I admire my English teacher.I can remember very few occasions_she stopped working because of ill health.Athat BwhenCwhere Dwhich解析：考查定语从句。根
28、据语意“我记得她很少因生病而停止工作”可知，定语从句引导词在从句中作状语，故用when。答案：B10 The moment_John will never forget is_Mr Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.Athat；that Bthat；when Cwhen；that Dwhen；when解析：考查从句引导词。第一空用that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词The moment；第二空用when引导表语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，故答案为B。答案：B11I dont like the
29、 way_he often uses to speak to me.Ain which BhowCwhich Dwhat解析：考查定语从句。which引导定语从句，修饰先行词way，而且which在从句中作uses的宾语。答案：C12John，_money is no problem，still leads a simple life.Afor whose Bof whoseCof whom Dfor whom解析：考查定语从句。可以把定语从句部分变化成“Money is no problem for John”，这样便不难看出用介词for关系代词whom(指代John)来引导定语从句。答案：
30、D13He didnt put the things_they belonged，for_he got his punishment.Awhich；that Bwhat；thisCthat；whose Dwhere；which解析：考查复合句。从句子结构看前半句中的从句是状语从句表示放东西的地方，因此使用where引导；后半句是非限制性定语从句，使用which指代前面整个句子的意思，这是which的典型用法。答案：D14 All the neighbors admire this family，_the children and parents build up a friendly rela
31、tionship.Awhy BwhereCwhich Dthat解析：考查定语从句。句意为：所有的邻居都羡慕这个家庭，在这个家庭里父母和子女建立了和谐的关系。where在此处相当于in which，引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为this family。答案：B15 As to the unemployment，the government has taken a series of measures in many areas，_，I am sure，will benefit the people out of work.Awhich BthatCwhat Dwhere解析：考查非限制性定语从
32、句。which引导的从句修饰前面整个句子，I am sure为插入语。答案：A1. Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series. A. them B. that C. which D. what1.C 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：Maria写了两部小说，两部都被拍成了电视剧。此处先行词为two novels,后面是一个非限制性定语从句且介词在前面，因此用使用both of which来引导，故正确答案为C。2. The air quality in the city, _ is sh
33、own in the report, has improved over the past two months. A. that B. it C. as D. what2. C 本题考查定语从句引导词。句意：正如报道的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到了改善。应为as引导的非限制性定语从句，故正确答案为C。3.Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A. Which B. who C. where D. whom3.
34、B 考查定语从句。通过分析可以看出，本句先行词为Ellen,指人，空格处应做主语。Which修行先行词是物的定语从句；whom修饰先行词为人，且在从句中做宾语；where修饰先行词是地点名词，且在从句中地点状语，均不符合语境，故排除。who引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中做主语，故正确答案为B。 4.We live in an age_more information is available with greater ease than ever before. A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which4. B 考查定语从句。when引导定义从句，在从句中做时
35、间状语，修饰先行词an age（时代）. 此处的when=at which。故正确答案为B。5.After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A. which B. who C. where D. what5. B考查定语从句中关系代词的使用。指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故选B项。6. Sales director is a position _ com
36、munication ability is just as important as salesA. which B. that C. when D. where6.D 考查定语从句。“position”为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，因此，应该使用关系副词“where”来引导定语从句。因此，正确答案为D选项。7. In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses. A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them7.C 本题考查定语从句。前后两句话之间无连词，故不能用
37、人称代词them而应用关系代词whom引导定语从句；在46个学生当中，表所属，应用of。故答案选C。8. It is the third time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all. A. that B. where C.which D. what8.C 考查定语从句。所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从句中做主语，选C。9. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleepin
38、g. A. that B. which C. where D. when 9. B本题考查非限制性定语从句。句意：当沉下心工作后，他经常这样，他会忘了吃饭和睡觉。这里也是一个定语从句，不过这里的定语从句修饰的是前面整个句子，故使用which表示前面整个句子，所以答案为B。10 That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. A. that B. which C. what D. when10.B 考查定语从句。句意：以后我将和你谈起的那个晚上，我工作到了很晚。这里that evening是先行词，其在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，所以用which。11.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without_help I would never have got this far. who B. whose C. whom D. which11.B 本题考查定语从句。句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我从来不会发展到这个地步。本句为非限制性定语从句，且句子缺少定语，故正确答案为B。