1、必修五Unit 2 the United Kingdom【重点词汇】1.clarify vt. 澄清,讲清楚;阐明vi. 澄清,清楚,明了;易懂事Could you clarify the question? 你能解释这个问题吗?His mind suddenly clarified. 他的头脑突然清醒了.2.convenience n. 方便, 便利 I keep my reference books near my desk for convenience. 为了图方便, 我把参考书放在书桌前。3.attraction n. 1) 吸引,引力; 2) 吸引人的东西; 喜闻乐见的东西; 精彩
2、节目He cant resist the attraction of the sea on hot day. 酷热的夏天他经不住海的诱惑。A big city offers many and varied attractions. 大城市有多种多样吸引人的东西。4.influence vt. & n. 影响,感化,影响力My teacher influenced my decision to study art.My teachers influence made me study science at college5.invade vt. 侵入; 侵略; 拥入Hitler invaded
3、Poland in 1939. 希特勒1939年入侵波兰。Doubts invade my mind.满腹狐疑。Disease invade the body.疾病侵袭身体。Holiday makers invade the seaside towns in summer.在夏季, 度假者大批涌入海滨城市。【重点短语】1.consist of 由组成, 由构成, 包括(注意:不能用于被动语态和进行时态)= be made up ofThis club consists of more than 200 members.Coal consists mostly of carbon. consis
4、t in 基于,在于,存在之中The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings.2、divide。 into 把分成(破坏了宾语的整体性) The world is divided into five continents 世界被分成了五大洲。3Debeat.sbout 争辩关于。的事情They debate about the proposal for three days.4.break away 突然逃掉或离开;断绝往来;挣脱(束缚);脱离;改掉(旧习惯);破除(旧做法)The thief broke away fr
5、om the policeman. 小偷从警察那里逃脱了。He broke away from all his old friends. 他同所有的老朋友断绝了往来。You must break away from such habits. 你必须改掉那些习惯。5. refer to 1)提及,指的是 2) 参考;查阅;询问 3) 关系到;关乎 When he said “some students”, do you think he was referring to us?当他说“一些学生”的时候,你认为他指的是我们吗? Please refer to the last page of th
6、e book for answers. 请参考这本的最后一页以便找到答案。 This rule refers to everyone. 这个规定关系到每一个人。【重点句型】1There is no need to do sth. 没有必要做某事 There is no need (for you) to come if you dont want to. 如果你不想来, 那就没有必要来了。 2. To their surprise, the three countries found themselves united peacefully instead of by war.这三个国家惊奇地
7、发现他们是和平地而没有通过战争联合起来了。 to ones surprise (prep)“to ones + 名词” 表 “令某人”常见的名词有 “delight, disappointment, enjoyment, astonishment 等e.g. I discovered, to my horror, that the goods were entirely unfit for sale. To Johns great relief they reached the house at last. 语法:过去分词作宾语补足语概念引入上个单元我们学习了过去分词作表语和定语的用法。现在我
8、们继续学习过去分词作宾语补足语。看这些句子:1. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.2. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful government.3. You find most of the population settled in the s
9、outh.4. They found the window broken.5. ., so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.这些句子中的黑体部分都是过去分词作宾语补足语。什么是宾语补足语 英语中一些动词除需要一个宾语外,还需有宾语补足语句子意义才完整,这样就构成了英语的六种基本句型中的“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型。宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。可作补足语的结构有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、不定式等。宾语和其宾语补足语也被称为复合结构。1. 作补足语的词语:1
10、)We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。 (名词短语作宾语补足语,相当于省略了to be)2)I find learning English difficult. 我发现学英语很难。(形容词作宾语补足语) 3)I saw the kite up and down. 我看见风筝飞上飞下。(副词作宾语补足语) 4)When he woke up, he found himself in a strange place. 他醒来时发现自己在一个陌生的地方。 (介词短语作宾语补足语)5)Tom made the girl cry. 汤姆
11、把女孩弄哭了。(省略不定式符号to的动词不定式)6)The father found his son playing in his room. 父亲发现儿子在房间里玩。 (动词-ing形式做宾语补足语)7)The soft music makes us relaxed. 这首柔美的音乐使我们放松了。 (过去分词作宾语补足语)【补充】英语的六种基本句型: 英语的最基本的句型有6种,其他的句子都是由这6种句型转换来的。1)主语谓语Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 主语 谓语2)主语+系动词+表语The work seemed diffic
12、ult to us. 主语 系动词 表语3)主语+谓语+宾语Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables. 主语 谓语 宾语4)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语Our hotel serves you breakfast in your room. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语 (间接) (直接)5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语They saw little Tom being punished by his parents.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语6)There be结构There is a small village below the mountain. 谓
13、语 主语 注意:没有划线的部分是定语或者状语,如“in my hometown”是地点状语,而修饰名词“Farmers”后的“in our area”是定语。2. 宾语补足语与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系1)They named the black dog Arrow. 他们命名这只黑狗“Arrow”。(我们可以说“The little dog is Arrow.”,所以宾语the little dog和补足语Arrow是逻辑上的主谓关系。) 2)I noticed a little girl drawing under the tree. 我注意到一个小女孩在树下画画。 (小女孩在画画,即宾语补足
14、语的动作是女孩做的,宾语与补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系,而且是主动的,用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语) 3)We should keep him informed of what is going on here. 我们必须让他了解这里发生的事。 (他被告知某事,说明宾语“他”与补足语“告知”是被动的主谓关系,也称为“动宾关系,即动词及其宾语的关系”,用过去分词作宾语补足语)3. 主语补足语含有宾语补足语的句子变成被动句时,原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。 He was found sleeping under the tree. 他被发现正在树下睡觉。 (补充说明主语,与主语之间有逻辑上的主
15、谓关系,是主语补足语)4. 介词的宾语补足语 有些介词的宾语有时也需有补足语,构成介词宾语的复合结构。 We were all excited, with the bonfire burning late into the night. 篝火一直烧到深夜,我们都很兴奋。 (burning作介词with的宾语the bonfire的补足语) 过去分词作宾语补足语的意义:过去分词作宾语补足语,说明宾语的状态或性质,宾语是其逻辑主语,一般是过去分词动作的承受者,即逻辑上的被动关系。1)I saw his eyes fixed on me with curiosity. 我看见他的眼睛盯着我,充满了好
16、奇。解析:过去分词fixed的用法是易错处。fix译成“盯着”,一些同学会误认为“眼睛正盯着”为什么用fixed,而不用fixing呢?实际上,应该是“I fixed my eyes on.”,即“我让我的眼睛盯着.”,所以变成被动时应该是“My eyes are fixed on.”,所以用过去分词作宾语补足语,表示被动。另外,这里过去分词不表示完成的动作,而表示状态。再如:The glass is broken. 此句中broken表示摔碎的状态。还要注意不能用being fixed,因为being fixed表示瞬间的动作,而没有表示出过程。2)We want the work fini
17、shed by Saturday. 我们想要工作周六前完成。解析:想要工作被完成,用finished。要分析宾语与补足语间的主被动关系。3)She heard the front door shut. 她听见前门被关上了。解析:shut的三个形式(原形、过去式、过去分词)一样,此处shut是过去分词,因为是人关上了门。4)We found the house deserted. 我们发现这所房子被废弃了。解析:desert 意为“抛弃、遗弃”,Somebody deserts the house. 因此是.the house deserted.5)I felt myself called up
18、on to do something to help. 我感觉我被召唤着要做点事情来帮忙。 解析:我感觉我自己被别人或者一种神秘的力量感召着,来做事情。因此是“被叫”。从上述的例子来看,作宾语补足语的过去分词大多数来自及物动词,强调被动或完成。但也有少数来自不及物动词,强调动作完成后的状态。 What are you going to do with everyone gone? 大家都走了,你怎么办?能接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词,如:see, hear, feel, watch, notice;think(认为), consider, find等We saw
19、the thief caught by the police. 我看见小偷被警察抓住了。 We thought the game lost. 我们认为球赛输了。2. 表示“致使”或“保持某状态”意义的动词,如: make, get, have, keep, leave等。Dont leave such an important thing undone. 不要让这么重要的事没有人做。 He had his hat blown away on his way home. 在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。3. 表示“希望、要求、命令”等动词,如:want, wish, like, expect, o
20、rder等I want the house white-washed before we move in. 我想要房子在我搬进去之前粉刷完。He wont like such questions discussed at the meeting. 他不喜欢在会上讨论这样的问题。过去分词、现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语的区别: 1)过去分词作宾补:与宾语之间是被动关系,其动作通常先于谓语动词完成。2)现在分词作宾补:与宾语之间是主动关系,其动作与谓语动词同时进行。3)不定式作宾补:表示一个完成的动作或看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作的过程。I saw him opening the window. 我
21、看见他正在开窗。(强调正在,且宾语做了开窗的动作)I saw the window opened. 我看见窗户被打开了。(完成,被动)I saw him open the window. 我看见他打开了窗户。(看到宾语开窗的全过程)注意:1. 有些动词后必须接to do sth. 作宾语补足语:如order, advise, persuade, warn, encourage, get, cause等。I encouraged her to work hard and to try for the examinations.我鼓励她用功并为这次考试做出努力。2. 感官动词(如see,notic
22、e,watch, discover等)和使役动词(make, have, let等)一般接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语,但是变成被动语态时,需带to。The girl was made to practise the piano for three hours every day. 这个女孩每天要练三个小时钢琴。重点句型:1. have 宾语过去分词have sth. done1)表示“要别人做某事”,此时可以用get代替have。Youd better have that tooth filled. 你最好把那颗牙补补。We must have this note sent to them
23、right today. 我们今天就得派人把这个通知送交给他们。2)表示“遭遇某种(不幸的)事情”,不能用get代替have。Last week we had all our windows broken by the naughty boys. 上周我们所有的窗户都被淘气的孩子们打碎了。I had my hand burned in the fire. 我的手被火烧伤了。3)完成某事(自己也可能参与) I have had all my spelling mistakes corrected. 我把所有的拼写错误都改正了。拓展:1) have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 I had
24、 Mary clean my bedroom yesterday. 昨天我让玛丽打扫了我的卧室。2)have sb./ sth. doing让某人一直做某事,(否定句中)容忍某人做某事He had us laughing during the lunchtime. 在午饭期间,他让我们一直笑个不停。I wont have you talking to your parents like this. 我不许你对父母这样讲话。2. get 宾语过去分词get sb. done 表示“要别人做某事”,可以与have互换。 We have had got the TV repaired. 我们已经请人
25、把电视机修好了。 Lets get this work done, and then we can go out.我们先把这工作做完,就可以出去了。 拓展:get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事。注意不省略to。 I got him to agree to the plan.我使他同意了这个计划。3. “with +宾语+过去分词”结构with sth. done过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语, 注意宾语与补足语之间是被动关系。With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily. 买完所有需要的东西,她高兴
26、地回家了。With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了。拓展:“with/ without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构with/ without后面除了接过去分词作宾语补足语外,也可以接现在分词、不定式、形容词、介词短语等作宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间、条件、原因、伴随等状语或定语。例如:1)She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(伴随状语) 她走了进来,鼻子冻得红红的。 2)With the meal over,we all went home
27、.(时间状语) 聚餐结束了,我们都回了家。3)The teacher was walking up and down with the ruler in his hand.(伴随状语) 老师走来走去,手里拿着尺子。 4)He could not finish the work without me to help him.(条件状语) 如果我不去帮他,他不会完成工作。5)She fell asleep with the light burning.(伴随状语) 他睡着了,灯还亮着。 6)Without anything left in the cupboard,she went out to get something to eat.(原因状语) 柜橱里什么也没有剩下,她出去弄点东西吃。7)A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house. (定语) 一个少了两颗门牙的男孩儿跑进屋里。注意:在with/without的复合结构中,不定式、现在分词作宾补,表示主动,但不定式表示将要发生的动作,而现在分词表示正在发生的动作;过去分词表示被动或完成。如上面句子中第4)句,to help的动作还未发生;第5)句,他睡觉时灯正亮着;而第6)句left表示被剩下,而且强调“剩下”的动作已经发生。