1、上海各区2012届高三英语一模试题分类汇编：回答问题汇编（宝山）Aware that the financial crisis could spread to other sections, the Fed has moved remarkably aggressively, cutting rates by 1.25 percentage points in eight daysa rate-cutting spree(无节制行为) almost unheard of in central banking history. The Fed now has cut rates five tim
2、es by accumulative(累积的) 2.25 percentage pointsand there is no sign that the Fed is done. Thanks to the strategies of Hank Paulson, George Bush soon will sign a bill that will pump some $150 billion into the American economy for U.S. consumers to spend. That kind of coordination(协调) between fiscal an
3、d monetary authorities is as exceptional as it is both swift and impressive.Sure, the Cassandras are disobeying the Feds actions. Bernanke has been criticized for everything from catering to Wall Street traders to still being behind the curve. But opinions are like a noseeverybody has one. The curre
4、nt noise of criticism against Bernanke is a lot like baseball fans, screaming “throw the burn out” at the game or letting out their depressions on post-game AM radio talk shows. But its a lot easier to criticize than to step up to home plate and swing the bat. The reality is that few of Bernankes mo
5、st bitter critics were even smart enough to make it into an introductory economics class taught by Bernanke at Princetonlet alone to run the worlds most influential Central Bank. And to assume that Fed policy is based on responses to such criticism would be as ridiculous as for baseball star Alex Ro
6、driguez to walk over and hand his bat to an unpleasant critic in the seats of Yankee Stadium to take his place at home plate. Thankfully, airline pilots guiding a plane through rough instability play to a less noisy crowd.Heres the reality. Neither Bernankes interest rate cuts nor the federal stimul
7、us package likely will hit the policy nail right on the head. But no real-time decision making is perfect. As John Maynard sKeynes, himself an academic with plenty of real world experience, observed: “Its better to be nearly right than exactly wrong.” The Fed cant stop a decline, but it can help it
8、be short and shallow. This is a complex, fast-changing situation. Lets give the Fed and the U.S. government some credit for acting swiftly and firmly. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)81. The Fed has cut its rates steeply in central banking history bec
9、ause it has recognized that _.82. With the help of Hank Paulson, George Bush agrees to give money to U.S. consumers to spend, which shows that the cooperation is unusually _.83. The authors opinion about Bernankes most rough critics is that they are _ to run the worlds most influential Central Bank.
10、84. Since the situation is complex and fast-changing, what does the author approve?81. the financial crisis could influence other parts82. swift and impressive83. not smart enough84. trusting and supporting the Fed and the U.S. government.（崇明）How would you cope if you had a terminal illness? What if
11、 your son or daughter had no hope of ever having a normal life due to a life-threatening condition? Do these terminally sick people have the right to die?In the UK, the question of assisted suicide or refusing medical treatment is extremely divisive(有分歧的); euthanasia is illegal in Britain, which is
12、the act of helping a terminally-ill person to kill himself.However, a 13-year-old English girl has won the right to refuse medical treatment this week after a hospital dropped a legal attempt to force her to have a heart transplant. Hannah Jones, who has spent eight years in and out of hospital batt
13、ling heart problems, told child protection officers she wanted to die with dignity rather than face the operation and have to take constant medical treatment afterwards. Despite initial efforts by her local health authority to remove Hannah from her family and force her to undergo the transplant, le
14、gal and medical experts said that a child of her age was able to make an informed decision to refuse treatment.Hannahs decision to stop treatment and spend the rest of her life at home with her family was made entirely by herself, according to her father, who spoke of his admiration for her. Hannah
15、made that decision consciously on her own, a bit like a grown-up, even though she was only 12 at the time, and she has maintained that decision, said Andrew Jones.The headmaster of Hannahs school described her as intelligent and capable of making her own decisions. Her presence is a source of inspir
16、ation to us all through the courage and dignity that she displays, he said. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What is “euthanasia” (in paragraph 2)?82. The hospitals original plan for Hannah was to _.83. Hannah Jones prefers dying with dignity to _
17、.84. What does the writer intend to discuss with the example of Hannah?81. The act of helping a terminally-ill person to kill themselves.82. give Hannah a heart transplant83. facing the operation and having to take constant medical treatment84. Terminally sick peoples right to die.（奉贤）Directions: Re
18、ad the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.The scientists observed that the more junk food the rats ate, the more they wanted to eat a behavior very similar to that of rats addicted(上了瘾的) to heroin, a dangerous drug. Johnson said the e
19、xperiment shows that the brain chemistry of obesity(肥胖) and drug addiction may be quite similar.In their experiment, Johnson and his team studied the “pleasure center” of rats brains. The pleasure center is a complicated network of nerve cells. If the animal exercises or eats, the cells reward the a
20、nimal by releasing chemicals into the body that make it feel good. And when the body feels good, the animal or person will want to do the behavior again.For the experiment, Johnson fed foods like cheesecake to one group of rats. Food like this is high in calories and fat. Another group of rats got a
21、 regular diet. The rats that ate junk food started to eat more and more.“Theyre taking in twice the amount of calories as the control rats,” says Paul Kenny, one of Johnsons colleagues.Kenny and Johnson wanted to know what was going on in the brains of these rats. They first designed a way to delive
22、r a small electrical charge to the rats brains. This electrical charge would stimulate the pleasure centers to release pleasure-causing chemicals. The rats could control how much stimulation and how much pleasure they received by running on a wheel. The more the rat ran, the more pleasure it receive
23、d.The rats that had been eating junk food started running more and more. This behavior suggested that the junk-food-eating rats needed more brain stimulation to feel good compared with rats on a normal diet. In other words, their pleasure centers were becoming less sensitive and the junk food didnt
24、make them feel good unless they ate more and more.Experiments like this one could help scientists understand how chemicals in the brain contribute to obesity. With that information, they may be able to help people avoid obesity in the first place.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statement
25、s in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. The scientists suggested it was actually _ that made the rats feel good.82. According to the scientists, the reason why rats wanted to eat more and more junk food was that _.83. How did the scientist know what was happening in the brains of the junk-food-eating rats?
26、84. What was the purpose of the experiment mentioned in the article?81. chemicals in the brain82. they needed more junk food to stimulate their pleasure centers/ needed more brain stimulation to feel good83. By delivering a small electrical charge to the rats brains.84. To understand the role the br
27、ain plays in obesity/ how chemicals in the brain contribute to obesity.（虹口）A newly-published study has shown that loneliness can spread from one person to another, like a disease.Researchers used information from the Framingham Study, which began in 1948. The Framingham Study gathers information abo
28、ut physical and mental health, personal behavior and diet. At first, the study involved about 5,000 people in the American state of Massachusetts. Now, more than 12,000 individuals are taking part.Information from the Framingham Study showed earlier that happiness can spread from person to person. S
29、o can behaviors like littering and the ability to stop smoking.University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo led the recent study. He and other researchers attempted to show how often people felt lonely. They found that the feeling of loneliness spread through social groups.Having a social connec
30、tion with a lonely person increased the chances that another individual would feel lonely. In fact, a friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. A friend of that person was 25% more likely. The researchers say this shows that a person could indirectly be affecte
31、d by someones loneliness.The effect was strongest among friends. Neighbors were the second most affected group. The effect was weaker on husbands and wives, and brothers and sisters. The researchers also found that loneliness spread more easily among women than men.The New York Times newspaper repor
32、ts that, on average, people experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. It also finds that every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about five percent, or two and a half fewer lonely days.Loneliness has been linked to health problems like depression and sleeping difficulties. T
33、he researchers believe that knowing the causes of loneliness could help in reducing it.The study suggests that people can take steps to stop the spread of loneliness. They can do this by helping individuals they know who may be experiencing loneliness. The result can be helpful to the whole social g
34、roup. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What personal behaviors can spread from person to person like loneliness and happiness according to the Framingham Study?82. What group of people was affected most by loneliness according to the passage?83. A
35、ccording to the New York Times newspaper report, if you want to reduce the feelings of loneliness, youd better .84. The researchers who make the study believe that loneliness is caused by _.81. Behaviors like littering and the ability to stop smoking can (spread).82. Friends were the most affected b
36、y loneliness. / Friends were affected most by loneliness.83. make more friends. / make as many friends as possible / you can.84. health problems like depression and sleeping difficulties（黄浦）Many expensive nutrition additives advertised on TV say they can improve your memory, but only ordinary food a
37、nd health habits have been shown to work.A research team from UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) has designed a four-step plan to improve your memory in just 14 days. “It sounds like another advertisement, but it really works,” says UCLA professor Gary Small.The team found the four-step
38、plan improved memory function in teenagers under stress and older people. After a two-week study that included crossword puzzles, exercise and diet changes, test subjects memories worked more efficiently.Heres the program:Memory training: Train yourself with brain-teaser, crossword puzzles and memor
39、y exercises that train verbal skills throughout the day.Healthy diet: Eat five rather than three meals a day. The food should be rich in omega-3 fats, such as whole grains and vegetables that contain antioxidants(抗氧化剂). Having frequent meals helps increase blood glucose (血糖), the primary energy sour
40、ce for the brain.Physical fitness: Have regular physical exercise such as walking, basketball or running, every day.Stress reduction: Perform stretching and relaxation exercises. Stress causes the body to release a chemical that can shrink the memory centers in the brain.Before-and-after brain scans
41、 showed that test subjects experienced on the average a 5 per cent increase in working memory. This suggests they were using their brains more efficiently.A control group that didnt follow the plan showed no big changes.“Weve known for years that diet and exercise can help people keep their physical
42、 health, which is a key part of healthy aging,” said Small. “But keeping mental health is just as important. Now we have evidence that people can improve their memories through a program of memory exercises and stress reduction.” (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN
43、 TEN WORDS.)81. _ are more likely to be influenced by the 14-day program.82.What is “healthy diet” according to the passage?83.When you are under high pressure, how does your body react?84.Besides diet and exercise, _ are also vital for memory improvement.81. The teenagers under stress and older peo
44、ple82.(Having) five meals rich in Omega-3 fats a day.83.It releases a chemical that can shrink the memory centers.84.memory exercise / training and stress reduction （嘉定）From now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds
45、 of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome machine ever created: the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. Yo
46、u can be a success only if you make the right choice.You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem. Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who
47、 do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are the perennial (长期的) victims and martyrs. They are leaves tossed (摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you beli
48、eve that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible.Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are respo
49、nsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence.If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On th
50、e contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks.In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept
51、it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success.(Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12 WORDS)81. Why are people with low self-esteem compared to leaves?_.82. What do losers think about their failures? _.83. According to the writer, whether one will succeed _.84
52、. The writer holds the view that he who connects with negative-thinking people will _.81. they cant exercise control over themselves.82. They think that their failure is only because of bad luck.83. depends on ones attitude/level of self-confidence84. no doubt fail/lose/achieve nothing（金山）The West b
53、egan to take more notice of the East. The fifth volume of an enormous work re-assessing the Chinese contribution to science and technology is to be published next year. The first volume, which was published twenty years ago, set the tone for the whole work. In it, evidence was given to show that man
54、y inventions which, until then, western historians had claimed for Europe, were made first in China. The attempt to rewrite the intellectual history of the world was not received without protest by some respectable historians. However, the evidence that has been presented so far in the first four vo
55、lumes has persuaded many historians who were doubtful at first. Chinas invention of paper, printing, the magnetic compass and gunpowder has never been quarrelled, but this new history has added advanced bridge design, mechanical clocks, paddle boats and many other inventions to the list.In the four
56、volumes published so far no attempt has been made to explain why China has not kept up with the West in science and technology in modern times. It is probable that the answer is to be found in the social and economic history of China, where an unchanged society under a relatively kind regime（政治制度）of
57、 upper classes contrasts with the potentially revolutionary and energetic society of the West at the end of the Middle Ages. In recent years, the Chinese government has been making every effort to catch up with the West again, and there is little doubt that the gap is being reduced year by year. But
58、 will China avoid the Wests mistakes?(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. So far, how many volumes have been published?_.82. When was the first volume published?_.83. The subject of this five-volume work is _.84. According to the passage, whats the
59、 probable reasons for China not keeping up with the west?_.81. Four82. Twenty years ago / (In 1992)83. re-assessing the Chinese contribution to science and technology84. Chinas (the) unchanged society and the revolutionary and energetic society of the West（静安）Years ago, when 1 started looking for my
60、 first job, wise advisers urged, Barbara, be enthusiastic! Enthusiasm will take you further than any amount of experience.How right they were. Enthusiastic people can turn a boring drive into an adventure, extra work into opportunity and strangers into friends.Nothing great was ever achieved without
61、 enthusiasm, wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. It is the paste that helps you hang in there when the going gets tough. It is the inner voice that whispers, I can do it! when others shout, No, you cant.It took years and years for the early work of Barbara McClintock, a geneticist who won the 1983 Nobel Priz
62、e in medicine, to be generally accepted. Yet she didnt let up on her experiments. Work was such a deep pleasure for her that she never thought of stopping.We are all born with wide-eyed, enthusiastic wonder as anyone knows who has ever seen an infants delight at the jingle of keys or the scurrying o
63、f a beetle.It is this childlike wonder that gives enthusiastic people such a youthful air, whatever their age.At 90, cellist Pablo Casals would start his day by playing Bach. As the music flowed through his fingers, his stooped shoulders would straighten and joy would reappear in his eyes. Music, fo
64、r Casals, was a medicine that made life a never ending adventure. As author and poet Samuel Ullman once wrote, Years wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.How do you rediscover the enthusiasm of your childhood? The answer, I believe, lies in the word itself. Enthusiasm comes
65、from the Greek and means God within. And what is God within is but an abiding sense of love proper love of self (self-acceptance) and, from that, love of others.Enthusiastic people also love what they do, regardless of money or title or power. If we cannot do what we love as a full-time career, we c
66、an as a part-time avocation, like the head of state who paints, the nun who runs marathons, the executive who handcrafts furniture.Elizabeth Layton of Wellsville, Kan, was 68 before she began to draw. This activity ended bouts of depression that had plagued her for at least 30 years, and the quality
67、 of her work led one critic to say, I am tempted to call Layton a genius. Elizabeth has rediscovered her enthusiasm. We cant afford to waste tears on might-have-been. We need to turn the tears into sweat as we go after what-can-be.We need to live each moment wholeheartedly, with all our senses findi
68、ng pleasure in the fragrance of a back-yard garden, the crayoned picture of a six-year-old, the enchanting beauty of a rainbow. It is such enthusiastic love of life that puts a sparkle in our eyes and smoothes the wrinkles from our souls. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO
69、MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. What is this passage mainly about? 82. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm, means we can achieve nothing 83. God within( in para.8 ) means .84. The last sentence (in para.10)We need to turn the tears into sweat as we go after what-can-be. Means . 81. Enthus
70、iasm. / People should be enthusiastic about their lives and work. / People should be enthusiastic about what they have done.82. if we do not have passion in doing our work / in studying83. (proper)love of self and love of others84. We cannot regret what we did and we should try our best（卢湾）It is foo
71、lish to dream of reversing history. We cannot pass laws forbidding science and technology. The computing machines are here, and they will not merely stay, they will grow smarter, faster, and more useful every year. They will continue growing because engineers want to build them, scientists want to u
72、se them, industrialists want to employ them, scientists want to enlist them in new weapons systems, politicians want their help in the processes of government. In short, they will flourish（兴旺） because they enable us to finish tasks that could never before have been undertaken, no matter how many uns
73、killed laborers we might have set to work. Computers will continue to improve our intelligence for the same reason that engines continue to strengthen our muscles. The question we must ask is not whether we shall have computers or not, but rather, since we are going to have them, how can we make the
74、 most intelligent use of them?Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. Questioning and routine double-
75、checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. Maybe each computer should come with the warning: For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills. (Note: Answer the questions
76、 or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. How will the computing machines change every year?82. Why will the computing machines keep growing?83. The question we must ask mentioned in Para. 1 is _. 84. From the warning at the end of the passage, we can conclude computers should not b
77、e used to _.81. Theyll grow smarter, faster, and more useful every year.82. Because computers help us finish tasks never having been undertaken./Because people want to use computers in different fields. 83. how we can make the most intelligent use of computers 84. take the place of fundamental think
78、ing and reasoning skills(闵行)All over the world mentioning of English education suggests a picture of the “public schools”, and it suggests in particular the names of certain very famous institutions Eton, Oxford and Cambridge; but people do not always realize what place these institutions occupy in
79、the whole educational system. Oxford and Cambridge are universities each having about 12,000 students out of a total of over 250,000 students at all British universities. Eton is a public school, and the best known of the public schools, which, in spite of their name, are not really public at all, b
80、ut independent and private secondary schools taking boys from the age of thirteen to eighteen years. The public schools in reality form a very small part of the whole system of secondary education; only about one out of forty English boys go to a public school, and one out of 1,500 goes to Eton. Apa
81、rt from the so-called public schools there is a complete system of state primary and secondary education, which resembles in its general form the state education in most other countries. All children must, by law, receive full-time education between the ages of five and sixteen. Any child may attend
82、, without paying fees, a school provided by the public authorities, and the great majority attend such schools. They may continue, still without paying fees, until they are eighteen. In presenting an overall picture of English education it would be reasonable to concentrate on the state system alone
83、 and refer briefly to the public schools. However, although the public schools are not important numerically, they have been Englands most peculiar and characteristic contribution to educational methods, and they have an immense influence on the whole of English educational practice and on the Engli
84、sh social structure. For a hundred years most men in leading positions in banking, insurance, high finance, some industries, the army, the church and conservative politics have been educated at public schools. (Note: Answer the question or complete the statements in no more than 12 words.)81. Britis
85、h public schools are not as their names suggests because they are _.82. The public schools are not important in certain senses because _.83. Why must all British children between the age of five and sixteen attend a school?84. Why do people easily think of public schools when British education is me
86、ntioned?81. in reality independent and private (actually)82. only a small number of children are studying there83. Because it is required by law.84. Because they have great influence on English education and society.(浦东)Severe fatigue(疲乏), very weak. I could hardly walk down the block, says Wendy Mo
87、ro. Why, she wondered, then, Wendy and her doctor begin to suspect her plate. A few times a week I was having fish, whether it was once or four times, says Wendy. What kind of fish? Swordfish, tuna and sea bass, the highest mercury- content fish sold in the commercial market, says Dr. Jane Hightower
88、.Mercury(汞) enters the ocean with commercial pollution. It works its way up the food chain, and apparently into some of the most popular fish on the market. Wendys doctor, Dr. Jane Hightower, was so suspicious that she began testing her Bay Area patients. All consumed large amounts offish, and an ov
89、erwhelming majority tested high for mercury in their systems.I was seeing hair loss, fatigue, muscle ache, headache, feeling just an ill feeling. Hightower said.The symptoms began to clear up when Hightower cut the amount of fish in their diets. It was so obvious, but the problem was still unknown t
90、o the public, she said. I even wanted to rent a tent and a tambourine.(A tambourine is a small one-sided drum with metal disks around its rim.) Her published findings drew national attention. But despite her study, there is still fierce debate over how much fish is safe to eat, and how much mercury
91、consumers are actually eating. So we decided to do our own test.According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the safe level of mercury intake for a 120-pound woman like Wendy is a little over 38 micrograms per week. On average, a single serving of tuna purchased here in the Bay Area conta
92、ined more mercury than the EPA recommends a woman of Wendys size eat for an entire week. Sea bass had nearly twice that level, and swordfish nearly six times the EPAs safe mercury intake for a week, in a single serving.While there is little scientific data on how the body reacts to high levels of me
93、rcury, it has been linked to symptoms ranging from muscle pain to hair loss, birth defects, and muscle fatigue And, as in our testing, the evidence is mounting that the larger the fish, the more the exposure. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statement in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. The po
94、pular fish on the market obtain mercury through and .82. When Dr. Hightower wanted to rent a tent and a tambourine, she meant to .83. What did Dr. Hightower do with the information she discovered?84. What should people do according to the test done by the EPA?81. commercial pollution, food chain82.
95、draw peoples attention to the danger/ warn people of the danger83. She published the results of her study. / She made it known to the public84. People should eat less sea food. /People should cut down on fish in their diets.（普陀）Five years ago，David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day“I wa
96、s a clothes addict，”he jokes“I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled”Today David wears casual clothes khaki pants and a sports shirtto the officeHe hardly ever wears a necktie“Im working harder than ever，”David says，“and I need to feel comfortable” M
97、ore and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to workIn the United States， the change from formal to casual office wear has been gradualIn the early 1990s，many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday（but only on Friday）This became known as
98、“dress-down Friday”or“casual Friday”“What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing，”said business consultant Maisly Jones Why have so many companies started allowing their employees to wear casual clothes？One reason is that its easier for a com
99、pany to attract new employees if it has a casual dress code“A lot of young people dont want to dress up for work，” says the owner of a software company，“so its hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code”Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are weari
100、ng comfortable clothesIn a study conducted by Levi Strauss and Company，85percent of employers said that they believe that casual dress improves employee moraleOnly 4 percent of employers said that casual dress has a negative impact on productivitySupporters of casual office wear also argue that a ca
101、sual dress code helps them save money“Suits are expensive，if you have to wear one every day，”one person said“For the same amount of money，you can buy a lot more casual clothes” 81Why David Smith refers to himself as having been“a clothes addict? _ 82David Smith wears casual clothes now，because_ 83.T
102、he majority of the employers said casual dress_84. According to this passage，what does it mean by a conservative dress code?_81. He wanted his clothes to look neat all the time82. they make him feel at ease when working83. improves their morale84. It means that everyone should dress up for work.(青浦)
103、Durban, South Africa (CNN) Coal is the new gold in South Africa its also one of the worst polluters on the planet. South Africa is the worlds fourth largest coal exporter with over 40 billion tons of the fossil fuel in storage. But the host of the United Nations Climate Change Conference, currently
104、taking place in Durban, is under increasing pressure to reduce its dependence on coal. From South Africa to America, Europe to China, coal is the bedrock on which most world economies have been built. Reducing its use, many countries argue, will reduce productivity and growth. Even though the govern
105、ment is talking nicely about climate change we are not seeing the action. Developed countries have promised to contribute $100 billion towards a Green Climate Fund to finance developing nations to reduce their carbon release. But many fear these funds may never become reality. Complicating matters e
106、ven more is the argument around whether all the worlds developing countries should be entitled to the fund. In the meantime, with more power stations either being built or planned, South Africas coal mining industry is likely to continue to grow. Europe has been South Africas main coal export market
107、, but orders from India and China have rapidly grown in recent years. Still, it is domestic demand that drives the industry: Over 90% of South Africas electricity is generated from coal.“This country has been mining coal since the 1860,” said Melita Steele of Greenpeace. “It has formed the backbone
108、of the economy and its what Eskom knows. Less than 1% of this countrys energy is green which is a sorry tale.” Several targets to create electricity from waste are already underway. Government says it has plans to use more sustainable energy. However, these ambitious promises may go up in smoke if t
109、he world fails to reach an agreement in Durban. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81. Though it is commonly thought to be one of the worst polluters, coal is considered _ in South Africa.82. _ have(has) been the dominant South Africas coal market(s).
110、83. What ill effect may occur with the reduction of coal use?84. How else can South Africa produce electricity to save itself from coal addiction? 81. the new gold 82. Europe, India, China and South Africa. 83. productivity and growth will be reduced 84. (By creating electricity) from waste.（徐汇）Its
111、all too much.Psychologists in Britain have said that the last full week of January is the most depressing time of a year, and labelled next Monday Blue Monday. Blue is a slang way of saying unhappy. Mondays are generally seen as the worst day of the week because people feel bad-tempered and tired at
112、 having to go back to work after a weekend with a different sleep pattern.There are various reasons why more people feel depressed at this time of year. Many people have unpaid credit card bills for the Christmas presents they bought, and pay day is often not until the end of the month. As the party
113、 season is over, people feel stressed because they have to go back to real life work and commuting(乘公交车上下班); and they may be unhappy with their body image after bingeing（大吃大喝） on alcohol, chocolates, and other food at Christmas-time. People may have already failed in their New Years resolutions, suc
114、h as giving up smoking. The bad weather in January can also contribute to people feeling fed up. Some companies are taking this quite seriously and offering professional advice for any staff who are feeling depressed. They hope that helping people as soon as there are signs of depression will avoid
115、their absence from work. Evidence shows that unreasonable managers who contribute to their staff feeling fed up at this time can expect an uncooperative workforce.However, its not all bad! Many people feel optimistic at this time, that things can only get better. Psychologists offer suggestions of h
116、ow to fight against feeling blue. These include spending 15 minutes doing a “gratitude exercise” thinking about and writing down what you are grateful for, such as health, family, friends and so on. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. According to ps
117、ychologists in Britain, what is the most depressing time of a year?82. What economic factor may give rise to peoples depression at that time of the year?83. To ensure that the employees come back to work after the long holiday, many companies _.84. Psychologists believe that a 15-minute “gratitude e
118、xercise” may help _.81. the last full week of January82. People have to pay their credit card bills by then.83. offer professional advice for any staff who are feeling depressed 84. fight against feeling blue(杨浦)If you have been following the news, you will know that the worlds population recently r
119、eached seven billion probably on October 31. The statistics concerning human population growth are astonishing. It was only 12 years ago, in 1999, that the worlds population reached six billion. In 1969 there were 3.5 billion people on the planet, which is to say our numbers have doubled in only 42
120、years. A century ago, in 1911, there were only 1.8 billion of us: 26% of todays total. Scientists who try to estimate the number of people who have ever lived, in the tens of thousands of years since our ape-like ancestors evolved into what we would recognize as human beings, usually come up with fi
121、gures between 100 and 110 billion. If 100 billion were correct, we could say that 7% of all the humans ever born are alive today. As for future population growth, it seems there will probably be eight billion people by 2030 and nine billion by around 2050. After that, predictions vary: many experts
122、think the total will rise more slowly, perhaps reaching ten billion by the end of the century; but a few believe the fast rise might continue, leading to a global population of as many as 15 billion by 2100.There are big differences between rates of population growth around the world. The fastest ra
123、tes are generally in the worlds poorer countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, while the populations of rich countries are mostly growing much more slowly, or even shrinking in a few cases. (Germany and Japan, for example, will have smaller populations in 2050 than they do now.) This fact
124、explains another interesting statistic: in 1900 Europe contained around 25% of the worlds people, but in 2050 it will have less than 10%.There are many reasons for fast population growth, but the most significant include medical advances and generally improved standards of living in poor countries,
125、which mean fewer deaths from diseases or from malnutrition. Indeed, average life expectancy across the world has risen 20 years since the 1950s, from 48 to 68, and the biggest rises have been in poor countries. Some people already talk of a crisis of overpopulation, expecting there to be wars over a
126、ccess to natural resources and warning that, because those resources are finite, it is impossible for seven billion people (let alone nine or ten) to have the kind of high-consumption lifestyles that people in the worlds richer countries currently enjoy. Others, however, believe the planet can accom
127、modate another two or three billion humans without a social or environmental catastrophe.We can only hope the optimists will be proved right.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS)81When was the worlds population half of what it is now?82There seems to be
128、a connection between a countrys rates of population and_.83. What contributed to the fast population growth?84. Some people predicted that the conflict between _ may lead to wars.81. In 1969.82. its national wealth/ how rich the country is83 Medical advances and generally improved standards of livin
129、g.84. The high-consumption lifestyle and the limited natural resources（闸北） What do you think of when you hear the word motherhood? You usually associate motherhood with warmth, selflessness, dutifulness, and tolerance. And though most women expect that motherhood will be happy and fulfilling, the re
130、ality is that motherhood had been given relatively low respect in our society. When children dont succeed or develop problems, our society has had a tendency to turn to a single reason- mothers. One of psychologys most important lessons is that behavior is multiply determined. We have to admit that
131、the long-standing images of mothers are spoiling and unprincipled. However, when child development goes wrong, mothers are not the single person to blame even though our society models them in this way.The reality of motherhood is that although fathers have increased their family responsibilities, t
132、he main duty still falls on the mothers shoulders. Mothers do most family work, usually three to four times more than men do. Besides, the work mothers do is repetitive and routine, often involving cleaning, cooking, laundry, and straightening up. In result, its reported that women enjoy family life
133、 much less than men do.Family work is included in family relations. Most women feel that family tasks are mindless but essential. They usually enjoy tending to the needs of their loved ones even if they do not find the activities enjoyable and fulfilling. Family work is both positive and negative fo
134、r women. They are unsupervised and rarely criticized. They play and control their own work. However, womens family work is also worrisome, tiresome, repetitive, isolating and unfinished.In sum, the role of the mother brings with it benefits as well as limitations. Father-mother cooperation and respe
135、ct help the child to develop positive attitudes toward both males and females. It is much easier for working parents to deal with changing family circumstances and day-care issues together. Mothers feel less stress and have more positive attitudes toward their husbands when they are supportive partn
136、ers.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. Why isnt mother the only cause of childrens problems?82. What are the two factors that make family life less enjoyable for women? 83. Despite their personal dislike of family work, women do family work because they are willing to _.84. The kid learns to look on males and females positively with the help of _.81. Because behavior is multiply determined.82. Women doing most work and the work being repetitive and routine.83. tend to the needs of their loved ones.84. father-mother cooperation and respect